反射地震技术在成矿地质背景与深部矿产勘查中的应用:现状与前景
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摘要
矿床是地球演化过程中特定阶段、特定地质环境下形成的,深部结构、构造和动力过程是控制成矿作用的关键因素。成矿带或矿集区现今的地壳结构、构造保留着其演化动力学过程留下的痕迹,通过对不同深度地壳结构的探测,不仅可以提供成矿系统(成矿物质来源、迁移路径和存储空间)形成时期的构造背景和成矿地质环境信息,还可以直接追踪控矿构造的延深,甚至直接发现深部矿体。反射地震是深部探测的核心技术,应用于大陆地壳结构探测和油气勘探已经有近百年的历史,但应用于成矿学的研究和深部金属矿勘查只有二十几年。本文回顾了近年反射地震技术在区域成矿背景、矿集区深部3D结构和深部找矿勘查中取得的重要进展,讨论了该技术在应用中存在问题和下一步技术发展方向,为我国"地壳探测工程(SinaProbe)"在重点成矿带和矿集区开展立体探测提供一些借鉴。
The formation of mineral deposits is related to a particular stage of the Earth' evolution and controlled by a specific geological environment, the deep structure and geodynamic process play a major role in controlling mineralization. The present crustal structure of metallogenic belt or ore-concentrated area retains "fossil" marks preserved during its geodynamic evolution. Through the detection of crustal structure at different depths, we can not only reveal the tectonic setting and metallogenic environment at the time of the mineral system (fluid source, migration pathway and trap) was formed, but also can directly trace the extension of the deeper ore-controlling structures, and even directly detect the deeper ore bodies. Reflection seismic is a key technology for deep structure detection, and has been used for continental crust structure study and oil and gas exploration for about a hundred years, however, the application of this technique in research of metallogenesis and deep mineral exploration in hard rock environments is only about two decades. This paper reviews the recent advances of reflection seismic in studding of regional metallogenic background, 3D structures of the ore-concentration area and deep mineral exploration, and discusses the problems and the future development, and hope to provide some reference to SinoProbe project, which will carry out three-dimensional detection in key metallogenic belt and ore concentration area in China.
The formation of mineral deposits is related to a particular stage of the Earth' evolution and controlled by a specific geological environment, the deep structure and geodynamic process play a major role in controlling mineralization. The present crustal structure of metallogenic belt or ore-concentrated area retains "fossil" marks preserved during its geodynamic evolution. Through the detection of crustal structure at different depths, we can not only reveal the tectonic setting and metallogenic environment at the time of the mineral system (fluid source, migration pathway and trap) was formed, but also can directly trace the extension of the deeper ore-controlling structures, and even directly detect the deeper ore bodies. Reflection seismic is a key technology for deep structure detection, and has been used for continental crust structure study and oil and gas exploration for about a hundred years, however, the application of this technique in research of metallogenesis and deep mineral exploration in hard rock environments is only about two decades. This paper reviews the recent advances of reflection seismic in studding of regional metallogenic background, 3D structures of the ore-concentration area and deep mineral exploration, and discusses the problems and the future development, and hope to provide some reference to SinoProbe project, which will carry out three-dimensional detection in key metallogenic belt and ore concentration area in China.
引文
董树文,李廷栋.2009.SinoProbe——中国深部探测实验.地质学报,83(7):895～909.
董树文,李廷栋,高锐,吕庆田,等.2010.地球深部探测国际发展与我国现状综述.地质学报,84(6):743～770.
吕庆田,侯增谦,史大年,等.2004.铜陵狮子山金属矿地震探测结果及对区域找矿的意义,矿床地质,23(3):390～398.
吕庆田,史大年,赵金花,严加永,徐明才.2005.深部矿产勘查的地震学方法:问题与前景——铜陵矿集区的应用实例.地质通报,24(3):211～218.
Adam E,Perron G,Arnold G,et al.2003.3Dseismic i maging forVMS deposit exploration,Matagami,Quebec.In:Eaton D W,Milkereit B,Salisbury M H,eds.Hardrock SeismicExploration.Geophysical Developments,10:229～246.
