地震地貌学研究新进展
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摘要
地震地貌学或地震沉积学是一门融合了地震地层学、高精度层序地层学和沉积学的新兴应用沉积学科,是在综合应用各种地质及高分辨率地球物理资料的基础上发展起来的。Posamentier等提出的地震地貌学、Zeng等提出的地震沉积学和Gao等应用的三维地震结构原理和方法基本属于同一个学科范畴,三者的研究内容是基本等同的。三者的不同点主要在于技术和方法运用上。地震沉积学或地震地貌学的应用应该注意几个方面:不能仅仅依赖于技术手段,要注重与同时代同沉积环境的露头进行类比;地震同相轴不是简单地反映等时界面或岩性界面,不同频段的地震数据反映的地质信息是不同的;区分小尺度的沉积古地貌和大尺度的构造古地貌,并紧密结合两者来研究沉积相等。近年来,碳酸盐岩沉积体系的地震三维地貌可视化开始应用于油气的研究。地震地貌学正逐渐由定性向定量化方向发展,并深入到储层非均质性的研究。
Seismic geomorphology or seismic sedimentology is a new applied sedimentary discipline that involves seismic stratigraphy,high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology.The seismic geomorphology defined by Posamentier,the seismic sedimentology defined by Zeng and the 3-D seismic texture theories and methodologies applied by Gao basically belong to the same scientific domain.The differences among these three subjects exist in the techniques and methods applied.Attentions shall be paid in several aspects when using seismic geomorphology or seismic sedimentology.It is not effective to rely only on workstation,the analogy with outcrops of contemporaneous depositional environment shall be conducted;seismic events do not simply reflect chronohorizon or lithologic interface,the seismic data of different band reflect different geological information;small scale depositional palaeogeomorphology and large scale tectonic palaeogeomorphology shall be discriminated and combined to study sedimentary facies.In recent years,3D seismic geomorphology visualization is used in hydrocarbon study for carbonate sedimentation systems.Seismic geomorphology is advancing from qualification to quantification,and deepens into reservoir heterogeneity study.
Seismic geomorphology or seismic sedimentology is a new applied sedimentary discipline that involves seismic stratigraphy,high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology.The seismic geomorphology defined by Posamentier,the seismic sedimentology defined by Zeng and the 3-D seismic texture theories and methodologies applied by Gao basically belong to the same scientific domain.The differences among these three subjects exist in the techniques and methods applied.Attentions shall be paid in several aspects when using seismic geomorphology or seismic sedimentology.It is not effective to rely only on workstation,the analogy with outcrops of contemporaneous depositional environment shall be conducted;seismic events do not simply reflect chronohorizon or lithologic interface,the seismic data of different band reflect different geological information;small scale depositional palaeogeomorphology and large scale tectonic palaeogeomorphology shall be discriminated and combined to study sedimentary facies.In recent years,3D seismic geomorphology visualization is used in hydrocarbon study for carbonate sedimentation systems.Seismic geomorphology is advancing from qualification to quantification,and deepens into reservoir heterogeneity study.
引文
[1]Galloway W E,Hobday D K.Terrigenous clastic depositional systems,applications to petroleum,coal,and uranium explo-ration[M].NewYork,Berlin,Heidelberg,Tokyo:Spriner-Verlag,1983:1～42.
[2]Schlager W.The future of applied sedimentology[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research.2000,70(1):2～9.
[3]Posamentier H W,Davies R J,Cartwright J A,et al.Seismic geomorphology:an overview[A].Davies R J,Posamentier H W,Wood L J,et al.Seismic geomorphology:applications to hydrocarbon exploration and production[C].U.S.A.:Geological Society Special Publications,2007:1～14.
[4]Posamentier H W.Seismic stratigraphy into the next millen-nium;A focus on3D seismic data[A].Anonymous,ed..AAPG Annual Meeting Expanded Abstracts[C].Tulsa,Oklahoma,U.S.A.:AAPG,2000:A118.
[5]Posamentier H W,Kolla V.Seismic geomorphology and stra-tigraphy of depositional elements in deep-water settings[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research.2003,73(3):367～388.
[6]Posamentier H W.Seismic geomorphology:imaging elements of depositional systems from shelf to deep basin using3D seismic data:implications for exploration and development[A].Davies R J,Cartwright J A,Stewart S A,et al.3D seismic technology:Application to the exploration of sedimentary basins[C].London:Geological Society,2004:11～24.
