金属矿地震勘查方法评述
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摘要
经过几十年的发展,金属矿地震勘查方法形成了以2D、3D、VSP方法为主的地震反射系列,提出了地震散射法,并取得了一定的试验效果。金属矿地震找矿的应用范围得到了扩展,不再局限于矿体本身,控矿构造、蚀变晕、重要岩性层等大型深部构造单元成为了地震间接找矿的目标体。目前,金属矿地震勘查方法,尤其是3D、VSP方法,面临着成本高、技术难度较大等问题,应进一步加强基础理论和解释方法研究,建立金属矿地震技术示范区,为推广和应用金属矿地震方法开拓思路、积累经验。
After dozens of years of development,seismic methods for mineral exploration have been dominated by seismic reflection series,such as 2D,3D,VSP methods.Seismic scattering has been put forward and some test results have been achieved.Seismic methods for mineral exploration have been applied into more fields than just ore body itself,and the large deep-seated structures,such as ore-controlling structure,alteration zone,and key lithologic layer have become the targets of indirect seismic exploration.At present,seismic mineral exploration methods,especially 3D and VSP,face a few problems,such as high costs and technique difficulties.In order to make the seismic methods for mineral exploration popularizing and applicable,studies of basic theory and interpretation should be strengthened further,and some demonstration areas for seismic mineral exploration should be set up for accumulating more experience and stimulating thoughts.
After dozens of years of development,seismic methods for mineral exploration have been dominated by seismic reflection series,such as 2D,3D,VSP methods.Seismic scattering has been put forward and some test results have been achieved.Seismic methods for mineral exploration have been applied into more fields than just ore body itself,and the large deep-seated structures,such as ore-controlling structure,alteration zone,and key lithologic layer have become the targets of indirect seismic exploration.At present,seismic mineral exploration methods,especially 3D and VSP,face a few problems,such as high costs and technique difficulties.In order to make the seismic methods for mineral exploration popularizing and applicable,studies of basic theory and interpretation should be strengthened further,and some demonstration areas for seismic mineral exploration should be set up for accumulating more experience and stimulating thoughts.
引文
[1]Milkereit B,Eaton D.Imaging and interpreting the shallow crys-talline crust[J].Tectonophysics,1998,286:5-18.
[2]Salisbury MH,Milkereit B,Bleeker B.Seismic imaging of mas-sive sulfide deposits,Part I:Rock properties[J].Economic Geolo-gy,1996,91:821-828.
[3]Milkereit B,Eaton D,Wu J,et al.Seismic imaging of massive sulfide deposits,Part II:Reflection seismic profiling[J].Eco-nomic Geology,1996,91:829-834.
[4]Eaton D,Guest S,Milkereit B,et al.Seismic imaging of massive sulfide deposits,Part III:Borehole seismic imaging of near-vertical structures[J].Economic Geology,1996,91:835-840.
[5]Salisbury M,Eaton D,Bleeker W,et al.Seiasmic prospecting for massive sulphides[EB/OL].http:∥www.mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/review/e/pdf/seismic-prospecting.pdf,2000.
[6]Eaton D W,Milkereit B,Salisbury M.Seismic methods for deep mineral exploration:Mature technologies adapted to new targets[J].The Leading Edge,2003,22(6):580-585.
[7]Salisbury M,Snyder D.Mineral Deposits of Canada[EB/OL].ht-tp:∥gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/method/seismic/index-e.php,2006.
[8]Milkereit B,Berrer E K,King A R,et al.Development of3-D seismic exploration technology for deep nickel-copper deposits-A case history from the Sudbury basin,Canada[J].Geophysics,2000,65(6):1890-1899.
[9]Yang Wencai,Li Youming,Li Shixiong.Application of Seismic Tomography[M].Beijing:The Geological Publishing House,1993.[杨文采,李幼铭,李世雄.应用地震层析成像[M].北京:地质出版社,1993.]
[10]Xu Mingcai,Gao Jinghua,Chai Mingtao,et al.Research of seismic method for base metal exploration[J].Geological Explo-ration for Non-ferrous Metals,1997,6(4):232-237.[徐明才,高景华,柴铭涛,等.金属矿地震勘查的方法技术[J].有色金属矿产与勘查,1997,6(4):232-237.]
[11]Xu Mingcai,Gao Jinghua,Chai Mingtao,et al.A study of seis-mic method for detecting concealed metallic deposits[J].Geo-physical&Geochemical Exploration,1997,21(6):468-474.[徐明才,高景华,柴铭涛,等.寻找隐伏金属矿的地震方法技术研究[J].物探与化探,1997,21(6):468-474.]
