地球物理测井技术在煤矿岩体工程勘察中的应用
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摘要
介绍当前地球物理测井技术在煤矿岩体工程勘察领域的应用现状,剖析GSR的基本原理和分析方法,指出GSR是以声波测井数据为基础,并从地质力学的角度考虑各种因素(如矿层、裂隙等)对波速的影响;强调GSR不是要评估岩体的强度,相反,它是提供一种对岩体性质进行定量、综合的评估方法。使用的测井类型分别为声波测井、伽玛测井和密度测井。工程实践表明,地球物理测井方法在识别岩体内部的性质及变化规律方面,有其自身的优势,尤其是在软岩区域圈定、关键层识别、底板突水危险区勘察方面,具有直观、定量表述的优越之处;GSR与单轴抗压强度的对比结果证明,"单一岩体强度指标反映岩体性质"有一定的局限性,GSR的结果更符合现场情况;三维地震勘探与GSR的耦合分析方法,为对钻孔之间的"盲区"探查提供了有益的帮助,是原位探测隔水关键层的有效方法。最后提出基于地球物理技术的"矿山岩体性质原位研究"的基本思路,即利用测井技术对矿山岩体性质进行开采前的三维"静态定量"描述;借助于微震、电磁辐射等监测技术,在煤矿开采过程中对岩体破坏规律的三维"动态定量"描述。
The current application of geophysical logging technique to the investigation of rock mass engineering in coal mine,especially the geophysical strata rating(GSR),is introduced.GSR is mainly based on sonic logging data(density and gamma logs are used simultaneously);and the formulation relies on a geomechanical understanding of the factors(bedding or fracture) that influence sonic velocity,and does not attempt to estimate rock strength,rather to provide a method for estimating the quality of rock mass quantificationally and comprehensively.Engineering practice indicates that geophysical logging technique with its innate ability has been playing a helpful role in quantitatively identifying the rock mass quality and changes in rock mass,such as delineating the range of soft rock,recognition of key strata,and exploration of potential regions of water inrush.It also comes to the conclusion by comparison that GSR is more reliable than uniaxial compressive strength which is used only in quantitative description of sedimentary rock.Seismic prospecting is also employed to bridge the gap among boreholes and is helpful to understand what is going on there.A new academic thought of geophysically quantitatively describing rock mass quality,namely,it is possible to statically quantitatively describe the rock mass with geophysical logging technique before mining,and dynamically quantitatively describe the rock strata movements associated with mining during retreating with microseismic monitoring or electromagnetic radiation.
The current application of geophysical logging technique to the investigation of rock mass engineering in coal mine,especially the geophysical strata rating(GSR),is introduced.GSR is mainly based on sonic logging data(density and gamma logs are used simultaneously);and the formulation relies on a geomechanical understanding of the factors(bedding or fracture) that influence sonic velocity,and does not attempt to estimate rock strength,rather to provide a method for estimating the quality of rock mass quantificationally and comprehensively.Engineering practice indicates that geophysical logging technique with its innate ability has been playing a helpful role in quantitatively identifying the rock mass quality and changes in rock mass,such as delineating the range of soft rock,recognition of key strata,and exploration of potential regions of water inrush.It also comes to the conclusion by comparison that GSR is more reliable than uniaxial compressive strength which is used only in quantitative description of sedimentary rock.Seismic prospecting is also employed to bridge the gap among boreholes and is helpful to understand what is going on there.A new academic thought of geophysically quantitatively describing rock mass quality,namely,it is possible to statically quantitatively describe the rock mass with geophysical logging technique before mining,and dynamically quantitatively describe the rock strata movements associated with mining during retreating with microseismic monitoring or electromagnetic radiation.
引文
[1]张胜业,潘玉玲.应用地球物理学[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,2004.(ZHANG Shengye,PAN Yuling.Applied geophysics[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,2004.(in Chinese))
[2]SHARMA P V.Environmental and engineering geophysics[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997.
[3]AUDOUIN O,BODIN J,POREL G,et al.Flowpath structure in alimestone aquifer:multi-borehole logging investigations at the hydrogeo-logical experimental site of Poitiers,France[J].Hydrogeology Journal,2008,16(5):939-950.