[7]Crevello P,Posamentier H W,Warmath A,et al.Paleo-geo-morphology of carbonate systems:unraveling sedimentary geobodies and facies from karst overprint[J].Geophysical Research Abstracts.2005,7(1):05986.
[8]Haralick R M,Shanmugam K,and Dinstein I.Textural features for image classification:Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers[J].Transactions on Systems,Man,and Cybernetics,1973,3(6):610～621.
[9]Gao D L.The first-order and the second-order seismic textures[J].AAPG Annual Meeting Program.1999,8(1):A45.
[10]Gao D L.3D VCM seismic textures:A new technology to quantify seismic interpretation[J].SEG Expanded Ab-stracts,1999,18(1):1037～1039.
[11]Gao D L.Method for analyzing and classifying three di-mensional seismic information[P].United States Patent6226596:2001-05-01.
[12]Gao D L.Volume texture extraction for3D seismic visual-ization and interpretation[J].Geophysics,2003,68(4):1294～1302.
[13]Gao D L.Texture model regression for effective feature discrimination:Application to seismic facies visualization and interpretation[J].Geophysics,2004,69(4):958～967.
[14]Gao D L.Theory and methodology for seismic texture anal-ysis;implications for seismic facies visualization and in-terpretation[J].Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions,2006,56(1):217～226.
[15]Gao D L.Application of three-dimensional seismic texture analysis with special reference to deep-marine facies dis-crimination and interpretation:Offshore Angola,west Africa[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(12):1665～1683.
[16]West B P,May S R,Eastwood J E,et al.Interactive seismic facies classification using textural attributes and neural networks[J].The Leading Edge,2002,21(10):1042～1049.
[17]Zeng H L,Loucks R G,and Brown LF.Mapping sedi-ment-dispersal patterns and associated systems tracts in fourth-and fifth-order sequences using seismic sedimen-tology:Example from Corpus Christi Bay,Texa[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(7):981～1003.
[18]Zeng H L,Henry S and Riola J.Stratal slicing,part II:Real 3-D seismic data[J].Geophysics,1998,63(2):514～522.
[19]Vail P R,Todd R G,and Sangree J B.Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level:part5:Chronostratigraphic significance of seismic reflections[A].Payton C E,Ed..Seismic stratigraphy-Applications to Hydrocarbon Explo-ration:AAPG Memoir26[C].Tulsa,Oklahoma,U.S.A.:AAPG,1977:99～116.
[20]Zeng H L.From seismic stratigraphy to seismic sedimen-tology:a sensible transition[J].Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions,2001,51(1):413～420.
[21]Zeng H L,Kerans C.Seismic frequency control on carbonate seismic stratigraphy:A case study of the Kingdom Abo se-quence,west Texas[J].AAPG Bulletin,2003,87(2):273～293.
[22]Zeng H L,Ambrose W.Seismic sedimentology and regional depositional systems in Mioceno Norte,Lake Maracaibo,Venezuela[J].The Leading Edge,2001,20(11):1260～1269.
[23]Hardage B A,Remington R L and Murray P E.Reflections have a‘Tipper Point’[J].AAPG Explorer,2006,27(9):32.
[24]Zeng H L and Wood L J.Using quantitative seismic sedi-mentology to predict reservoir architecture and lithology:a Gulf Coast Miocene-Pliocene example[J].AAPG Annual Meeting Program,2002,11(1):A197.
[25]Zeng H L,Hentz T F and Wood L J.Stratal slicing of Mio-cene-Pliocene sediments in Vermilion Block50-Tiger Shoal area,offshore Louisiana[J].The Leading Edge,2001,20(4):408～418.
[26]Zeng H L,Wood L J and Hentz T F.Seismic sedimentology by stratal slicing of fluvial and shallow-marine depositional systems in Pliocene,offshore Louisiana[J].AAPG Annual Meeting Program,2001,10(1):A224.
[27]Zeng H L.Seismic geomorphology-based facies classification[J].The Leading Edge,2004,23(7):644～645,688.
[28]Zeng H L.Seismic Imaging?Try Stratal Slicing[J].AAPG Explorer,2006,27(6):28.