[12]Eaton D W.Weak elastic-wave scattering from massive sulfide orebodies[J].Geophysics,1999,64(1):289-299.
[13]Gao Xing.Advance and Review in seismic tomography research[J].Progress in Geophysics,2000,15(4):41-45.[高星.地震层析成像研究的回顾与展望[J].地球物理学进展,2000,15(4):41-45.]
[14]Cheng Gu,Ma Zaitian,Geng Jianhua,et al.Areviewon the growth of seismic tomography[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2002,25(3):6-12.[成谷,马在田,耿建华,等.地震层析成像发展回顾[J].勘探地球物理进展,2002,25(3):6-12.]
[15]Xu Mingcai,Gao Jinghua,Rong Lixin,et al.An experimental study of seismic scattering event method in the Caijiaying poly-metallic ore district[J].Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration,2003,27(1):49-54.[徐明才,高景华,荣立新,等.散射波地震方法在蔡家营多金属矿区的试验研究[J].物探与化探,2003,27(1):49-54.]
[16]Bohlen T,Muller C,Milkereit B.Elastic seismic wave scattering from massive sulfide orebodies:On the role of composition and shape[C]∥Eaton D,Milkereit B,Salisbury M,eds.Hardrock Seismic Exploration.Society of Exploration Geophysicists.Tulsa,Oklahoma,2003:70-89.
[17]Xu Mingcai,Gao Jinghua,Rong Lixin,et al.Application pros-pects of the seismic method as discussed from the experimental effects of the method for metal exploration[J].Geologyin China,2004,31(1):108-112.[徐明才,高景华,荣立新,等.从金属矿地震方法的试验效果探讨其应用前景[J].中国地质,2004,31(1):108-112.]
[18]Xu Mingcai,Gao Jinghua,Rong Lixin,et al.Combing explora-tion technique of the ground seismic tomography and the high-res-olution seismic method[J].Geology and Prospecting,2005,41(4):83-87.[徐明才,高景华,荣立新,等.地面地震层析成像和高分辨率地震联合勘探技术[J].地质与勘探,2005,41(4):83-87.]
[19]Lei Dong,Hu Xiangyun.Review of seismic tomography methods[J].Journal ofSeismological Research,2006,29(4):418-426.[雷栋,胡祥云.地震层析成像方法综述[J].地震研究,2006,29(4):418-426.]
[20]Li Canping,Liu Xuewei,Wang Xiangchun,et al.Seismic wave scattering therory,scattering characteristics and its application[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2005,28(2):81-89.[李灿苹,刘学伟,王祥春,等.地震波的散射理论和散射特征及其应用[J].勘探地球物理进展,2005,28(2):81-89.]
[21]Gou Limin,Liu Xuewei,Lei Peng,et al.Reviewof seismic sur-vey in mining exploration:Theory and reflection seismic methods[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2007,30(1):16-24,46.[勾丽敏,刘学伟,雷鹏,等.金属矿地震勘探技术方法研究综述[J].勘探地球物理进展,2007,30(1):16-24,46.]
[22]Zhao D P,Lei J S,Inoue T,et al.Deep structure and origin of the Baikal rift zone[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,243:681-691.
[23]Shomali Z H,Roberts R G,Pedersen L B,et al.Lithospheric structure of the Tornquist zone resolved by nonlinear P and S teleseismic tomography along the TOR array[J].Tectonophysics,2006,416:133-149.
[24]Lei J S,Zhao D P.Teleseismic P-wave tomography and the upper mantle structure of the central Tien Shan orogenic belt[J].Physics of the Earth and PlanetaryInteriors,2007,162:165-185.
[25]Zhao D P.Seismic images under60hotspots:Search for mantle plumes[J].Gondwana Research,2007,12:335-355.
[26]Milkereit B,Green A,the Sudbury Working Group.Deep geom-etry of the Sudbury Structure fromseismic reflection profiling[J].Geology,1992,20:807-811.
[27]Milkereit B,Berrer E K,Watts A,et al.Development of3-D seismic exploration technology for Ni-Cu deposits,Sudbury Basin[C]∥Gubins A G,eds.Proceeding of Exploration97:Fourth Decennial Conference on Mineral Exploration.GEO/FX,1997:439-448.
[28]Roy B,Clowes R M.Seismic and potential-field imaging of the Guichon Creek batholith,British Columbia,Canada,to delineate structures hosting porphyry copper deposits[J].Geophysics,2000,65(5):1418-1434.