Adam E,Milkereit B,Sal mon B.2004.3D seismic exploration inthe Val d'Or mining camp,Quebec.SEG Int'l Exposition and74th Annual Meeting,Denver,Colorado,10～15October.
Australia Geodynamics Cooperative Research Center.1998/1999.Annual Report.
Beaumont C,Quinlan G.1994.A geodynamic framework forinterpreting crustal-scale seismic-reflectivity patterns incompressional orogens.Geophysics Journal International,116:754～783.
Bellefleur G,Muller C,Snyder D,Matthews L.2004.Downholeseismic i maging of a massive sulfide orebody with mode-converted waves,Half mile Lake,New Brunswick,Canada.Geophysics,69(2):318～329.
Bohlen T,Muller C,Milkereit B.2003.Elastic seismic-wavescattering from massive sulfide orebodies:on the role ofcomposition and shape.In:Eaton D W,Milkereit B,SalisburyM H,eds.Hardrock Seismic Exploration.Geophysicaldevelopments,10:70～90.
Brown L,Barazangi M,Kauf man S,et al.1986.The first decade ofCOCORP:1974～1984.In:Barazangi M,Brown L,eds.Reflection Profiling:A Global Perspective.AmericanGeophysical Union,Washington,D C.Geodynamics Series,13:107～120.
Brun J P,Wenzel F,ECORS-DEKORP team.1991.Crustal-scalestructure of the southern Rhinegraben from ECORS-DEKORPseismic reflection data.Geology,19:758～762
Calvert AJ,Li Y.1999.Seismic reflection i maging over a massivesulfide deposit at the Matagami mining camp,Quebec.Geophysics,64(1):24～32.
Clarke GJ,Eaton D W.2003.Influence of morphology and surfaceroughness on the seismic response of massive sulfides,based onelastic-wave kirchhoff modeling.In:Eaton D W,Milkereit B,Salisbury M H,eds.Hardrock Seismic Exploration.Geophysical Developments,10:45～58.
Clowes R M.1997.LITHOPROBE Phase VProposal-Evolution ofa Continent Revealed.Published by the LITHOPROBESecretariat.The University of British Columbia.Vancouver.B.C.1～292.
Cook F,Brown L,Kauf man S,et al.1981.COCORP seismicreflection profiling of the Appalachian orogen beneath the Coastal Plain of Georgia.Geol.Soc.Amer.Bull.,92:738～748.
Dietz R S.1964.Sudbury structure as an astrobleme.Journal ofGeology,72:412～434.
Drummond B J,Goleby B R.1993.Seismic reflection i mages ofmajor ore-controlling structure in the Eastern Goldfields,Western Australia.Expl.Geophys.,24:473～478.
Drummond B J,Goleby B R,Goncharov A G,et al.1998.Crustal-scale structures in the Proterozoic Mount Isa inlier of northAustralia:their seismic response and influence onmineralisation.Tectonophysics,288:43～56.
Drummond B J,Goleby B R,Owen AJ,Yeates A N,Swager C,Zhang Y,Jackson J K.2000.Seismic reflection i maging ofmineral systems:three case histories.Geophysics,65(6):1852～1861.
Eaton D E.1999.Weak elastic scatting from massive sulfide orebodies.Geophysics,64(1):289～299.
Eaton D W,Milkereit B,Salisbury M.2003.Seismic methods fordeep mineral exploration:mature technologies adapted to newtargets.The Leading Edge,June:580～585.
Fountain D,Salisbury M H,Percival J.1990.Seismic structure ofthe continental crust based on rock velocity measurements fromthe Kapuskasing uplift.J.Geophys.Res.,95:1167～1186.
Goleby B R,Rattenbury M S,Swager,Swager C P,et al.1993.Archaean crustal structure from seismic reflection profiling,Eastern Goldfields,Western Australia.Austral.Geol.Surv.Org.Record,1993/15.
Goleby B R,Korsch R J,Fomin T,et al.2002.Preli minary3-Dgeological model of the Kalgoorlie region,Yilgarn craton,Western Australia,Based on deep seismic-reflection andpotential-field data.Australian Journal of Earth Sciences,49:917～933.
Goleby B R,Blewett R S,Groenewald P B,et al.2003.The2001northeastern Yilgarn deep seismic reflection survey.GeoscienceAustralia Record,2003/18.