[4]IVAN′KOVA Y V.Consideration of lithological and mineralogical features of lower Permian carbonate reservoirs in the Timan-Pechora oil and gas province upon interpreting geophysical well logging results[J].Moscow University Geology Bulletin,2008,63(3):203-206.
[5]MEYER J R,PARKER B L,CHERRY J A.Detailed hydraulic head profiles as essential data for defining hydrogeologic units in layered fractured sedimentary rock[J].Environmental Geology,2008,56(1):27-44.
[6]MATTER J M,GOLDBERG D S,MORIN R H,et al.Contact zone permeability at intrusion boundaries:new results from hydraulic testing and geophysical logging in the Newark Rift Basin,New York,USA[J].Hydrogeology Journal,2005,14(5):689-699.
[7]丁华,蔡香平.地球物理测井技术在基桩检测中的应用[J].工程地球物理学报,2007,4(5):400-404.(DING Hua,CAI Xiangping.Application of geophysical logging in the foundation pile test[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,2007,4(5):400-404.(in Chinese))
[8]袁志亮,高文利,吴治平.综合地球物理测井在铁路隧道勘察中的应用[J].物探化探计算技术,2007,29(4):334-338.(YUAN Zhiliang,GAO Wenli,WU Zhiping.An application of integrated grophysical logging to the exploration of railway tunnels[J].Computing Techniques for Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2007,29(4):334-338.(in Chinese))
[9]DATEL J V,KOBR M,PROCHAZKA M.Well logging methods in groundwater surveys of complicated aquifer systems:bohemian cretaceous basin[J].Environmental Geology,2008,57(5):1021-1034.
[10]李增学,魏久传,刘莹.煤地质学[M].北京:地质出版社,2005.(LI Zengxue,WEI Jiuchuan,LIU Ying.Coal geology[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2005.(in Chinese))
[11]PENG S P,ZHANG J C.Engineering geology for undergroundrocks[M].New York:Springer,2007.
[12]BARTON N.Some new Q-value correlations to assist in site characteri-zation and tunnel design[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2002,39(2):185-216.
[13]BARTON N.Rock quality,seismic velocity,attenuation and anisotropy[M].London and Netherlands:Taylor and Francis,2006.
[14]CALLEJA J.Rapid rating—using coal mine roof rating to provide rapid roof characterization from exploration drilling[C]//Proceedings of the7th Conference on Underground Coal Operators.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2006.
[15]DVORKIN J,BREVIK I.Diagnosing high-porosity sandstones:strength and permeability from porosity and velocity[J].Geophysics,1999,64(3):795-799.
[16]HATHERLY P,SLIWA R,TURNER R,et al.Quantitative geophysical log interpretation for rock mass characterization[R].[S.l.]:[s.n.],2003.
[17]HATHERLY P,THOMSON S,ARMSTRONG M.Geophysical log analysis for the southern Sydney basin[C]//HUTTON A,GRIFFIN J ed.Proceedings of the36th Sydney Basin Symposium.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2006:59-70.
[18]HATHERLY P J,MEDHURST T,MACGREGOR S M.A rock mass rating scheme for elastic sediments based on geophysical logs[C]//Proceedings of the International Workshop on Rock Mass Classification in Underground Mining.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2007.
[19]MEDHURST T,HATHERLY P.Geotechnical strata characterization using geophysical borehole logs[C]//PENG S S,MARK C.ed.Proceedings of the24th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining.Morgantown:West Virginia University,2005:179-186.