[29]Salisbury M,Harvey C,Matthews L.The acoustic properties of ores and host rocks in hardrock terranes[C]∥Eaton D,Milkereit B,Salisbury M,eds.Hardrock Seismic Exploration.Society of Exploration Geophysicists.Tulsa,Oklahoma,2003:9-19.
[30]Adam E,Perron G,Arnold G,et al.3D seismic imaging for VMS deposit exploration,Matagami,Quebec[C]∥Eaton D,Milkereit B,Salisbury M,eds.Hardrock Seismic Exploration.Society of Exploration Geophysicists.Tulsa,Oklahoma,2003:229-246.
[31]Calvert A J,Perron G,Li Y.A comparison of2D seismic lines shot over the Ansil and Bell Allard mines in the Abitibi Green-stone belt[C]∥Eaton D,Milkereit B,Salisbury M,eds.Hardrock Seismic Exploration.Society of Exploration Geophysi-cists.Tulsa,Oklahoma,2003:164-177.
[32]Bellefleur G,Matthews L,Roberts B,et al.Downhole seismic imaging of the Victor kimberlite,James Bay Lowlands,Ontario:A feasibility study[EB/OL].http:∥dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Col-lection/M44-2005-C1E.pdf,2005.
[33]Salisbury MH,Milkereit B,Ascough G,et al.Physical proper-ties and seismic imaging of massive sulfides[J].Geophysics,2000,65(6):1882-1889.
[34]Gingerich J C,Matthews L W,Peshko MJ.The development of new exploration technologies at Noranda:Seeing more with hyper-spectral and deeper with3-D seismic[J].CIM Bulletin,2002,95:56-61.
[35]Drummond B J,Goleby B R,Owen AJ,et al.Seismic reflection imaging of mineral systems:Three case histories[J].Geophysics,2000,65(6):1852-1861.
[36]Calvert A J,Li Y X.Seismic reflection imaging over a massive sulfide deposit at the Matagamimining camp,Qubec[J].Geo-physics,1999,64(1):24-32.
[37]Roberts B,Zaleski E,Perron G,et al.Seismic exploration of the Manitouwadge Greenstone Belt,Ontario:A case history[C]∥Eaton D,Milkereit B,Salisbury M,eds.Hardrock Seismic Ex-ploration.Society of Exploration Geophysicists.Tulsa,Oklaho-ma,2003:110-126.
[38]Stevenson F,Higgs R M A,Durrheim R J.Seismic imaging of precious and Base-metal deposit in Southern Africa[C]∥Eaton D,Milkereit B,Salisbury M,eds.Hardrock Seismic Explora-tion.Society of Exploration Geophysicists.Tulsa,Oklahoma,2003:141-156.
[39]Eaton D,Milkereit B,Salisbury M,et al.Hardrock seismic ex-ploration[C]∥Society of Exploration Geophysicists.Tulsa,Okla-homa,2003.
[40]LüQingtian,Shi Danian,Zhao Jinhua,et al.Seismic method for deeper mineral exploration:Problems and prospects—A case study of tongling ore district[J].Geological Bulletin ofChina,2005,24(3):211-218.[吕庆田,史大年,赵金花,等.深部矿产勘查的地震学方法:问题与背景[J].地质通报,2005,24(3):211-218.]
[41]Tang Kuilian.Relationship and its significance between energy minerals and metal,nonmetal minerals[J].Geological Science and Technology Abroad,1995,139(3):1-11.[汤葵联.能源矿产与金属、非金属矿产的相互关系及其重要意义[J].国外地质科技,1995,139(3):1-11.]
[2]Salisbury MH,Milkereit B,Bleeker B.Seismic imaging of mas-sive sulfide deposits,Part I:Rock properties[J].Economic Geolo-gy,1996,91:821-828.
[3]Milkereit B,Eaton D,Wu J,et al.Seismic imaging of massive sulfide deposits,Part II:Reflection seismic profiling[J].Eco-nomic Geology,1996,91:829-834.
[4]Eaton D,Guest S,Milkereit B,et al.Seismic imaging of massive sulfide deposits,Part III:Borehole seismic imaging of near-vertical structures[J].Economic Geology,1996,91:835-840.
[5]Salisbury M,Eaton D,Bleeker W,et al.Seiasmic prospecting for massive sulphides[EB/OL].http:∥www.mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/review/e/pdf/seismic-prospecting.pdf,2000.
[6]Eaton D W,Milkereit B,Salisbury M.Seismic methods for deep mineral exploration:Mature technologies adapted to new targets[J].The Leading Edge,2003,22(6):580-585.
[7]Salisbury M,Snyder D.Mineral Deposits of Canada[EB/OL].ht-tp:∥gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/method/seismic/index-e.php,2006.