Goleby B R,Blewett R S,Korsch R J,et al.2004.Deep seismicreflection profiling in the Archaean northeastern YilgarnCraton,Western Australia:I mplication for crustal architectureand mineral potential.Tectonophysics,388:119～133.
Heinrich C A,Bain J H C,Mernagh T P,Wyborn L AI.1995.Fluid and mass transfer during metabasalt alteration and coppermineralination at Mount Isa,Australia.Economic Geology,90:705～730.
Hobbs R W.2003.3D modelling of seismic-wave propagation usingcomplex elastic screen,with application to mineral exploration.In:Eaton D W,Milkereit B,Salisbury M H,eds.HardrockSeismic Exploration.Geophysical Developments,10:59～69.
Jones T,Nur A.1984.the Nature of seismic reflection from deepcrustal fault zones.J.Geophys.Res.,89:3153～3171.
Kerrich R,Goldfarb R J,Richards J P.2005.Metallogenicprovinces in an evolving geodynamic framework.EconomicGeology100thAnniversary Volume,1097～1136.
Klemperer S L,Hobbs R.1992.The BIRPS Atlas.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
MacCready T,Goleby B R,Goncharov A,et al.1998.AFramework of overprinting orogens based on interpretation ofthe Mount Isa deep seismic transect.Economoc Geology,93:1422～1434.
Malehmir A,Tryggvason A,Juhlin C,et al.2006.Seismici magingand potential field modeling to delineate structures hostingVHMS deposits in the Skellefte ore district,northern Sweden.Tectonophysics,426:319～334.
Malehmir A,Tryggvason A,Lickorish H,Weihed P.2007.Regional structural profiles in the western part of thePalaeoproterozoic Skellefte ore district,northern Sweden.Precambrin Research,159:1～18.
Malehmir A,Thunehed,Tryggvason A.2009.ThePaleoproterozoic Kristineberg mining area,northern Sweden:results fromintegrated3D geophysical and geologic modelling,andi mplications for targeting ore deposits.Geophysics,74(1):9～22.
Matthews D H,Smith C.1987.Deep seismic reflection profiling ofthe continental lithosphere.Geophys.J.Roy.Astr.Soc.,89:209～216.
Matthews L.2002.Base metal exploration:looking deeper andadding value with seismic data.Canadian Society of ExplorationGeophysicists Recorder,37～43.
Milkereit B,Berrer E K,King A R,et al.2000.Development of3-D seismic exploration technology for deep nickel-copperdeposits——a case history from the Sudbury basin,Canada.Geophysics,65(6):1890～1899.
Milkereit B,Green A,Sudbury Working Group.1992.Deepgeometry of the Sudbury structure from seismic reflectionprofiling.Geology,20:807～811.
Mitchell A H G,Garson M S.1981.Mineral Deposits and GlobalTectonic Settings.New York:Academic Press,1～405.
Nelson K D,Zhao WJ.1996.Project I NDEPTH Team.Partiallymolten middle crust beneath southern Tibet:synthesis ofProject I NDEPTHresults.Science,274:1684～1688.
Oliver N H S.2001.Linking of regional and local hydrothermalsystems in the mid-crust by shearing and faulting.Tectonophysics,335:147～161.
Perron G,Calvert A J.1998.Shallow,high-resolution seismici maging at the ansil mining campin the Abitibi greenstone belt.Geophysics,63(2):379～391.
Pretorius C C,Jamison A A,Irons C.1987.Seismic explorationinthe Witwatersrand basin,Republic of South Africa.Exploration87,Proceedings,3:241～253.
Pretorius C C,Trewick WF,Fourie A,Irons C.2000.Applicationof3-D seismic to mine planning at Vaal Reefs gold mine,number10shaft,Republic of South Africa.Geophysics,65(6):1862～1870.
Roberts B,Zaleski E,Perron G,et al.2003.Seismic exploration ofthe Manitouwadge greenstone belt,Ontario:a case history.In:Eaton D W,Milkereit B,Salisbury M H,eds.HardrockSeismic Exploration.Geophysical Developments,10:110～126.