[29]Zeng H L,Backus M,Barraw K,et al.Stratal slicing,PartΙ:Realistic3D seismic model[J].Geophysics,1998,63(2):502～513.
[30]Zeng H L,Backus M.Interpretive advantages of90de-gree-phase wavelets:Part1:Modeling[J].Geophysics,2005,70(3):C7～C15.
[31]Zeng H.,Backus M.Interpretive advantages of90de-gree-phase wavelets:Part2:Seismic applications[J].Geo-physics,2005,70(3):C17～C24.
[32]Zeng H L,Hentz T F.High-frequency sequence stratigraphy from seismic sedimentology:Applied to Miocene,Vermilion Block50,Tiger Shoal area,offshore Louisiana[J].AAPG Bulletin,2004,88(2):153～174.
[33]Bassant P,Buchem F V,Strasser A,et al.A comparison of two early Miocene carbonate margins:The Zhujiang car-bonate platform(subsurface,South China Sea)and the PirincPlatform(outcrop,southern Turkey)[A].Grammer G M,Harris P M and Eberli G P,Eds..Integration of outcrop and modern analogs in reservoir modeling:AAPG Memoir80[C].Tulsa,Oklahoma,U.S.A.:AAPG,2004:153～170.
[34]Eberli G P,Anselmetti F S,Betzler C,et al.Carbonate platform to basin transitions on seismic data and in outcrops:Great Bahama Bank and the Maiella Platform margin,Italy[A].Eberli G P,Masaferro J L and Sarg J F,Eds..Seismic imaging of carbonate reservoirs and systems:AAPG Memoir 81[C].U.S.A.:AAPG/Shell International Exploration&Production B.V.,2004:207～250.
[35]Schwab A M,Buchem F S,and Eberli P G.Integration of high-resolution outcrop and subsurface data to enhance interpretation of low-resolution seismic data in the Upper Devonian(Frasnian)carbonate system in western Canadan[A].Grammer G M,Harris P M and Eberli G P,Eds..Inte-gration of outcrop and modern analogs in reservoir modeling:AAPG Memoir80[C].Tulsa,Oklahoma,U.S.A.:AAPG,2004:261～278.
[36]Cartwright J and Huuse M.3D seismic technology:the geological‘Hubble’[J].Basin Research,2005,17(1):1～20
[37]Posamentier H W.Application of3D seismic visualization techniques for seismic stratigraphy,seismic geomorphology and depositional systems analysis[A].R.Davies,ed..3D Seismic Visualization[C].London:Geological Society,2004:11～24.
[38]Bahorovic M,Farmer S.3-D seismic discontinuity for faults and stratigraphic features;The coherence cube[J].The Leading Edge,1995,14(10):1053～1058.
[39]Dorn A G.Modern3-D seismic interpretation[J].The Leading Edge,1998,17(9):1262～1272.
[40]Abreu V,Sullivan M.,Pirmez C,et al.Lateral accretion packages(LAPs):an important reservoir element in deepwater sinuous channels[J].Marine Petroleum Geology,2003,20(6～8):631～648.
[41]Brown A R.Interpretation of Three Dimensional Seismic Data,6th edition[M].Tulsa,Oklahoma,U.S.A.:AAPG&SEG,2005:ⅲ.
[42]Masaferro J L,Bourne R,and Jauffred J C.Three-dimen-sional seismic visualization of carbonate reservoirs and structures[A].Eberli G P,Masaferro J L and Sarg J F,Eds..Seismic imaging of carbonate reservoirs and systems:AAPG Memoir81[C].U.S.A.:Co-published AAPG/Shell Interna-tional Exploration&Production B.V.,2004:11～41.
[43]Skirius C,Nissen S,Haskell N,et al.3-D seismic attributes applied to carbonates[J].The Leading Edge,1999,18(3):384～393.
[44]林畅松,杨海军,刘景彦,等.塔里木早古生代原盆地古隆起地貌和古地理格局与地层圈闭发育分布[J].石油天然气地质,2008,29(2),189～197.
[45]范国章,赵宗举,周进高,等.塔中Ⅰ号坡折带奥陶系凝析气田勘探中的古地貌学方法[J].海相油气地质,2006,11(2),52～56.
[46]张军华,周振晓,谭明友,等.地震切片解释中的几个理论问题[J].石油地球物理勘探,2007,42(3):348～352,361.
