逆序断裂的发育特征与地震反射识别
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摘要
在具有盆地基底和未固结盖层的双层结构的盆地里,由于松散盖层对基底断裂应变的吸收,晚期发育的基底断裂在进入盖层后,应变会逐渐减小甚至消失,形成下部错动大、上部错动小的特点,本文把这样的后期断裂称之为逆序断裂。当基底断裂为走滑断裂时,逆序断裂具有双层空间构造样式,即在盆地基底发育主干走滑断裂、而在盖层优先发育另外走向的次级雁行断裂。逆序断裂在渤海湾盆地普遍发育,本文以歧口凹陷的张北断裂带和白水头断裂带为例(这两处断裂带都在下构造层发育北东向基底走滑断裂、而在上构造层发育近东西向盖层次级正断裂),运用三维地震资料,结合沿层属性和垂直剖面,阐述了逆序断裂的发育特征和对地震反射剖面的识别。由于之前晚期的逆序断裂一般被当作早期同沉积生长断裂对待,本文希望能帮助重新认识渤海湾地区的区域断裂期次和构造发育演化过程。
Because of absorption of the basement fault strain by the loose cover,the late-stage faults developed in the basin with the duplex of basement and unconsolidated cover,are characterized by intense deformation in the lower layers while weak deformation in the upper layers,which we call reverse grading faults in this paper.When the basement faults are strike-slip faults,they would also have the spatial duplex feature,with main strike-slip faults developed in the basement and secondary echelon faults in other trend in the cover deposition.These reverse strike-slip faults have been widely distributed in the Bohai gulf basin.By 3-D seismic reflection data,this paper would take the Zhangbei and Baishuitou fault zones (both developed with NE main basement faults in lower layers and EW secondary cover faults in upper layers) as examples,to describes such development characteristics and identification features from the seismic reflection profiles of these reverse grading faults.As reverse grading faults used to be treated as contemporaneous growth faults,this paper would help to bring new interpretation of the regional fault structure and tectonic evolution.
Because of absorption of the basement fault strain by the loose cover,the late-stage faults developed in the basin with the duplex of basement and unconsolidated cover,are characterized by intense deformation in the lower layers while weak deformation in the upper layers,which we call reverse grading faults in this paper.When the basement faults are strike-slip faults,they would also have the spatial duplex feature,with main strike-slip faults developed in the basement and secondary echelon faults in other trend in the cover deposition.These reverse strike-slip faults have been widely distributed in the Bohai gulf basin.By 3-D seismic reflection data,this paper would take the Zhangbei and Baishuitou fault zones (both developed with NE main basement faults in lower layers and EW secondary cover faults in upper layers) as examples,to describes such development characteristics and identification features from the seismic reflection profiles of these reverse grading faults.As reverse grading faults used to be treated as contemporaneous growth faults,this paper would help to bring new interpretation of the regional fault structure and tectonic evolution.
引文
池英柳,赵文智.2000．渤海湾盆地新生代走滑构造与油气聚集.石油学报,21(2) :14-20.Chi Yingliu and Zhao Wenzhi. 2000．Strike-slip deformation during the Cenozoic and its influence on hydrocarbon accumulation in the Bohai Bay Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 21(2) : 14-20.
代树红,马胜利,潘一山,罗华春.2006．隐性走滑断层破裂扩展特征的实验研究.地震地质,28(4) :635-645.Dai Shuhong, Ma Shengli, Pan Yishan and Lno Huachun. 2006．Experimental study on rupture propagation along buried strikeslip fault. Seismology and Geology,28(4) : 635-645.
樊敬亮,黄志全,樊卫花.2004．歧口凹陷新生代构造演化与油气.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),34(4) :536-541.Fan Jingliang, Huang Zhiquan and Fan Weihua. 2004．Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Qikou Sag and its relations to hydrocarbon traps in Bohai Bay Basin of east China. Journal of Jilin University ( Earth Science Edition), 34 ( 4 ) : 536-541.
郭恩栋,冯启民,薄景山,洪峰2001．覆盖土层场地地震断裂实验.地震工程与工程振动,21(3) :145-149.Guo Endong,Feng Qimin, Bo Jingshan and Hong Feng. 2001．Seismic test of soil site rupture under fault displacements. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,21(3 ) : 145 149.
郭恩栋,邵广彪,薄景山,石兆吉2002．覆盖土层场地地震断裂反应分析方法.地震工程与工程振动,22(5) :122-126.Guo Endong,Shao Guangbiao,Bo Jingshan and Shi Zhaoji. 2002．A method for earthquake rupture analysis of overlying soil site. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,22 (5) : 122-126.
刘玉洁.2003．断裂错动引起上覆土体的破裂效应及工程对策(硕士论文).西安:长安大学.1-66.Liu Yujie. 2003．Overlaying Soil Layer Rupturing Caused by Faults in Bedrock and the Suggestion for Building and Construction(Dissertation for Master). Xi'an: Changan University. 1-66.
刘守华,董津城,徐光明,蔡正银.2005．地下断裂对不同土质上覆土层的工程影响.岩石力学与工程学报,24(11) : 1868-1874.Liu Shouhua,Dong Jincheng,Xu Guangming and Cai Zhengyin. 2005．Influence on different overburden soils due to bedrock fracture. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,24 ( 11 ) : 1868-1874.
李大伟.2006．新构造运动与黄骅坳陷油气成藏.北京:中国地质大学出版社.1-133.Li Dawei. 2006．New Tectonic Movement and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Huanghua Depression. Beijing:China University of Geosciences Press. 1-133.
