汶川地震诱发大型滑坡分布规律研究
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摘要
2008年5.12汶川地震由于其超常的地震动力,触发了数百处大型滑坡灾害。本文以遥感解译所获取的汶川地震区112处面积大于50000m2大型滑坡的基本信息为基础,结合代表性大型滑坡实例的现场调绘,对汶川地震诱发大型滑坡的发育分布规律进行了较系统的研究。结果表明,汶川地震大型滑坡分布除表现出与汶川地震诱发区域性地质灾害类似的分布规律之外,因主要源于发震断层瞬间大幅度错动的直接地震动力引发的大型滑坡,其发育分布及滑动、运动方式还表现出自身的特点,具体可归结为以下几种效应:(1)距离效应:约80%的大型滑坡集中分布于发震断裂地表破裂带两侧5km的范围内,距离越远,滑坡分布数量越少;(2)锁固段效应:汶川地震诱发的大型滑坡主要集中分布在与发震断裂的交叉、错列、转换部位及NE段末端等5个集中区段。其中,红白-茶坪段是大型滑坡最为集中发育段,不仅滑坡数量多,而且规模大,汶川地震诱发的最大两处滑坡均分布于此段。其次为断裂NE段末端的南坝-东河口段,该段大型滑坡密集发育,东河口滑坡和窝前滑坡等大型滑坡均出露于此段;(3)上下盘效应:绝大多数(>70%)大型滑坡都位于活动断裂的上盘,存在明显的"上下盘效应;"(4)方向效应:在与发震断裂带近于垂直的沟谷斜坡中,在地震波传播的背坡面一侧的滑坡发育密度明显大于迎坡面一侧,存在"背坡面效应"。同时,大型滑坡的滑动及运动方向还与各区段断层的错动方向有一定的相关性。在断层活动以右旋走滑为主的青川境内,有相当数量的滑坡表现出向NE方向滑动和运动的特点。
Due to its unusually strong seismic shaking,the"5·12"Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008 induced hundreds of large-scale landslides.This paper is based on the interpreted data about 112 landslides,each of which has a plane area greater than 50,000m2.It also uses the field investigation of representative large-scale landslides.It further conducts a systematic analysis on the distribution regularities of these large-scale landslides.It is suggested that the large-scale landslides not only show the distribution rules similar to those associated with the general landslides induced by Wenchuan Earthquake,but also present unique features in the distribution as well as sliding and moving ways.The occurrences of the large-scale landslides are usually attributed to the direct seismic forces resulting from the horizontal displacements of seismic faults.The distribution rules of large-scale landslides induced by Wenchuan Earthquake can be summarized as follows:(1)distance effect: about 80% large-scale landslides are distributed within the range of 5km from the Yinxiu-Beichuan fault(i.e.,seismic fault ruptures).The farther the distance is,the lower the number of landslides is.(2) Locked segment effect: the large-scale landslides are mainly distributed in the five concentration zones closely related with the crossing,staggering and transforming section as well as the end of NE section of the seismic fault.The most concentrated zone is Hongbai-Chaping segment,where many large-scale landslides and the two largest landslides were induced by Wenchuan Earthquake.The second concentrated zone is Nanba-Donghekou segment at the NE end of the seismic fault,where the well-known Donghekou Landslide and Woqian Landslide are located.(3)Hanging wall effect: a vast majority of large-scale landslides(>70%) are located in the hanging wall of the seismic fault,showing a clear"Hanging wall effect".(4)Direction effect: in the valley slopes almost perpendicular to the seismic fault,the number of large scale landslides at the slopes opposing the direction of seismic source are obviously higher than those facing the direction of seismic source,showing"back slope effect".Meanwhile,the sliding and moving directions of large-scale landslides have some relations with the staggering direction of the seismic fault in each section.In Qingchuan area where the main fault activity was horizontal twisting and staggering,a considerable number of large scale landslides show the features of sliding and moving along the NE direction that was the staggering direction of the seismic fault.
Due to its unusually strong seismic shaking,the"5·12"Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008 induced hundreds of large-scale landslides.This paper is based on the interpreted data about 112 landslides,each of which has a plane area greater than 50,000m2.It also uses the field investigation of representative large-scale landslides.It further conducts a systematic analysis on the distribution regularities of these large-scale landslides.It is suggested that the large-scale landslides not only show the distribution rules similar to those associated with the general landslides induced by Wenchuan Earthquake,but also present unique features in the distribution as well as sliding and moving ways.The occurrences of the large-scale landslides are usually attributed to the direct seismic forces resulting from the horizontal displacements of seismic faults.The distribution rules of large-scale landslides induced by Wenchuan Earthquake can be summarized as follows:(1)distance effect: about 80% large-scale landslides are distributed within the range of 5km from the Yinxiu-Beichuan fault(i.e.,seismic fault ruptures).The farther the distance is,the lower the number of landslides is.(2) Locked segment effect: the large-scale landslides are mainly distributed in the five concentration zones closely related with the crossing,staggering and transforming section as well as the end of NE section of the seismic fault.The most concentrated zone is Hongbai-Chaping segment,where many large-scale landslides and the two largest landslides were induced by Wenchuan Earthquake.The second concentrated zone is Nanba-Donghekou segment at the NE end of the seismic fault,where the well-known Donghekou Landslide and Woqian Landslide are located.(3)Hanging wall effect: a vast majority of large-scale landslides(>70%) are located in the hanging wall of the seismic fault,showing a clear"Hanging wall effect".(4)Direction effect: in the valley slopes almost perpendicular to the seismic fault,the number of large scale landslides at the slopes opposing the direction of seismic source are obviously higher than those facing the direction of seismic source,showing"back slope effect".Meanwhile,the sliding and moving directions of large-scale landslides have some relations with the staggering direction of the seismic fault in each section.In Qingchuan area where the main fault activity was horizontal twisting and staggering,a considerable number of large scale landslides show the features of sliding and moving along the NE direction that was the staggering direction of the seismic fault.