Rodriguez-Tablante J,Tryggvason A,Malehmir A,et al.2007.Cross-profile acquisition and cross-dip analysis for extracting3Dinformation from2D surveys,a case study from the westernSkellefte district,northern Sweden.Journal of AppliedGeophysics,63:1～12.
Roy B,Clowes R M.2000.Seismic and potential-field i maging ofthe Guichon Creek batholith,Brithsh Columia,Canada,todelineate structures hosting porphyry copper deposits.Geophysics,65(5):1418～1434.
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Salisbury M H,Milkereit B,Ascough G.et al.2000.Physicalproperties and seismic i maging of massive sulfides.Geophysics,65(6):1882～1889
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Sorjonen-Ward P,Zhang Y,Zhao C.2002.Numerical modelling oforogenic processes and gold mineralisation in the southeasternpart of the Yilgarn Craton,Western Australia.AustralianJournal of Earth Sciences,49:935～964.
Swager C P,Goleby B R,Drummond B J,Rattenbury M S,Williams P R.1997.Crustal structure of granite-greenstoneterranes in the Eastern Goldfields,Yilgarn Craton,as revealedby seismic reflection profiling.Precambrian Research,83(1～3),43～56.
Tryggvason A,Malehmir A,Rodriguez-Tablante J,et al.2006.Reflection seismic investigation in the western part of thepalaeoproterozoic VHMS bearing Skellefte Districts,northernSweden.Economic Geology,101:1039～1054.
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董树文,李廷栋,高锐,吕庆田,等.2010.地球深部探测国际发展与我国现状综述.地质学报,84(6):743～770.
吕庆田,侯增谦,史大年,等.2004.铜陵狮子山金属矿地震探测结果及对区域找矿的意义,矿床地质,23(3):390～398.
吕庆田,史大年,赵金花,严加永,徐明才.2005.深部矿产勘查的地震学方法:问题与前景——铜陵矿集区的应用实例.地质通报,24(3):211～218.
Adam E,Perron G,Arnold G,et al.2003.3Dseismic i maging forVMS deposit exploration,Matagami,Quebec.In:Eaton D W,Milkereit B,Salisbury M H,eds.Hardrock SeismicExploration.Geophysical Developments,10:229～246.
Adam E,Milkereit B,Sal mon B.2004.3D seismic exploration inthe Val d'Or mining camp,Quebec.SEG Int'l Exposition and74th Annual Meeting,Denver,Colorado,10～15October.
Australia Geodynamics Cooperative Research Center.1998/1999.Annual Report.
Beaumont C,Quinlan G.1994.A geodynamic framework forinterpreting crustal-scale seismic-reflectivity patterns incompressional orogens.Geophysics Journal International,116:754～783.
Bellefleur G,Muller C,Snyder D,Matthews L.2004.Downholeseismic i maging of a massive sulfide orebody with mode-converted waves,Half mile Lake,New Brunswick,Canada.Geophysics,69(2):318～329.
Bohlen T,Muller C,Milkereit B.2003.Elastic seismic-wavescattering from massive sulfide orebodies:on the role ofcomposition and shape.In:Eaton D W,Milkereit B,SalisburyM H,eds.Hardrock Seismic Exploration.Geophysicaldevelopments,10:70～90.
Brown L,Barazangi M,Kauf man S,et al.1986.The first decade ofCOCORP:1974～1984.In:Barazangi M,Brown L,eds.Reflection Profiling:A Global Perspective.AmericanGeophysical Union,Washington,D C.Geodynamics Series,13:107～120.
Brun J P,Wenzel F,ECORS-DEKORP team.1991.Crustal-scalestructure of the southern Rhinegraben from ECORS-DEKORPseismic reflection data.Geology,19:758～762
Calvert AJ,Li Y.1999.Seismic reflection i maging over a massivesulfide deposit at the Matagami mining camp,Quebec.Geophysics,64(1):24～32.
Clarke GJ,Eaton D W.2003.Influence of morphology and surfaceroughness on the seismic response of massive sulfides,based onelastic-wave kirchhoff modeling.In:Eaton D W,Milkereit B,Salisbury M H,eds.Hardrock Seismic Exploration.Geophysical Developments,10:45～58.