王光奇,漆家福,岳云福.2003．歧口凹陷及周缘新生代构造的成因和演化.地质科学,38(2) :230-240.Wang Guangqi,Qi Jiafu and Yue Yunfu. 2003．Formation and evolution of the Cenozoic tectonics within and surrounding the Qikou sag. Chinese Journal of Geology,38 (2) : 230-240.
漆家福.2004．渤海湾新生代盆地的两种构造系统及其成因解释.中国地质,31(1) :15-22.Qi Jiafu. 2004．Two tectonic systems in the Cenozoic Bohai Bay Basin and their genetic interpretation. Geology in China,31 (1) : 15-22.
赵雷,李小军,霍达.2007．数值模拟软夹层对基岩上覆土层破裂的影响.北京工业大学学报,33(3) :289-292.Zhao Lei, Li Xiaojun and Huo Da. 2007．Numerically simulate the response complexion of the overlaying soil with soft interlayer due to fault bedrock dislocation. Journal of Beijing University of Technology,33 (3) : 289-292.
赵雷,李小军,霍达.2007．断层错动引发基岩上覆土层破裂问题.北京工业大学学报,33(1) :20-25.Zhao Lei,Li Xiaojun and Huo Da. 2007．Problems of rupturing process of overlaying soil due to fault dislocation of bedrock. Journal of Beijing University of Technology,33 ( 1 ) : 20-25.
Cole D A and Lade P V. 1984．Influence zones in alluvium over dip-slip faults. Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,110(5 ) : 599 615.
Ramancharla P K and Meguro K. 2001．Numerical modeling of dip-slip faults for studying ground surface deformation. In: Bulletin of Earthquake Resistant Structure Research Center. Tokyo:Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo. 1-34．
代树红,马胜利,潘一山,罗华春.2006．隐性走滑断层破裂扩展特征的实验研究.地震地质,28(4) :635-645.Dai Shuhong, Ma Shengli, Pan Yishan and Lno Huachun. 2006．Experimental study on rupture propagation along buried strikeslip fault. Seismology and Geology,28(4) : 635-645.
樊敬亮,黄志全,樊卫花.2004．歧口凹陷新生代构造演化与油气.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),34(4) :536-541.Fan Jingliang, Huang Zhiquan and Fan Weihua. 2004．Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Qikou Sag and its relations to hydrocarbon traps in Bohai Bay Basin of east China. Journal of Jilin University ( Earth Science Edition), 34 ( 4 ) : 536-541.
郭恩栋,冯启民,薄景山,洪峰2001．覆盖土层场地地震断裂实验.地震工程与工程振动,21(3) :145-149.Guo Endong,Feng Qimin, Bo Jingshan and Hong Feng. 2001．Seismic test of soil site rupture under fault displacements. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,21(3 ) : 145 149.
郭恩栋,邵广彪,薄景山,石兆吉2002．覆盖土层场地地震断裂反应分析方法.地震工程与工程振动,22(5) :122-126.Guo Endong,Shao Guangbiao,Bo Jingshan and Shi Zhaoji. 2002．A method for earthquake rupture analysis of overlying soil site. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,22 (5) : 122-126.
刘玉洁.2003．断裂错动引起上覆土体的破裂效应及工程对策(硕士论文).西安:长安大学.1-66.Liu Yujie. 2003．Overlaying Soil Layer Rupturing Caused by Faults in Bedrock and the Suggestion for Building and Construction(Dissertation for Master). Xi'an: Changan University. 1-66.
刘守华,董津城,徐光明,蔡正银.2005．地下断裂对不同土质上覆土层的工程影响.岩石力学与工程学报,24(11) : 1868-1874.Liu Shouhua,Dong Jincheng,Xu Guangming and Cai Zhengyin. 2005．Influence on different overburden soils due to bedrock fracture. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,24 ( 11 ) : 1868-1874.
李大伟.2006．新构造运动与黄骅坳陷油气成藏.北京:中国地质大学出版社.1-133.Li Dawei. 2006．New Tectonic Movement and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Huanghua Depression. Beijing:China University of Geosciences Press. 1-133.
王光奇,漆家福,岳云福.2003．歧口凹陷及周缘新生代构造的成因和演化.地质科学,38(2) :230-240.Wang Guangqi,Qi Jiafu and Yue Yunfu. 2003．Formation and evolution of the Cenozoic tectonics within and surrounding the Qikou sag. Chinese Journal of Geology,38 (2) : 230-240.
漆家福.2004．渤海湾新生代盆地的两种构造系统及其成因解释.中国地质,31(1) :15-22.Qi Jiafu. 2004．Two tectonic systems in the Cenozoic Bohai Bay Basin and their genetic interpretation. Geology in China,31 (1) : 15-22.
赵雷,李小军,霍达.2007．数值模拟软夹层对基岩上覆土层破裂的影响.北京工业大学学报,33(3) :289-292.Zhao Lei, Li Xiaojun and Huo Da. 2007．Numerically simulate the response complexion of the overlaying soil with soft interlayer due to fault bedrock dislocation. Journal of Beijing University of Technology,33 (3) : 289-292.
赵雷,李小军,霍达.2007．断层错动引发基岩上覆土层破裂问题.北京工业大学学报,33(1) :20-25.Zhao Lei,Li Xiaojun and Huo Da. 2007．Problems of rupturing process of overlaying soil due to fault dislocation of bedrock. Journal of Beijing University of Technology,33 ( 1 ) : 20-25.
Cole D A and Lade P V. 1984．Influence zones in alluvium over dip-slip faults. Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,110(5 ) : 599 615.
Ramancharla P K and Meguro K. 2001．Numerical modeling of dip-slip faults for studying ground surface deformation. In: Bulletin of Earthquake Resistant Structure Research Center. Tokyo:Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo. 1-34．
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