引文
[1]黄润秋,许强,等.中国典型灾难性滑坡[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.Huang Runqiu,Xu Qiang,et al.Catastrophic landslides in China.Beijing:Science Press,2008.
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[6]许强,黄润秋.2008.5.12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):721~729.Xu Qiang,Huang Runqiu.Kinetics characteristics of large land-slides triggered by May12th Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of En-gineering Geology,2008,16(6):721~729.
[7]殷跃平.2009.汶川八级地震滑坡高速远程特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(2):153~166.Yin Yueping.Rapid and long runout features of landslides triggeredby the Wenchuan Earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(2):153~166.
[8]吴树仁,王涛,石玲,孙萍,等.2008汶川大地震极端滑坡事件初步研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(2):145~159.Wu Shuren,Wang Tao,Shi Ling,Sun Ping et al.Study on cata-strophic landslides triggered by 2008great Wenchuan Earthquake,Sichuan,China.Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(2):145~159.
[9]黄润秋,裴向军,李天斌.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡基本特征及形成机理分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):730~741.Huang Runqiu,Pei Xiangjun,Li Tianbin.Basic characteristics andformation mechanism of the largest scale landslide at Daguangbaooccurred during the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of EngineeringGeology,2008,16(6):730~741.
[10]黄河清,赵其华.汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡-碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(2):168~177.Huang Heqing,Zhao Qihua.Basic characteristics and preliminarymechanism analysis of largest scale rockslide-sturzstrom at Wen-jiagou triggered by Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of EngineeringGeology,2010,18(2):168~177.
[11]孙萍,张永双,殷跃平,等.东河口滑坡-碎屑流高速远程运移机制探讨[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(6):737~744.Sun Ping,Zhang Yongshuang,Yin Yueping,et al.Discussionon long run-out sliding mechanism of Donghekou landslide-debrisflow.Journal of Engineering Geology.2009,17(6):737~744.
[12]黄润秋,李为乐.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585~2592.Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Research on development and distribu-tion rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan earthquake on 12th may,2008.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineer-ing,2008,27(12):2585~2592.
[13]许冲,戴福初,姚鑫.汶川地震诱发滑坡灾害的数量与面积[J].科技导报.2009,27(11):79~81.Xu Chong,Dai Fuchu,Yao Xin.Incidence number and affectedarea of Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslides.Review of Sci-ence and Technology,2009,27(11):79~81.
[14]黄润秋,李为乐.汶川大地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):19~28.Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Fault effect analysis of geo-hazard trig-gered by Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):19~28.
[15]徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):597~628.Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing,et al.TheMs8.0 Wenchuanearthquake surface ruptures and it s seismogenic structure.Seis-mology and Geology,2008,30(3):597~628.
[16]李勇,黄润秋,Densmore Alexander L.,等.汶川8.0级地震的基本特征及其研究进展[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2009,41(3):7~25.Li Yong,Huang Runqiu,Densmore Alexander L.et al.Basic fea-tures and research progresses of WenchuanMs8.0 earthquake.Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2009,41(3):7~25.
[17]李传友,魏占玉.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带北端位置的修订[J].地震地质,2009,31(1):1~8.Li Chuanyou,Wei Zhanyu.Deformation styles of the northernmostsurface rupture zone of theMs8.0 Wenchuan earthquake.Seis-mology and Geology,2009,31(1):1~8.
[18]David Petley.Earthquake induced landslides lessons from Taiwanand Pakistan[Z].Academic Report Powerpoint,2008.
[19]Zheng-Kang She,Jianbao Sun,Peizhen Zhang.Slip maxima atfault junctions and rupturing of barriers during the 2008 Wen-chuan earthquake.Nature Geosience,Publishes online 2009,DOI:10.1038/NGEO636.
[20]王勤彩,陈章立,郑斯华.汶川大地震余震序列震源机制的空间分段特征[J].科学通报.2009,54(16):2348~2354.Wang Q C,Chen Z L,Zheng S H.Spatial segmentation character-istic of focal mechanism of aftershock sequence of WenchuanEarthquake.Chinese Sci Bull,2009,54:2263~2270.
