汶川地震危害道路交通及其遥感监测评估——以都汶公路为例
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摘要
汶川地震诱发了大规模、群发性次生山地灾害,严重损毁道路及其基础设施,造成交通瘫痪,阻碍了抗震救灾和灾后恢复重建进程。通过对都汶公路汶川段次生山地灾害的遥感监测和实地调查,阐述次生山地灾害类型与分布规律,分析都汶公路沿线路基、路面、桥梁、隧道的损毁情况,并结合灾害的时空活动特性,提出道路交通系统防灾减灾和恢复重建的对策与建议。研究结果表明:1)汶川地震引发大量群发性次生山地灾害,研究区内崩塌3863处、滑坡18处,二者总面积达71.985 km2,泥石流沟74条,堰塞湖5座,长度大于1 km的地裂缝6条;2)地震以及次生山地灾害严重损毁道路交通,其中国道213线、国道317线和都汶公路损毁最为严重,共阻断道路875处、断道长度83.622 km、损毁比例81.19%、另有87座桥梁和10座隧道受损,省道303线阻断27处、断道长度2.605 km、损毁比例82.22%,其他乡村道路断道3015处、断道长度为275.815 km、路损毁率58.77%;3)次生山地灾害的分布受地震烈度、地质构造、地形地貌、地层岩性的控制,并具有明显的滞后性和延续性;4)利用G IS和遥感技术,能够快速有效地进行地震次生山地灾害的动态监测与灾情评估,从而为应急救灾和灾后重建工作提供依据和参考。
WenChuan Earthquake triggered large-scale and group-occurring secondary mountain hazards.They not only severely destroyed the highways and blocked the traffic,but also blocked the process of earthquake relief and reconstruction.After the remote sensing monitoring and field survey in XuanKou-Yanmen part of the DuJiangyan-WenChuan Highway,the type and the distribution of the secondary mountain hazards were described the damage of the subgrades,pavements,bridges and tunnels along the DuJiangyan-WenChuan Highway were analyzed.In addition,combining with the temporal characteristics of secondary mountain hazards,the countermeasure and suggestion of the relief and reconstruction of the traffic system were given.The research result showed that: 1) In the research region,strong earthquake causes a lot of secondary mountain hazards such as collapses,landslides,debris flows,dammed lakes.There are 3863 collapses with a total area of 71.985 km2,74 debris flow gullies,18 landslides,5 dammed lakes,6 ground fissures which is longer than 1 km.2) Earthquake and secondary mountain hazards severely destroyed the highway and traffic.From XuanKou to YanMen in WenChuan,there are 875 blocks in DuJiangyan-WenChuan Highway.Also,there are barriers with a length of 83.622 km.81.19% of the highway,including 87 bridges and 10 tunnels,has been destroyed.3)The distribution of the main kind of collapse,landslide,debris flow,dammed lake mainly depends on seismic intensity,geological structure,topography and geomorphology and rock characters.4) Using the technology of GIS and remote sensing,the disaster evaluation and dynamic monitoring can be effectively carried out,so it can provide the scientific basis and references to the relief and reconstruction.
WenChuan Earthquake triggered large-scale and group-occurring secondary mountain hazards.They not only severely destroyed the highways and blocked the traffic,but also blocked the process of earthquake relief and reconstruction.After the remote sensing monitoring and field survey in XuanKou-Yanmen part of the DuJiangyan-WenChuan Highway,the type and the distribution of the secondary mountain hazards were described the damage of the subgrades,pavements,bridges and tunnels along the DuJiangyan-WenChuan Highway were analyzed.In addition,combining with the temporal characteristics of secondary mountain hazards,the countermeasure and suggestion of the relief and reconstruction of the traffic system were given.The research result showed that: 1) In the research region,strong earthquake causes a lot of secondary mountain hazards such as collapses,landslides,debris flows,dammed lakes.There are 3863 collapses with a total area of 71.985 km2,74 debris flow gullies,18 landslides,5 dammed lakes,6 ground fissures which is longer than 1 km.2) Earthquake and secondary mountain hazards severely destroyed the highway and traffic.From XuanKou to YanMen in WenChuan,there are 875 blocks in DuJiangyan-WenChuan Highway.Also,there are barriers with a length of 83.622 km.81.19% of the highway,including 87 bridges and 10 tunnels,has been destroyed.3)The distribution of the main kind of collapse,landslide,debris flow,dammed lake mainly depends on seismic intensity,geological structure,topography and geomorphology and rock characters.4) Using the technology of GIS and remote sensing,the disaster evaluation and dynamic monitoring can be effectively carried out,so it can provide the scientific basis and references to the relief and reconstruction.
