利用1996年丽江地震序列反演震区应力状态
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摘要
本文以1996年丽江M_S7.0地震为例,以地震目录和强震震源模型为输入参数,将力学计算与统计分析相结合,反演计算了1986～1996年间丽江震区2.5°×3.0°空间范围内的地壳应力状态.结果表明,丽江地区应力场最大主应力为近南北向,方位角为355°,最小主应力方位角为241°,二者倾角为近水平,应力形因子为O.398,最大主应力大小约为53 MPa,远小于完整岩石的强度.该方法可获得地壳深部绝对应力大小、有效摩擦系数,反演获得的震区地壳深部应力状态的方向性特征与震源机制解结果基本一致;该研究表明地震活动的空间分布可以为我们提供有关强震孕震的地壳深部应力状态信息.这些结果对了解震区应力场具有理论上和实践上的意义.
Estimates of the tectonic stress state including direction and magnitude of principal stress are derived from the regional seismicity before and after 1996, M_S 7. 0 Lijiang earthquake. This technique was originally applied to the Landers aftershock sequence (Gross and Kisslinger, 1997). Two kinds of input include a combined catalogue of events before and after the Lijiang earthquake, and a source model derived from the inversion of body wave. The stress field in source region was calculated using a 3-D dislocation model, and the best stress state is statistically determined by evaluating the relativity between stress change and seismicity change. The result shows that the azimuth of maximum principal stress in 10 km depth is 355 degree, and the magnitude of maximum principal stress is 53MPa, which is much smaller than the value estimated from the intact rock at that depth. Inversions for the best fitting background stress state are consistent with focal mechanism solution (with a 12 degree difference). This study shows that the spatial distribution of seismicity can present stress state information of source area. Although the estimations of the magnitude of background stress, gradient of stress with depth and effective coefficient of friction are quite uncertain, and need further research to confirm, the result provides the dynamic information of stress loading on the faults, which is useful for the further research on stress environment of seismogenic area.
Estimates of the tectonic stress state including direction and magnitude of principal stress are derived from the regional seismicity before and after 1996, M_S 7. 0 Lijiang earthquake. This technique was originally applied to the Landers aftershock sequence (Gross and Kisslinger, 1997). Two kinds of input include a combined catalogue of events before and after the Lijiang earthquake, and a source model derived from the inversion of body wave. The stress field in source region was calculated using a 3-D dislocation model, and the best stress state is statistically determined by evaluating the relativity between stress change and seismicity change. The result shows that the azimuth of maximum principal stress in 10 km depth is 355 degree, and the magnitude of maximum principal stress is 53MPa, which is much smaller than the value estimated from the intact rock at that depth. Inversions for the best fitting background stress state are consistent with focal mechanism solution (with a 12 degree difference). This study shows that the spatial distribution of seismicity can present stress state information of source area. Although the estimations of the magnitude of background stress, gradient of stress with depth and effective coefficient of friction are quite uncertain, and need further research to confirm, the result provides the dynamic information of stress loading on the faults, which is useful for the further research on stress environment of seismogenic area.