[8]Milkereit B,Berrer E K,King A R,et al.Development of3-D seismic exploration technology for deep nickel-copper deposits-A case history from the Sudbury basin,Canada[J].Geophysics,2000,65(6):1890-1899.
[9]Yang Wencai,Li Youming,Li Shixiong.Application of Seismic Tomography[M].Beijing:The Geological Publishing House,1993.[杨文采,李幼铭,李世雄.应用地震层析成像[M].北京:地质出版社,1993.]
[10]Xu Mingcai,Gao Jinghua,Chai Mingtao,et al.Research of seismic method for base metal exploration[J].Geological Explo-ration for Non-ferrous Metals,1997,6(4):232-237.[徐明才,高景华,柴铭涛,等.金属矿地震勘查的方法技术[J].有色金属矿产与勘查,1997,6(4):232-237.]
[11]Xu Mingcai,Gao Jinghua,Chai Mingtao,et al.A study of seis-mic method for detecting concealed metallic deposits[J].Geo-physical&Geochemical Exploration,1997,21(6):468-474.[徐明才,高景华,柴铭涛,等.寻找隐伏金属矿的地震方法技术研究[J].物探与化探,1997,21(6):468-474.]
[12]Eaton D W.Weak elastic-wave scattering from massive sulfide orebodies[J].Geophysics,1999,64(1):289-299.
[13]Gao Xing.Advance and Review in seismic tomography research[J].Progress in Geophysics,2000,15(4):41-45.[高星.地震层析成像研究的回顾与展望[J].地球物理学进展,2000,15(4):41-45.]
[14]Cheng Gu,Ma Zaitian,Geng Jianhua,et al.Areviewon the growth of seismic tomography[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2002,25(3):6-12.[成谷,马在田,耿建华,等.地震层析成像发展回顾[J].勘探地球物理进展,2002,25(3):6-12.]
[15]Xu Mingcai,Gao Jinghua,Rong Lixin,et al.An experimental study of seismic scattering event method in the Caijiaying poly-metallic ore district[J].Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration,2003,27(1):49-54.[徐明才,高景华,荣立新,等.散射波地震方法在蔡家营多金属矿区的试验研究[J].物探与化探,2003,27(1):49-54.]
[16]Bohlen T,Muller C,Milkereit B.Elastic seismic wave scattering from massive sulfide orebodies:On the role of composition and shape[C]∥Eaton D,Milkereit B,Salisbury M,eds.Hardrock Seismic Exploration.Society of Exploration Geophysicists.Tulsa,Oklahoma,2003:70-89.
[17]Xu Mingcai,Gao Jinghua,Rong Lixin,et al.Application pros-pects of the seismic method as discussed from the experimental effects of the method for metal exploration[J].Geologyin China,2004,31(1):108-112.[徐明才,高景华,荣立新,等.从金属矿地震方法的试验效果探讨其应用前景[J].中国地质,2004,31(1):108-112.]
[18]Xu Mingcai,Gao Jinghua,Rong Lixin,et al.Combing explora-tion technique of the ground seismic tomography and the high-res-olution seismic method[J].Geology and Prospecting,2005,41(4):83-87.[徐明才,高景华,荣立新,等.地面地震层析成像和高分辨率地震联合勘探技术[J].地质与勘探,2005,41(4):83-87.]
[19]Lei Dong,Hu Xiangyun.Review of seismic tomography methods[J].Journal ofSeismological Research,2006,29(4):418-426.[雷栋,胡祥云.地震层析成像方法综述[J].地震研究,2006,29(4):418-426.]
[20]Li Canping,Liu Xuewei,Wang Xiangchun,et al.Seismic wave scattering therory,scattering characteristics and its application[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2005,28(2):81-89.[李灿苹,刘学伟,王祥春,等.地震波的散射理论和散射特征及其应用[J].勘探地球物理进展,2005,28(2):81-89.]
[21]Gou Limin,Liu Xuewei,Lei Peng,et al.Reviewof seismic sur-vey in mining exploration:Theory and reflection seismic methods[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2007,30(1):16-24,46.[勾丽敏,刘学伟,雷鹏,等.金属矿地震勘探技术方法研究综述[J].勘探地球物理进展,2007,30(1):16-24,46.]
[22]Zhao D P,Lei J S,Inoue T,et al.Deep structure and origin of the Baikal rift zone[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,243:681-691.
[23]Shomali Z H,Roberts R G,Pedersen L B,et al.Lithospheric structure of the Tornquist zone resolved by nonlinear P and S teleseismic tomography along the TOR array[J].Tectonophysics,2006,416:133-149.