引文
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[8]Huang Yong.The performance of girder bridges in Wen-chuan Earthquakeand a new method for seism ic protection[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vi-bration,2008,28(5):20-26.[黄勇.汶川地震中梁式桥的震害和预防震害的新方法[J].地震工程与工程振动,2008,28(5):20-26.]
[9]Cui Peng,Wei Fangqiang,HE Siming,et al.Mountain disas-ters induced by the earthquake of May12 in Wenchuan andthe disasters mitigation[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2008,26(3):280-282.[崔鹏,韦方强,何思明,等.5.12汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施[J].山地学报,2008,26(3):280-282.]
[2]Xie Zehua,Liao Guexing.TM remote-sensing interpretationmodels of a subtle type of oil-gas reservoir[J].RemoteSensing for Land,1993,5(1):17-23.[杨喆,程家喻.澜沧─耿马地震灾情的航空遥感调查[J].国土资源遥感,1993,5(1):17-23.]
[3]Mitomi Hajime,Matsuoka Masashi,Yamazaki Fumio,et al.Determination of the areas with building damage due to the1995 Kobe earthquake using airborne MSS images[C]//Proc International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposi-um.IEEE,2002.
[4]Wang Xiaoqing,Wei Chengjie,Miao Chonggang,et al.Theextraction of seismic damage from remote sensing images-Acase study of BACHU-JIASHI Earthquake withMs=6.8occurred on FEB.24,2003[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2003,10(S1):285-291.[王晓青,魏成阶,苗崇刚,等.震害遥感快速提取研究——以2003年2月24日巴楚—伽师6.8级地震为例[J].地学前缘,2003,10(S1):285-291.]
[5]Sun Fenghuan,Liu Hongjiang,Han Yongshun.The extrac-tion of mountain hazard induced by Wenchuan Earthquakeand analysis of its distributing characteristic[J].Journal ofRemote Sensing,2008,12(6):956-963.[苏凤环,刘洪江,韩用顺.汶川地震山地灾害遥感快速提取及其分布特点分析[J].遥感学报,2008,12(6):956-963.]
[6]Sun Chongshao,Cai Hongwei.Development and distributingcharacteristics of collapses and landslides during strong his-toric erthquake in China[J].1997,6(1):25-30.[孙崇绍,蔡红卫.我国历史地震时滑坡崩塌的发育及分布特征[J].自然灾害学报,1997,6(1):25-30.]
[7]Xu Jiting,Chen Anyong.Research on seismic mountainous-region disaster in Songpan-Xiaohe area[J].EarthquakeResearch in Sichuan,1995(2):36-53.[徐吉廷,陈安勇.松潘小河地区地震山地灾害研究[J].四川地震,1995(2):36-53.]
[8]Huang Yong.The performance of girder bridges in Wen-chuan Earthquakeand a new method for seism ic protection[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vi-bration,2008,28(5):20-26.[黄勇.汶川地震中梁式桥的震害和预防震害的新方法[J].地震工程与工程振动,2008,28(5):20-26.]
[9]Cui Peng,Wei Fangqiang,HE Siming,et al.Mountain disas-ters induced by the earthquake of May12 in Wenchuan andthe disasters mitigation[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2008,26(3):280-282.[崔鹏,韦方强,何思明,等.5.12汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施[J].山地学报,2008,26(3):280-282.]
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