[2]殷跃平,等.汶川地震地质与滑坡灾害概论[M].北京:地质出版社,2009.Yin Yaoping,et al.Great Wenchuan earthquake:seismogeologyand landslide hazards.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2009.
[3]黄润秋,等.汶川地震地质灾害研究[M].科学出版社,2009.Huang Runqiu et al.Geohazard assessment of the Wenchuanearthquake.Beijing:Science Press,2009.
[4]许强,裴向军,黄润秋,等.汶川地震大型滑坡研究[M].科学出版社,2009.Xu Qiang,Pei Xiangjun,Huang Runqiu et al.Large-scale land-slides induced by the Wenchuan earthquake.Beijing:SciencePress,2009.
[5]黄润秋.5.12汶川地震诱发崩滑灾害机理及其地质力学模式[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(6):2~9,1239~1249.Huang Runqiu.Mechanis and geomechanical modes of landslideshazards triggered by Wenchuan 8.0 earthquake.Chinese Journal ofRock Mechanics and Engineering.2009,28(6):2~9,1239~1249.
[6]许强,黄润秋.2008.5.12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):721~729.Xu Qiang,Huang Runqiu.Kinetics characteristics of large land-slides triggered by May12th Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of En-gineering Geology,2008,16(6):721~729.
[7]殷跃平.2009.汶川八级地震滑坡高速远程特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(2):153~166.Yin Yueping.Rapid and long runout features of landslides triggeredby the Wenchuan Earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(2):153~166.
[8]吴树仁,王涛,石玲,孙萍,等.2008汶川大地震极端滑坡事件初步研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(2):145~159.Wu Shuren,Wang Tao,Shi Ling,Sun Ping et al.Study on cata-strophic landslides triggered by 2008great Wenchuan Earthquake,Sichuan,China.Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(2):145~159.
[9]黄润秋,裴向军,李天斌.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡基本特征及形成机理分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):730~741.Huang Runqiu,Pei Xiangjun,Li Tianbin.Basic characteristics andformation mechanism of the largest scale landslide at Daguangbaooccurred during the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of EngineeringGeology,2008,16(6):730~741.
[10]黄河清,赵其华.汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡-碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(2):168~177.Huang Heqing,Zhao Qihua.Basic characteristics and preliminarymechanism analysis of largest scale rockslide-sturzstrom at Wen-jiagou triggered by Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of EngineeringGeology,2010,18(2):168~177.
[11]孙萍,张永双,殷跃平,等.东河口滑坡-碎屑流高速远程运移机制探讨[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(6):737~744.Sun Ping,Zhang Yongshuang,Yin Yueping,et al.Discussionon long run-out sliding mechanism of Donghekou landslide-debrisflow.Journal of Engineering Geology.2009,17(6):737~744.
[12]黄润秋,李为乐.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585~2592.Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Research on development and distribu-tion rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan earthquake on 12th may,2008.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineer-ing,2008,27(12):2585~2592.
[13]许冲,戴福初,姚鑫.汶川地震诱发滑坡灾害的数量与面积[J].科技导报.2009,27(11):79~81.Xu Chong,Dai Fuchu,Yao Xin.Incidence number and affectedarea of Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslides.Review of Sci-ence and Technology,2009,27(11):79~81.
[14]黄润秋,李为乐.汶川大地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):19~28.Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Fault effect analysis of geo-hazard trig-gered by Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):19~28.
[15]徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):597~628.Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing,et al.TheMs8.0 Wenchuanearthquake surface ruptures and it s seismogenic structure.Seis-mology and Geology,2008,30(3):597~628.
[16]李勇,黄润秋,Densmore Alexander L.,等.汶川8.0级地震的基本特征及其研究进展[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2009,41(3):7~25.Li Yong,Huang Runqiu,Densmore Alexander L.et al.Basic fea-tures and research progresses of WenchuanMs8.0 earthquake.Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2009,41(3):7~25.
[17]李传友,魏占玉.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带北端位置的修订[J].地震地质,2009,31(1):1~8.Li Chuanyou,Wei Zhanyu.Deformation styles of the northernmostsurface rupture zone of theMs8.0 Wenchuan earthquake.Seis-mology and Geology,2009,31(1):1~8.
[18]David Petley.Earthquake induced landslides lessons from Taiwanand Pakistan[Z].Academic Report Powerpoint,2008.
[19]Zheng-Kang She,Jianbao Sun,Peizhen Zhang.Slip maxima atfault junctions and rupturing of barriers during the 2008 Wen-chuan earthquake.Nature Geosience,Publishes online 2009,DOI:10.1038/NGEO636.
[20]王勤彩,陈章立,郑斯华.汶川大地震余震序列震源机制的空间分段特征[J].科学通报.2009,54(16):2348~2354.Wang Q C,Chen Z L,Zheng S H.Spatial segmentation character-istic of focal mechanism of aftershock sequence of WenchuanEarthquake.Chinese Sci Bull,2009,54:2263~2270.
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