[47]董春梅,张宪国,林承焰.地震沉积学的概念、方法和技术[J].沉积学报.2006,24(5):698～704.
[48]董春梅,张宪国,林承焰.有关地震沉积学若干问题的探讨[J].石油地球物理勘探,2006,41(4):405～409.
[49]林承焰,张宪国,董春梅.地震沉积学及其初步应用[J].石油学报,2007,28(2):69～72.
[50]林承焰,张宪国.地震沉积学探讨[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(11):1140～1144.
[51]Carrillat A,Hunt D,Randen T,et al.Automated mapping of carbonate build-ups and palaeokarst from the Norwegian Barents Sea using3D seismic texture mapping[A].DorèA G,Vining B A,Eds..Petroleum Geology:Northwest Europe and Global perspectives-Proceedings of the6th Petroleum Geology Conference[C].U.S.A.:American Geological In-stitute,2005:1595～1611.
[52]Rafaelsen b.Three-dimensional seismic geomorphology:new methods providing new geological models[D].A dissertation for the degree of doctor scientiarum,department of geology,Faculty of Science,University of Tromsф,Norway,2006:1～60.
[53]刘宝珺,韩作振,杨仁超.当代沉积学研究进展、前瞻与思考[J].特种油气藏,2006,13(5):1～3,9.
[54]Wood L J.Quantitative Seismic Geomorphology and Reservoir Architecture of Clastic Depositional Systems[A].The Future of Uncertainty Analysis in Exploration and Production:AAPG Annual Meeting Expanded Abstracts[C].Tulsa,OK,U.S.A.:American Geological Institute,2003:182～183.
[2]Schlager W.The future of applied sedimentology[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research.2000,70(1):2～9.
[3]Posamentier H W,Davies R J,Cartwright J A,et al.Seismic geomorphology:an overview[A].Davies R J,Posamentier H W,Wood L J,et al.Seismic geomorphology:applications to hydrocarbon exploration and production[C].U.S.A.:Geological Society Special Publications,2007:1～14.
[4]Posamentier H W.Seismic stratigraphy into the next millen-nium;A focus on3D seismic data[A].Anonymous,ed..AAPG Annual Meeting Expanded Abstracts[C].Tulsa,Oklahoma,U.S.A.:AAPG,2000:A118.
[5]Posamentier H W,Kolla V.Seismic geomorphology and stra-tigraphy of depositional elements in deep-water settings[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research.2003,73(3):367～388.
[6]Posamentier H W.Seismic geomorphology:imaging elements of depositional systems from shelf to deep basin using3D seismic data:implications for exploration and development[A].Davies R J,Cartwright J A,Stewart S A,et al.3D seismic technology:Application to the exploration of sedimentary basins[C].London:Geological Society,2004:11～24.
[7]Crevello P,Posamentier H W,Warmath A,et al.Paleo-geo-morphology of carbonate systems:unraveling sedimentary geobodies and facies from karst overprint[J].Geophysical Research Abstracts.2005,7(1):05986.
[8]Haralick R M,Shanmugam K,and Dinstein I.Textural features for image classification:Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers[J].Transactions on Systems,Man,and Cybernetics,1973,3(6):610～621.
[9]Gao D L.The first-order and the second-order seismic textures[J].AAPG Annual Meeting Program.1999,8(1):A45.
[10]Gao D L.3D VCM seismic textures:A new technology to quantify seismic interpretation[J].SEG Expanded Ab-stracts,1999,18(1):1037～1039.
[11]Gao D L.Method for analyzing and classifying three di-mensional seismic information[P].United States Patent6226596:2001-05-01.
[12]Gao D L.Volume texture extraction for3D seismic visual-ization and interpretation[J].Geophysics,2003,68(4):1294～1302.
[13]Gao D L.Texture model regression for effective feature discrimination:Application to seismic facies visualization and interpretation[J].Geophysics,2004,69(4):958～967.
[14]Gao D L.Theory and methodology for seismic texture anal-ysis;implications for seismic facies visualization and in-terpretation[J].Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions,2006,56(1):217～226.
[15]Gao D L.Application of three-dimensional seismic texture analysis with special reference to deep-marine facies dis-crimination and interpretation:Offshore Angola,west Africa[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(12):1665～1683.