Clowes R M.1997.LITHOPROBE Phase VProposal-Evolution ofa Continent Revealed.Published by the LITHOPROBESecretariat.The University of British Columbia.Vancouver.B.C.1～292.
Cook F,Brown L,Kauf man S,et al.1981.COCORP seismicreflection profiling of the Appalachian orogen beneath the Coastal Plain of Georgia.Geol.Soc.Amer.Bull.,92:738～748.
Dietz R S.1964.Sudbury structure as an astrobleme.Journal ofGeology,72:412～434.
Drummond B J,Goleby B R.1993.Seismic reflection i mages ofmajor ore-controlling structure in the Eastern Goldfields,Western Australia.Expl.Geophys.,24:473～478.
Drummond B J,Goleby B R,Goncharov A G,et al.1998.Crustal-scale structures in the Proterozoic Mount Isa inlier of northAustralia:their seismic response and influence onmineralisation.Tectonophysics,288:43～56.
Drummond B J,Goleby B R,Owen AJ,Yeates A N,Swager C,Zhang Y,Jackson J K.2000.Seismic reflection i maging ofmineral systems:three case histories.Geophysics,65(6):1852～1861.
Eaton D E.1999.Weak elastic scatting from massive sulfide orebodies.Geophysics,64(1):289～299.
Eaton D W,Milkereit B,Salisbury M.2003.Seismic methods fordeep mineral exploration:mature technologies adapted to newtargets.The Leading Edge,June:580～585.
Fountain D,Salisbury M H,Percival J.1990.Seismic structure ofthe continental crust based on rock velocity measurements fromthe Kapuskasing uplift.J.Geophys.Res.,95:1167～1186.
Goleby B R,Rattenbury M S,Swager,Swager C P,et al.1993.Archaean crustal structure from seismic reflection profiling,Eastern Goldfields,Western Australia.Austral.Geol.Surv.Org.Record,1993/15.
Goleby B R,Korsch R J,Fomin T,et al.2002.Preli minary3-Dgeological model of the Kalgoorlie region,Yilgarn craton,Western Australia,Based on deep seismic-reflection andpotential-field data.Australian Journal of Earth Sciences,49:917～933.
Goleby B R,Blewett R S,Groenewald P B,et al.2003.The2001northeastern Yilgarn deep seismic reflection survey.GeoscienceAustralia Record,2003/18.
Goleby B R,Blewett R S,Korsch R J,et al.2004.Deep seismicreflection profiling in the Archaean northeastern YilgarnCraton,Western Australia:I mplication for crustal architectureand mineral potential.Tectonophysics,388:119～133.
Heinrich C A,Bain J H C,Mernagh T P,Wyborn L AI.1995.Fluid and mass transfer during metabasalt alteration and coppermineralination at Mount Isa,Australia.Economic Geology,90:705～730.
Hobbs R W.2003.3D modelling of seismic-wave propagation usingcomplex elastic screen,with application to mineral exploration.In:Eaton D W,Milkereit B,Salisbury M H,eds.HardrockSeismic Exploration.Geophysical Developments,10:59～69.
Jones T,Nur A.1984.the Nature of seismic reflection from deepcrustal fault zones.J.Geophys.Res.,89:3153～3171.
Kerrich R,Goldfarb R J,Richards J P.2005.Metallogenicprovinces in an evolving geodynamic framework.EconomicGeology100thAnniversary Volume,1097～1136.
Klemperer S L,Hobbs R.1992.The BIRPS Atlas.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
MacCready T,Goleby B R,Goncharov A,et al.1998.AFramework of overprinting orogens based on interpretation ofthe Mount Isa deep seismic transect.Economoc Geology,93:1422～1434.
Malehmir A,Tryggvason A,Juhlin C,et al.2006.Seismici magingand potential field modeling to delineate structures hostingVHMS deposits in the Skellefte ore district,northern Sweden.Tectonophysics,426:319～334.
Malehmir A,Tryggvason A,Lickorish H,Weihed P.2007.Regional structural profiles in the western part of thePalaeoproterozoic Skellefte ore district,northern Sweden.Precambrin Research,159:1～18.