[20]何满潮,谢和平,彭苏萍,等.深部开采岩体力学研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(16):2803-2813.(HE Manchao,XIE Heping,PENG Suping,et al.Study on rock mechanics in deep mining engineering[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(16):2803-2813.(in Chinese))
[21]钱鸣高,缪协兴,徐家林,等.岩层控制的关键层理论[M].北京:中国矿业大学出版社,2000.(QIAN Minggao,MIAO Xiexing,XU Jialin,et al.Key strata theory in ground control[M].Beijing:China University of Mining and Technology Press,2000.(in Chinese))
[22]叶根喜,姜福兴,郭延华,等.煤矿深部采场爆破地震波传播规律的微震原位试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(5):1053-1058.(YE Genxi,JIANG Fuxing,GUO Yanhua,et al.Experimental research on seismic wave attenuation by field micro-seismic monitoring in a deep coal mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(5):1053-1058.(in Chinese))
[23]赵阳升,胡耀青.承压水上采煤理论与技术[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2004.(ZHAO Yangsheng,HU Yaoqing.Theory and technology of coal mine on the confined aquifer[M].Beijing:China Coal Industry Publishing House,2004.(in Chinese))
[24]施龙青,韩进.底板突水机制及预测预报[M].北京:中国矿业大学出版社,2004.(SHI Longqing,HAN Jin.Floor water-inrush mechanism and prediction[M].Beijing:China University of Mining and Technology Press,2004.(in Chinese))
[25]HAN D H,NUR A,MORGAN D.Effects of porosity and clay content on wave velocities in sandstones[J].Geophysics,1986,51(11):2093-2107.
[26]EBERHART-PHILLIPS D,HAN D H,ZOBACK M D.Empirical relationships among seismic velocity,effective pressure,porosity and clay content in sandstone[J].Geophysics,1989,54(1):82-89.
[27]MARK C,MOLINDA G M.The coal mine roof rating(CMRR)—a decade of experience[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2005,64(1/2):85-103.
[28]HATHERLY P,MEDHURST T.Geophysical strata rating[R].[S.l.]:[s.n.],2008.
[29]PAYNE D.Crinum mine15longwall in weak roof what didi we learn about supporting the ground-[C]//Proceedings of the8th Australian Coal Operators′Conference.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2007:22-43.
[30]姜福兴,XUN L,杨淑华.采场覆岩空间破裂与采动应力场的微震探测研究[J].岩土工程学报,2003,25(1):23-25.(JIANG Fuxing,XUN L,YANG Shuhua.Study on microseismic monitoring for spatial structure of overlying strata and mining pressure field in longwall face[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2003,25(1):23-25.(in Chinese))
[31]潘一山,赵扬锋,官福海,等.矿震监测定位系统的研究及应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(5):1002-1011.(PAN Yishan,ZHAO Yangfeng,GUAN Fuhai,et al.Study on rockburst monitoring and orientation system and its application[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(5):1002-1011.(in Chinese))
[32]赵兴东,唐春安,李元辉,等.基于微震监测及应力场分析的冲击地压预测方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(增1):4745-4749.(ZHAO Xingdong,TANG Chun′an,LI Yuanhui,et al.Prediction method of rock burst based on microseismic monitoring and stress field analysis[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(Supp.1):4745-4749.(in Chinese))
[33]汪华君,姜福兴,成云海,等.覆岩导水裂隙带高度的微地震(MS)监测研究[J].煤炭工程,2006,(3):74-76.(WANG Huajun,JIANG Fuxing,CHENG Yunhai,et al.Research on microseismic monitoring at top level of water conducted cracking zone in overburden rock[J].Coal Engineering,2006,(3):74-76.(in Chinese))
[34]姜福兴,杨淑华,成云海,等.煤矿冲击地压的微地震监测研究[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(5):1511-1516.(JIANG Fuxing,YANG Shuhua,CHENG Yunhai,et al.A study on microseismic monitoring of rock burst in coal mine[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2006,49(5):1511-1516.(in Chinese))
[35]叶根喜,姜福兴,杨淑华.时窗能量特征法拾取微地震波初始到时的可行性研究[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(5):1574-1581.(YE Genxi,JIANG Fuxing,YANG Shuhua.Possibility of automatically picking first arrival of microseismic wave by energy eigenvalue method[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(5):1574-1581.(in Chinese))
[36]姜福兴,叶根喜,王存文,等.高精度微震监测技术在煤矿突水监测中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(9):1932-1938.(JIANG Fuxing,YE Genxi,WANG Cunwen,et al.Application of high-precision microseismic monitoring technique to water inrush monitoring in coal mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(9):1932-1938.(in Chinese))
[2]SHARMA P V.Environmental and engineering geophysics[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997.