[16]West B P,May S R,Eastwood J E,et al.Interactive seismic facies classification using textural attributes and neural networks[J].The Leading Edge,2002,21(10):1042～1049.
[17]Zeng H L,Loucks R G,and Brown LF.Mapping sedi-ment-dispersal patterns and associated systems tracts in fourth-and fifth-order sequences using seismic sedimen-tology:Example from Corpus Christi Bay,Texa[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(7):981～1003.
[18]Zeng H L,Henry S and Riola J.Stratal slicing,part II:Real 3-D seismic data[J].Geophysics,1998,63(2):514～522.
[19]Vail P R,Todd R G,and Sangree J B.Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level:part5:Chronostratigraphic significance of seismic reflections[A].Payton C E,Ed..Seismic stratigraphy-Applications to Hydrocarbon Explo-ration:AAPG Memoir26[C].Tulsa,Oklahoma,U.S.A.:AAPG,1977:99～116.
[20]Zeng H L.From seismic stratigraphy to seismic sedimen-tology:a sensible transition[J].Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions,2001,51(1):413～420.
[21]Zeng H L,Kerans C.Seismic frequency control on carbonate seismic stratigraphy:A case study of the Kingdom Abo se-quence,west Texas[J].AAPG Bulletin,2003,87(2):273～293.
[22]Zeng H L,Ambrose W.Seismic sedimentology and regional depositional systems in Mioceno Norte,Lake Maracaibo,Venezuela[J].The Leading Edge,2001,20(11):1260～1269.
[23]Hardage B A,Remington R L and Murray P E.Reflections have a‘Tipper Point’[J].AAPG Explorer,2006,27(9):32.
[24]Zeng H L and Wood L J.Using quantitative seismic sedi-mentology to predict reservoir architecture and lithology:a Gulf Coast Miocene-Pliocene example[J].AAPG Annual Meeting Program,2002,11(1):A197.
[25]Zeng H L,Hentz T F and Wood L J.Stratal slicing of Mio-cene-Pliocene sediments in Vermilion Block50-Tiger Shoal area,offshore Louisiana[J].The Leading Edge,2001,20(4):408～418.
[26]Zeng H L,Wood L J and Hentz T F.Seismic sedimentology by stratal slicing of fluvial and shallow-marine depositional systems in Pliocene,offshore Louisiana[J].AAPG Annual Meeting Program,2001,10(1):A224.
[27]Zeng H L.Seismic geomorphology-based facies classification[J].The Leading Edge,2004,23(7):644～645,688.
[28]Zeng H L.Seismic Imaging?Try Stratal Slicing[J].AAPG Explorer,2006,27(6):28.
[29]Zeng H L,Backus M,Barraw K,et al.Stratal slicing,PartΙ:Realistic3D seismic model[J].Geophysics,1998,63(2):502～513.
[30]Zeng H L,Backus M.Interpretive advantages of90de-gree-phase wavelets:Part1:Modeling[J].Geophysics,2005,70(3):C7～C15.
[31]Zeng H.,Backus M.Interpretive advantages of90de-gree-phase wavelets:Part2:Seismic applications[J].Geo-physics,2005,70(3):C17～C24.
[32]Zeng H L,Hentz T F.High-frequency sequence stratigraphy from seismic sedimentology:Applied to Miocene,Vermilion Block50,Tiger Shoal area,offshore Louisiana[J].AAPG Bulletin,2004,88(2):153～174.
[33]Bassant P,Buchem F V,Strasser A,et al.A comparison of two early Miocene carbonate margins:The Zhujiang car-bonate platform(subsurface,South China Sea)and the PirincPlatform(outcrop,southern Turkey)[A].Grammer G M,Harris P M and Eberli G P,Eds..Integration of outcrop and modern analogs in reservoir modeling:AAPG Memoir80[C].Tulsa,Oklahoma,U.S.A.:AAPG,2004:153～170.
[34]Eberli G P,Anselmetti F S,Betzler C,et al.Carbonate platform to basin transitions on seismic data and in outcrops:Great Bahama Bank and the Maiella Platform margin,Italy[A].Eberli G P,Masaferro J L and Sarg J F,Eds..Seismic imaging of carbonate reservoirs and systems:AAPG Memoir 81[C].U.S.A.:AAPG/Shell International Exploration&Production B.V.,2004:207～250.