引文
[1] 崔效峰,谢富仁,张红艳.川滇地区现代构造应力场分区及动力学意义.地震学报,2006,28(5) :451～461CuiX F,Xie F R,Zhang H Y.Recent tectonic stress field zoning in Sichuan-Yunnan region and its dynamic interest.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2006,28(5) :451 ～461
[2] 刁桂苓,王海涛,高国英等.伽师强震系列应力场的转向过程.地球物理学报,2005,48(5) :1062～1068Diao G L,Wang H T,Gao G Y,et al.A deflection process for the stress field of the Jiashi strong earthquake sequence.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(5) :1062～ 1068
[3] 许忠淮,汪素云,黄雨蕊等.由多个小震推断的青甘和川滇地区地壳应力场的方向特征.地球物理学报,1987,30(5) : 476～486Xu Z H,Wang S Y,Huang Y R,et al.Directions of mean stress axes in southwestern China deduced from microearthquake data.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1987,30(5) :476～486
[4] Yukutake Y,Iio Y,Katao H,et al.Estimation of the stress field in the region of the 2000 Western Tottori Earthquake:Using numerous aftershock focal mechanisms.J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112,B09306,doi:10． 1029/2005JB004250
[5] Zoback M L.Stress field constraints on intraplate seismicity in eastern north America.J.Geophys.Res.,1992,97:11761～ 11782
[6] 谢富仁,祝景忠,梁海庆等.中国西南地区现代构造应力场基本特征.地震学报,1993,15(4) :407～417Xie F R,Zhu J Z,Liang H Q,et al.Characteristics of modern tectonic stress field in southwestern China.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),1993,15(4) :407 ～417
[7] 许忠淮.用滑动方向拟合法反演唐山余震区的平均应力场.地震学报,1985,7(4) :349～361Xu Z H.Mean stress field in Tangshan aftershock area obtained from focal mechanism data by fitting slip directions.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),1985,7(4) :349～361
[8] Angelier J.Tectonic analysis of fault slip data sets.J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89(B7) I:5836～5848
[9] Etchcopar A,Vasseur G,Daignieres M.An inverse problem in microtectoaics for the determination of stress tensors from fault striation analysis.Struct.,1981,3(1) :51～55
[10] 李方全.套芯法、水压致裂法原地应力测量、钻孔崩落及震源 机制解分析所得结果的比较.地震学报,1992,14(2) :149～155Li F Q.A comprison of crustal stress measurement result with overcoring method,hydraulic fracturing technique,borehole breakout and focal mechanism solutions analysis.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),1992,14(2) :149 ～155
[11] 赵建涛,崔效锋,谢富仁.唐山地震震源区构造应力场强度的初步分析.地震学报,2002,24(3) :268～276Zhao J T,Cui X F,Xie F R.Preliminary analysis of the tectonic stress inten-sity in the source region of Tangshanearthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2002,24(3) :268～276
[12] 徐纪人,赵志新.深井地震:地球物理长期观测与研究--现代地球科学的新进展.地质论评,2004,50(5) :537～553Xu J R,Zhao Z X.Seismic:Geophysic long term observe and study on deep drills:advances of mordern geosciences.Geological Review (in Chinese),2004,50(5) :537～553
[13] Zoback M D,Apel R,Eaumgartner J,et al.Upper-crustal strength inferred from stress measurements to 6 km depth inthe KTB borehole.Nature,1993,365:633～635
[14] 万永革.根据大地震前后应力轴偏转和应力降求取应力量值的研究.地震学报,2006,28(5) :472～477Wan Y G.Study on determination of stress level by seismic stress drops and the stress axis deflections before and after large earthquakes.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2006,28(5) :472～477
[15] Wesson R L,Boyd O S.Stress before and after the 2002 Denali fault earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2007,34:L07303,doi:10． 1029/2007GL029189
[16] 万永革,沈正康,曾跃华等.青藏高原东北部的库仑应力积累演化对大地震发生的影响.地震学报,2007,29(2) :115～ 129Wan Y G,Shen Z K,Zeng Y H,et al.Evolution of cumulative coulomb failure stress in northeastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau and its effect on l.arge earthquake occurrence.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2007,29(2) :115～129
[17] 万永革,沈正康,尚 丹.2005年10月巴基斯坦Mw7． 6地震对余震的触发研究.中国地震,2006,22(3) :277～286Wan Y G,Shen Z K,Shang D.Study on triggering effect of the October,2005 Pakistan Mw7． 6 earthquake on its aftershocks.Earthquake Research in China (in Chinese),2006,22(3) :277～286