[3]AUDOUIN O,BODIN J,POREL G,et al.Flowpath structure in alimestone aquifer:multi-borehole logging investigations at the hydrogeo-logical experimental site of Poitiers,France[J].Hydrogeology Journal,2008,16(5):939-950.
[4]IVAN′KOVA Y V.Consideration of lithological and mineralogical features of lower Permian carbonate reservoirs in the Timan-Pechora oil and gas province upon interpreting geophysical well logging results[J].Moscow University Geology Bulletin,2008,63(3):203-206.
[5]MEYER J R,PARKER B L,CHERRY J A.Detailed hydraulic head profiles as essential data for defining hydrogeologic units in layered fractured sedimentary rock[J].Environmental Geology,2008,56(1):27-44.
[6]MATTER J M,GOLDBERG D S,MORIN R H,et al.Contact zone permeability at intrusion boundaries:new results from hydraulic testing and geophysical logging in the Newark Rift Basin,New York,USA[J].Hydrogeology Journal,2005,14(5):689-699.
[7]丁华,蔡香平.地球物理测井技术在基桩检测中的应用[J].工程地球物理学报,2007,4(5):400-404.(DING Hua,CAI Xiangping.Application of geophysical logging in the foundation pile test[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,2007,4(5):400-404.(in Chinese))
[8]袁志亮,高文利,吴治平.综合地球物理测井在铁路隧道勘察中的应用[J].物探化探计算技术,2007,29(4):334-338.(YUAN Zhiliang,GAO Wenli,WU Zhiping.An application of integrated grophysical logging to the exploration of railway tunnels[J].Computing Techniques for Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2007,29(4):334-338.(in Chinese))
[9]DATEL J V,KOBR M,PROCHAZKA M.Well logging methods in groundwater surveys of complicated aquifer systems:bohemian cretaceous basin[J].Environmental Geology,2008,57(5):1021-1034.
[10]李增学,魏久传,刘莹.煤地质学[M].北京:地质出版社,2005.(LI Zengxue,WEI Jiuchuan,LIU Ying.Coal geology[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2005.(in Chinese))
[11]PENG S P,ZHANG J C.Engineering geology for undergroundrocks[M].New York:Springer,2007.
[12]BARTON N.Some new Q-value correlations to assist in site characteri-zation and tunnel design[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2002,39(2):185-216.
[13]BARTON N.Rock quality,seismic velocity,attenuation and anisotropy[M].London and Netherlands:Taylor and Francis,2006.
[14]CALLEJA J.Rapid rating—using coal mine roof rating to provide rapid roof characterization from exploration drilling[C]//Proceedings of the7th Conference on Underground Coal Operators.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2006.
[15]DVORKIN J,BREVIK I.Diagnosing high-porosity sandstones:strength and permeability from porosity and velocity[J].Geophysics,1999,64(3):795-799.
[16]HATHERLY P,SLIWA R,TURNER R,et al.Quantitative geophysical log interpretation for rock mass characterization[R].[S.l.]:[s.n.],2003.
[17]HATHERLY P,THOMSON S,ARMSTRONG M.Geophysical log analysis for the southern Sydney basin[C]//HUTTON A,GRIFFIN J ed.Proceedings of the36th Sydney Basin Symposium.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2006:59-70.
[18]HATHERLY P J,MEDHURST T,MACGREGOR S M.A rock mass rating scheme for elastic sediments based on geophysical logs[C]//Proceedings of the International Workshop on Rock Mass Classification in Underground Mining.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2007.
[19]MEDHURST T,HATHERLY P.Geotechnical strata characterization using geophysical borehole logs[C]//PENG S S,MARK C.ed.Proceedings of the24th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining.Morgantown:West Virginia University,2005:179-186.