[35]Schwab A M,Buchem F S,and Eberli P G.Integration of high-resolution outcrop and subsurface data to enhance interpretation of low-resolution seismic data in the Upper Devonian(Frasnian)carbonate system in western Canadan[A].Grammer G M,Harris P M and Eberli G P,Eds..Inte-gration of outcrop and modern analogs in reservoir modeling:AAPG Memoir80[C].Tulsa,Oklahoma,U.S.A.:AAPG,2004:261～278.
[36]Cartwright J and Huuse M.3D seismic technology:the geological‘Hubble’[J].Basin Research,2005,17(1):1～20
[37]Posamentier H W.Application of3D seismic visualization techniques for seismic stratigraphy,seismic geomorphology and depositional systems analysis[A].R.Davies,ed..3D Seismic Visualization[C].London:Geological Society,2004:11～24.
[38]Bahorovic M,Farmer S.3-D seismic discontinuity for faults and stratigraphic features;The coherence cube[J].The Leading Edge,1995,14(10):1053～1058.
[39]Dorn A G.Modern3-D seismic interpretation[J].The Leading Edge,1998,17(9):1262～1272.
[40]Abreu V,Sullivan M.,Pirmez C,et al.Lateral accretion packages(LAPs):an important reservoir element in deepwater sinuous channels[J].Marine Petroleum Geology,2003,20(6～8):631～648.
[41]Brown A R.Interpretation of Three Dimensional Seismic Data,6th edition[M].Tulsa,Oklahoma,U.S.A.:AAPG&SEG,2005:ⅲ.
[42]Masaferro J L,Bourne R,and Jauffred J C.Three-dimen-sional seismic visualization of carbonate reservoirs and structures[A].Eberli G P,Masaferro J L and Sarg J F,Eds..Seismic imaging of carbonate reservoirs and systems:AAPG Memoir81[C].U.S.A.:Co-published AAPG/Shell Interna-tional Exploration&Production B.V.,2004:11～41.
[43]Skirius C,Nissen S,Haskell N,et al.3-D seismic attributes applied to carbonates[J].The Leading Edge,1999,18(3):384～393.
[44]林畅松,杨海军,刘景彦,等.塔里木早古生代原盆地古隆起地貌和古地理格局与地层圈闭发育分布[J].石油天然气地质,2008,29(2),189～197.
[45]范国章,赵宗举,周进高,等.塔中Ⅰ号坡折带奥陶系凝析气田勘探中的古地貌学方法[J].海相油气地质,2006,11(2),52～56.
[46]张军华,周振晓,谭明友,等.地震切片解释中的几个理论问题[J].石油地球物理勘探,2007,42(3):348～352,361.
[47]董春梅,张宪国,林承焰.地震沉积学的概念、方法和技术[J].沉积学报.2006,24(5):698～704.
[48]董春梅,张宪国,林承焰.有关地震沉积学若干问题的探讨[J].石油地球物理勘探,2006,41(4):405～409.
[49]林承焰,张宪国,董春梅.地震沉积学及其初步应用[J].石油学报,2007,28(2):69～72.
[50]林承焰,张宪国.地震沉积学探讨[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(11):1140～1144.
[51]Carrillat A,Hunt D,Randen T,et al.Automated mapping of carbonate build-ups and palaeokarst from the Norwegian Barents Sea using3D seismic texture mapping[A].DorèA G,Vining B A,Eds..Petroleum Geology:Northwest Europe and Global perspectives-Proceedings of the6th Petroleum Geology Conference[C].U.S.A.:American Geological In-stitute,2005:1595～1611.
[52]Rafaelsen b.Three-dimensional seismic geomorphology:new methods providing new geological models[D].A dissertation for the degree of doctor scientiarum,department of geology,Faculty of Science,University of Tromsф,Norway,2006:1～60.
[53]刘宝珺,韩作振,杨仁超.当代沉积学研究进展、前瞻与思考[J].特种油气藏,2006,13(5):1～3,9.
[54]Wood L J.Quantitative Seismic Geomorphology and Reservoir Architecture of Clastic Depositional Systems[A].The Future of Uncertainty Analysis in Exploration and Production:AAPG Annual Meeting Expanded Abstracts[C].Tulsa,OK,U.S.A.:American Geological Institute,2003:182～183.
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