[18] Deng J,Sykes L R.Stress evolution in southern California and triggering of moderate-,small-,and micro-size earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102:2441～2443
[19] Kagan Y Y,Jackson D D,Liu Z.Stress and earthquakes in southern California,1850 ～ 2004． J.Geophys.Res.,2005． 110:B05S14,doi:10． 1029/2004JB003313
[20] Dieterich J H.A constitutive law for rate of earthquake production and its application to earthquake clustering.J.Geophys.Res.,1994,99(B2) :2601～2618
[21] Marsan D.The role of small earthquakes in redistributing crustal elastic stress.Geophys.J.Int.,2005,163:141 ～151
[22] Reasenberg P A,Simpson R W.Response of regional seismicity to the static stress change produced by the Loma Prieta earthquake.Science,1992,255:1687 ～ 1690
[23] King G C,Stein R S,Lin J.Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1994,84:935～953
[24] Engdahl E R,Billington S,Kisslinger C.Teleseismically recorded seismicity before and after the May 7,1986,Andreanof Islands,Alaska,earthquake.J.Geophys.Res.,1989,94:15481～ 15498
[25] Tajima,Kanamori H.Global survey of aftershock area expansion patterns.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1985,40:77～134
[26] McCloskey J,Nalbant S S,Steacy S,et al.Structural constraints on the spatial distribution of aftershocks.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2003,30(12) :1610,doi:10． 1029/ 2003GL017225
[27] Gross S J,Kisslinger C.Stress and the spatial distribution of seismicity in the central Aleutians.J.geophys.Res.,1994,99(B8) :15291～15303
[28] Gross S J,Kisslinger C.Estimating tectonic stress rate and state with Landers aftershocks.J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102:7603 ～ 7612
[29] 韩竹军,虢顺民.1996年2月3 日云南丽江7． o级地震发生的构造环境.地震学报,2004,26(4) :410～418Han Z J,Guo S M.Seismotectonic environment of occurring the February 3,1996 Lijiang M7． 0 earthquake,Yunnan Province.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2004,26(4) :410～418
[30] 云南省地震局.一九九六年丽江地震滇西地震预报实验场.北京:地震出版社,1998Earthquake Administration of Yunnan Province.Lijiang Earthquake,Feb.3rd,1996(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press.1998
[31] Okada Y.Internal deformation due to shear faults and tensile in a half space.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1992,82:1018 ～ 1040
[32] gross S J.A model of tectonic stress state and rate using the 1994 northridge earthquake sequence.Bulletin of the Seismilogical Society of America.91(2) :263～275
[33] 陈棋福.中国震例(1995～1996) .北京:地震出版社,2002Chen Q F.Earthquake Cases in China,1995～1996 (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismologial Press,2002
[34] 国家地震局地质研究所、云南省地震局.滇西北地区活动断裂.北京:地震出版社,1986Institute of Geology,CEA,Earthquake Administration of Yunnan Province.Active Faults in Northwestern Yunnan (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1986
[35] 朱艾斓,徐锡伟,周永胜等.川西地区小震重新定位及其活动构造意义.地球物理学报,2005,48(3) :629～636Zhu A L,Xu X W,Zhou Y S,et al.Relocation of small earthquakes in western Sichuan,China and its implications for active tectonics.Chinese J.Geoph ys.(in Chinese),2005,48(3) :629～636
[36] 苏有锦,刘祖荫.丽江7． 0级地震震源环境及其破裂过程讨论.地震研究,1997,20(1) :66～71Su Y J,Liu Z Y.Discussion on the source environment and rupture process of the M7． 0 Lijiang earthquake.Journal of Seismological Research (in Chinese),1997,20(1) :66～71
[37] 刘祖荫,苏有锦,秦嘉政等.20世纪云南地震活动.北京:地震出版社,2002Liu Z Y,Su Y J,Qin J Z,et al.Study on Seismicity in Yunnan in the 20th Century (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,2002
[38] 许力生,陈运泰,S.Fasthof.1996年2月3目云南丽江7． 0 地震震源过程时空复杂性-中国地震学研究进展.北京:地震出版社,1997． 91～105Xu L S,Chen Y T,Fasrhof S.The Temporal and Spatial Complexity of Source Process of Ms7． 0 Earthquake,Feb.3rd,1996,Lijiang,Yunnan:Advances of Seismology Research in China(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1997． 91～105
[39] 徐扬.1996年2月3日云南丽江地震震源过程的体波反演.地震学报,1998,20(2) :113～117Xu Y.Bodywave inversion of source process for Feb.3rd,1996,Lijiang earthquake,Yunnan.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),1998,20 (2) :113 ～ 117