[20]何满潮,谢和平,彭苏萍,等.深部开采岩体力学研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(16):2803-2813.(HE Manchao,XIE Heping,PENG Suping,et al.Study on rock mechanics in deep mining engineering[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(16):2803-2813.(in Chinese))
[21]钱鸣高,缪协兴,徐家林,等.岩层控制的关键层理论[M].北京:中国矿业大学出版社,2000.(QIAN Minggao,MIAO Xiexing,XU Jialin,et al.Key strata theory in ground control[M].Beijing:China University of Mining and Technology Press,2000.(in Chinese))
[22]叶根喜,姜福兴,郭延华,等.煤矿深部采场爆破地震波传播规律的微震原位试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(5):1053-1058.(YE Genxi,JIANG Fuxing,GUO Yanhua,et al.Experimental research on seismic wave attenuation by field micro-seismic monitoring in a deep coal mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(5):1053-1058.(in Chinese))
[23]赵阳升,胡耀青.承压水上采煤理论与技术[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2004.(ZHAO Yangsheng,HU Yaoqing.Theory and technology of coal mine on the confined aquifer[M].Beijing:China Coal Industry Publishing House,2004.(in Chinese))
[24]施龙青,韩进.底板突水机制及预测预报[M].北京:中国矿业大学出版社,2004.(SHI Longqing,HAN Jin.Floor water-inrush mechanism and prediction[M].Beijing:China University of Mining and Technology Press,2004.(in Chinese))
[25]HAN D H,NUR A,MORGAN D.Effects of porosity and clay content on wave velocities in sandstones[J].Geophysics,1986,51(11):2093-2107.
[26]EBERHART-PHILLIPS D,HAN D H,ZOBACK M D.Empirical relationships among seismic velocity,effective pressure,porosity and clay content in sandstone[J].Geophysics,1989,54(1):82-89.
[27]MARK C,MOLINDA G M.The coal mine roof rating(CMRR)—a decade of experience[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2005,64(1/2):85-103.
[28]HATHERLY P,MEDHURST T.Geophysical strata rating[R].[S.l.]:[s.n.],2008.
[29]PAYNE D.Crinum mine15longwall in weak roof what didi we learn about supporting the ground-[C]//Proceedings of the8th Australian Coal Operators′Conference.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2007:22-43.
[30]姜福兴,XUN L,杨淑华.采场覆岩空间破裂与采动应力场的微震探测研究[J].岩土工程学报,2003,25(1):23-25.(JIANG Fuxing,XUN L,YANG Shuhua.Study on microseismic monitoring for spatial structure of overlying strata and mining pressure field in longwall face[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2003,25(1):23-25.(in Chinese))
[31]潘一山,赵扬锋,官福海,等.矿震监测定位系统的研究及应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(5):1002-1011.(PAN Yishan,ZHAO Yangfeng,GUAN Fuhai,et al.Study on rockburst monitoring and orientation system and its application[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(5):1002-1011.(in Chinese))
[32]赵兴东,唐春安,李元辉,等.基于微震监测及应力场分析的冲击地压预测方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(增1):4745-4749.(ZHAO Xingdong,TANG Chun′an,LI Yuanhui,et al.Prediction method of rock burst based on microseismic monitoring and stress field analysis[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(Supp.1):4745-4749.(in Chinese))
[33]汪华君,姜福兴,成云海,等.覆岩导水裂隙带高度的微地震(MS)监测研究[J].煤炭工程,2006,(3):74-76.(WANG Huajun,JIANG Fuxing,CHENG Yunhai,et al.Research on microseismic monitoring at top level of water conducted cracking zone in overburden rock[J].Coal Engineering,2006,(3):74-76.(in Chinese))
[34]姜福兴,杨淑华,成云海,等.煤矿冲击地压的微地震监测研究[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(5):1511-1516.(JIANG Fuxing,YANG Shuhua,CHENG Yunhai,et al.A study on microseismic monitoring of rock burst in coal mine[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2006,49(5):1511-1516.(in Chinese))
[35]叶根喜,姜福兴,杨淑华.时窗能量特征法拾取微地震波初始到时的可行性研究[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(5):1574-1581.(YE Genxi,JIANG Fuxing,YANG Shuhua.Possibility of automatically picking first arrival of microseismic wave by energy eigenvalue method[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(5):1574-1581.(in Chinese))
[36]姜福兴,叶根喜,王存文,等.高精度微震监测技术在煤矿突水监测中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(9):1932-1938.(JIANG Fuxing,YE Genxi,WANG Cunwen,et al.Application of high-precision microseismic monitoring technique to water inrush monitoring in coal mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(9):1932-1938.(in Chinese))
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