[24]Lei J S,Zhao D P.Teleseismic P-wave tomography and the upper mantle structure of the central Tien Shan orogenic belt[J].Physics of the Earth and PlanetaryInteriors,2007,162:165-185.
[25]Zhao D P.Seismic images under60hotspots:Search for mantle plumes[J].Gondwana Research,2007,12:335-355.
[26]Milkereit B,Green A,the Sudbury Working Group.Deep geom-etry of the Sudbury Structure fromseismic reflection profiling[J].Geology,1992,20:807-811.
[27]Milkereit B,Berrer E K,Watts A,et al.Development of3-D seismic exploration technology for Ni-Cu deposits,Sudbury Basin[C]∥Gubins A G,eds.Proceeding of Exploration97:Fourth Decennial Conference on Mineral Exploration.GEO/FX,1997:439-448.
[28]Roy B,Clowes R M.Seismic and potential-field imaging of the Guichon Creek batholith,British Columbia,Canada,to delineate structures hosting porphyry copper deposits[J].Geophysics,2000,65(5):1418-1434.
[29]Salisbury M,Harvey C,Matthews L.The acoustic properties of ores and host rocks in hardrock terranes[C]∥Eaton D,Milkereit B,Salisbury M,eds.Hardrock Seismic Exploration.Society of Exploration Geophysicists.Tulsa,Oklahoma,2003:9-19.
[30]Adam E,Perron G,Arnold G,et al.3D seismic imaging for VMS deposit exploration,Matagami,Quebec[C]∥Eaton D,Milkereit B,Salisbury M,eds.Hardrock Seismic Exploration.Society of Exploration Geophysicists.Tulsa,Oklahoma,2003:229-246.
[31]Calvert A J,Perron G,Li Y.A comparison of2D seismic lines shot over the Ansil and Bell Allard mines in the Abitibi Green-stone belt[C]∥Eaton D,Milkereit B,Salisbury M,eds.Hardrock Seismic Exploration.Society of Exploration Geophysi-cists.Tulsa,Oklahoma,2003:164-177.
[32]Bellefleur G,Matthews L,Roberts B,et al.Downhole seismic imaging of the Victor kimberlite,James Bay Lowlands,Ontario:A feasibility study[EB/OL].http:∥dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Col-lection/M44-2005-C1E.pdf,2005.
[33]Salisbury MH,Milkereit B,Ascough G,et al.Physical proper-ties and seismic imaging of massive sulfides[J].Geophysics,2000,65(6):1882-1889.
[34]Gingerich J C,Matthews L W,Peshko MJ.The development of new exploration technologies at Noranda:Seeing more with hyper-spectral and deeper with3-D seismic[J].CIM Bulletin,2002,95:56-61.
[35]Drummond B J,Goleby B R,Owen AJ,et al.Seismic reflection imaging of mineral systems:Three case histories[J].Geophysics,2000,65(6):1852-1861.
[36]Calvert A J,Li Y X.Seismic reflection imaging over a massive sulfide deposit at the Matagamimining camp,Qubec[J].Geo-physics,1999,64(1):24-32.
[37]Roberts B,Zaleski E,Perron G,et al.Seismic exploration of the Manitouwadge Greenstone Belt,Ontario:A case history[C]∥Eaton D,Milkereit B,Salisbury M,eds.Hardrock Seismic Ex-ploration.Society of Exploration Geophysicists.Tulsa,Oklaho-ma,2003:110-126.
[38]Stevenson F,Higgs R M A,Durrheim R J.Seismic imaging of precious and Base-metal deposit in Southern Africa[C]∥Eaton D,Milkereit B,Salisbury M,eds.Hardrock Seismic Explora-tion.Society of Exploration Geophysicists.Tulsa,Oklahoma,2003:141-156.
[39]Eaton D,Milkereit B,Salisbury M,et al.Hardrock seismic ex-ploration[C]∥Society of Exploration Geophysicists.Tulsa,Okla-homa,2003.
[40]LüQingtian,Shi Danian,Zhao Jinhua,et al.Seismic method for deeper mineral exploration:Problems and prospects—A case study of tongling ore district[J].Geological Bulletin ofChina,2005,24(3):211-218.[吕庆田,史大年,赵金花,等.深部矿产勘查的地震学方法:问题与背景[J].地质通报,2005,24(3):211-218.]
[41]Tang Kuilian.Relationship and its significance between energy minerals and metal,nonmetal minerals[J].Geological Science and Technology Abroad,1995,139(3):1-11.[汤葵联.能源矿产与金属、非金属矿产的相互关系及其重要意义[J].国外地质科技,1995,139(3):1-11.]
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