[40] 苏生瑞,王运生.丽江地震区应力场研究.地质论评,2004,50(1) :57～64Su S R,Wang Y S.A study on the stress field in the region of the Lijiang earthquake.Geological Review (in Chinese),2004,50(1) :57～64
[41] 王绍晋,龙晓帆,罗淑进.丽江地震序列的震源机制,发震应力场和破裂特征.地震研究,1997,20(1) :26～34Wang S J,Long X F,Lou S J.The focal mechanism,seismogenic stress field and rupture characteristics of the Lijiang earthquake sequence.Journal of Seismological Research (in Chinese),1997,20(1) :26～ 34
[2] 刁桂苓,王海涛,高国英等.伽师强震系列应力场的转向过程.地球物理学报,2005,48(5) :1062～1068Diao G L,Wang H T,Gao G Y,et al.A deflection process for the stress field of the Jiashi strong earthquake sequence.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(5) :1062～ 1068
[3] 许忠淮,汪素云,黄雨蕊等.由多个小震推断的青甘和川滇地区地壳应力场的方向特征.地球物理学报,1987,30(5) : 476～486Xu Z H,Wang S Y,Huang Y R,et al.Directions of mean stress axes in southwestern China deduced from microearthquake data.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1987,30(5) :476～486
[4] Yukutake Y,Iio Y,Katao H,et al.Estimation of the stress field in the region of the 2000 Western Tottori Earthquake:Using numerous aftershock focal mechanisms.J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112,B09306,doi:10． 1029/2005JB004250
[5] Zoback M L.Stress field constraints on intraplate seismicity in eastern north America.J.Geophys.Res.,1992,97:11761～ 11782
[6] 谢富仁,祝景忠,梁海庆等.中国西南地区现代构造应力场基本特征.地震学报,1993,15(4) :407～417Xie F R,Zhu J Z,Liang H Q,et al.Characteristics of modern tectonic stress field in southwestern China.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),1993,15(4) :407 ～417
[7] 许忠淮.用滑动方向拟合法反演唐山余震区的平均应力场.地震学报,1985,7(4) :349～361Xu Z H.Mean stress field in Tangshan aftershock area obtained from focal mechanism data by fitting slip directions.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),1985,7(4) :349～361
[8] Angelier J.Tectonic analysis of fault slip data sets.J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89(B7) I:5836～5848
[9] Etchcopar A,Vasseur G,Daignieres M.An inverse problem in microtectoaics for the determination of stress tensors from fault striation analysis.Struct.,1981,3(1) :51～55
[10] 李方全.套芯法、水压致裂法原地应力测量、钻孔崩落及震源 机制解分析所得结果的比较.地震学报,1992,14(2) :149～155Li F Q.A comprison of crustal stress measurement result with overcoring method,hydraulic fracturing technique,borehole breakout and focal mechanism solutions analysis.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),1992,14(2) :149 ～155
[11] 赵建涛,崔效锋,谢富仁.唐山地震震源区构造应力场强度的初步分析.地震学报,2002,24(3) :268～276Zhao J T,Cui X F,Xie F R.Preliminary analysis of the tectonic stress inten-sity in the source region of Tangshanearthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2002,24(3) :268～276
[12] 徐纪人,赵志新.深井地震:地球物理长期观测与研究--现代地球科学的新进展.地质论评,2004,50(5) :537～553Xu J R,Zhao Z X.Seismic:Geophysic long term observe and study on deep drills:advances of mordern geosciences.Geological Review (in Chinese),2004,50(5) :537～553
[13] Zoback M D,Apel R,Eaumgartner J,et al.Upper-crustal strength inferred from stress measurements to 6 km depth inthe KTB borehole.Nature,1993,365:633～635
[14] 万永革.根据大地震前后应力轴偏转和应力降求取应力量值的研究.地震学报,2006,28(5) :472～477Wan Y G.Study on determination of stress level by seismic stress drops and the stress axis deflections before and after large earthquakes.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2006,28(5) :472～477
[15] Wesson R L,Boyd O S.Stress before and after the 2002 Denali fault earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2007,34:L07303,doi:10． 1029/2007GL029189
[16] 万永革,沈正康,曾跃华等.青藏高原东北部的库仑应力积累演化对大地震发生的影响.地震学报,2007,29(2) :115～ 129Wan Y G,Shen Z K,Zeng Y H,et al.Evolution of cumulative coulomb failure stress in northeastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau and its effect on l.arge earthquake occurrence.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2007,29(2) :115～129