Malehmir A,Thunehed,Tryggvason A.2009.ThePaleoproterozoic Kristineberg mining area,northern Sweden:results fromintegrated3D geophysical and geologic modelling,andi mplications for targeting ore deposits.Geophysics,74(1):9～22.
Matthews D H,Smith C.1987.Deep seismic reflection profiling ofthe continental lithosphere.Geophys.J.Roy.Astr.Soc.,89:209～216.
Matthews L.2002.Base metal exploration:looking deeper andadding value with seismic data.Canadian Society of ExplorationGeophysicists Recorder,37～43.
Milkereit B,Berrer E K,King A R,et al.2000.Development of3-D seismic exploration technology for deep nickel-copperdeposits——a case history from the Sudbury basin,Canada.Geophysics,65(6):1890～1899.
Milkereit B,Green A,Sudbury Working Group.1992.Deepgeometry of the Sudbury structure from seismic reflectionprofiling.Geology,20:807～811.
Mitchell A H G,Garson M S.1981.Mineral Deposits and GlobalTectonic Settings.New York:Academic Press,1～405.
Nelson K D,Zhao WJ.1996.Project I NDEPTH Team.Partiallymolten middle crust beneath southern Tibet:synthesis ofProject I NDEPTHresults.Science,274:1684～1688.
Oliver N H S.2001.Linking of regional and local hydrothermalsystems in the mid-crust by shearing and faulting.Tectonophysics,335:147～161.
Perron G,Calvert A J.1998.Shallow,high-resolution seismici maging at the ansil mining campin the Abitibi greenstone belt.Geophysics,63(2):379～391.
Pretorius C C,Jamison A A,Irons C.1987.Seismic explorationinthe Witwatersrand basin,Republic of South Africa.Exploration87,Proceedings,3:241～253.
Pretorius C C,Trewick WF,Fourie A,Irons C.2000.Applicationof3-D seismic to mine planning at Vaal Reefs gold mine,number10shaft,Republic of South Africa.Geophysics,65(6):1862～1870.
Roberts B,Zaleski E,Perron G,et al.2003.Seismic exploration ofthe Manitouwadge greenstone belt,Ontario:a case history.In:Eaton D W,Milkereit B,Salisbury M H,eds.HardrockSeismic Exploration.Geophysical Developments,10:110～126.
Rodriguez-Tablante J,Tryggvason A,Malehmir A,et al.2007.Cross-profile acquisition and cross-dip analysis for extracting3Dinformation from2D surveys,a case study from the westernSkellefte district,northern Sweden.Journal of AppliedGeophysics,63:1～12.
Roy B,Clowes R M.2000.Seismic and potential-field i maging ofthe Guichon Creek batholith,Brithsh Columia,Canada,todelineate structures hosting porphyry copper deposits.Geophysics,65(5):1418～1434.
Salisbury M H,Milkereit B,Bleeker W.1996.Seismic i maging ofmassive sulfide deposits:part I.rock properies.EconomicGeology,91(5):821～828.
Salisbury M H,Milkereit B,Ascough G.et al.2000.Physicalproperties and seismic i maging of massive sulfides.Geophysics,65(6):1882～1889
Salibury M H,Harvey C W,Matthews L.2003.The acousticproperties of ores and host rocks in hardrock terranes.In:Eaton D W,Milkereit B,Salisbury M H,eds.HardrockSeismic Exploration.Geophysical Developments,10:9～19.
Sawkins F J.1984.Metal Deposits in Relation to Plate Tectonics.Berlin:Springer Verlag,1～325.
Sorjonen-Ward P,Zhang Y,Zhao C.2002.Numerical modelling oforogenic processes and gold mineralisation in the southeasternpart of the Yilgarn Craton,Western Australia.AustralianJournal of Earth Sciences,49:935～964.
Swager C P,Goleby B R,Drummond B J,Rattenbury M S,Williams P R.1997.Crustal structure of granite-greenstoneterranes in the Eastern Goldfields,Yilgarn Craton,as revealedby seismic reflection profiling.Precambrian Research,83(1～3),43～56.
Tryggvason A,Malehmir A,Rodriguez-Tablante J,et al.2006.Reflection seismic investigation in the western part of thepalaeoproterozoic VHMS bearing Skellefte Districts,northernSweden.Economic Geology,101:1039～1054.
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