[17] 万永革,沈正康,尚 丹.2005年10月巴基斯坦Mw7． 6地震对余震的触发研究.中国地震,2006,22(3) :277～286Wan Y G,Shen Z K,Shang D.Study on triggering effect of the October,2005 Pakistan Mw7． 6 earthquake on its aftershocks.Earthquake Research in China (in Chinese),2006,22(3) :277～286
[18] Deng J,Sykes L R.Stress evolution in southern California and triggering of moderate-,small-,and micro-size earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102:2441～2443
[19] Kagan Y Y,Jackson D D,Liu Z.Stress and earthquakes in southern California,1850 ～ 2004． J.Geophys.Res.,2005． 110:B05S14,doi:10． 1029/2004JB003313
[20] Dieterich J H.A constitutive law for rate of earthquake production and its application to earthquake clustering.J.Geophys.Res.,1994,99(B2) :2601～2618
[21] Marsan D.The role of small earthquakes in redistributing crustal elastic stress.Geophys.J.Int.,2005,163:141 ～151
[22] Reasenberg P A,Simpson R W.Response of regional seismicity to the static stress change produced by the Loma Prieta earthquake.Science,1992,255:1687 ～ 1690
[23] King G C,Stein R S,Lin J.Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1994,84:935～953
[24] Engdahl E R,Billington S,Kisslinger C.Teleseismically recorded seismicity before and after the May 7,1986,Andreanof Islands,Alaska,earthquake.J.Geophys.Res.,1989,94:15481～ 15498
[25] Tajima,Kanamori H.Global survey of aftershock area expansion patterns.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1985,40:77～134
[26] McCloskey J,Nalbant S S,Steacy S,et al.Structural constraints on the spatial distribution of aftershocks.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2003,30(12) :1610,doi:10． 1029/ 2003GL017225
[27] Gross S J,Kisslinger C.Stress and the spatial distribution of seismicity in the central Aleutians.J.geophys.Res.,1994,99(B8) :15291～15303
[28] Gross S J,Kisslinger C.Estimating tectonic stress rate and state with Landers aftershocks.J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102:7603 ～ 7612
[29] 韩竹军,虢顺民.1996年2月3 日云南丽江7． o级地震发生的构造环境.地震学报,2004,26(4) :410～418Han Z J,Guo S M.Seismotectonic environment of occurring the February 3,1996 Lijiang M7． 0 earthquake,Yunnan Province.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2004,26(4) :410～418
[30] 云南省地震局.一九九六年丽江地震滇西地震预报实验场.北京:地震出版社,1998Earthquake Administration of Yunnan Province.Lijiang Earthquake,Feb.3rd,1996(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press.1998
[31] Okada Y.Internal deformation due to shear faults and tensile in a half space.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1992,82:1018 ～ 1040
[32] gross S J.A model of tectonic stress state and rate using the 1994 northridge earthquake sequence.Bulletin of the Seismilogical Society of America.91(2) :263～275
[33] 陈棋福.中国震例(1995～1996) .北京:地震出版社,2002Chen Q F.Earthquake Cases in China,1995～1996 (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismologial Press,2002
[34] 国家地震局地质研究所、云南省地震局.滇西北地区活动断裂.北京:地震出版社,1986Institute of Geology,CEA,Earthquake Administration of Yunnan Province.Active Faults in Northwestern Yunnan (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1986
[35] 朱艾斓,徐锡伟,周永胜等.川西地区小震重新定位及其活动构造意义.地球物理学报,2005,48(3) :629～636Zhu A L,Xu X W,Zhou Y S,et al.Relocation of small earthquakes in western Sichuan,China and its implications for active tectonics.Chinese J.Geoph ys.(in Chinese),2005,48(3) :629～636
[36] 苏有锦,刘祖荫.丽江7． 0级地震震源环境及其破裂过程讨论.地震研究,1997,20(1) :66～71Su Y J,Liu Z Y.Discussion on the source environment and rupture process of the M7． 0 Lijiang earthquake.Journal of Seismological Research (in Chinese),1997,20(1) :66～71
[37] 刘祖荫,苏有锦,秦嘉政等.20世纪云南地震活动.北京:地震出版社,2002Liu Z Y,Su Y J,Qin J Z,et al.Study on Seismicity in Yunnan in the 20th Century (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,2002
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[39] 徐扬.1996年2月3日云南丽江地震震源过程的体波反演.地震学报,1998,20(2) :113～117Xu Y.Bodywave inversion of source process for Feb.3rd,1996,Lijiang earthquake,Yunnan.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),1998,20 (2) :113 ～ 117
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