纵横波时差耦合作用的斜坡崩滑效应离散元分析——以北川唐家山滑坡为例
摘要
运用离散元数值模拟技术,对北川唐家山斜坡体在具地域性和空间非均质性的地震纵横波时差耦合作用(同时考虑水平和竖向地震力作用)下产生崩滑破坏的动力全过程进行研究,确定该斜坡体在强震动力作用下产生崩滑破坏的形成机制及主控因素。研究表明:(1)该斜坡体的初期崩滑破坏是受到地震纵波产生的水平与竖向拉裂耦合作用所致,并以竖向拉裂作用占优,而后期的抛射及运动过程则是受到地震纵横波的耦合作用所致;(2)地震纵波产生的水平与竖向拉裂耦合作用是触发斜坡体产生初期崩滑破坏的主控因素,而斜坡所处地形(如高程差、沟谷延伸方向)则是促使破坏后的斜坡体形成后续碰撞解体及碎屑流等运动过程的控制诱发因素;(3)该斜坡体动力响应特征值的放大效应表明,其放大系数值从大到小依次是:竖向加速度>水平加速度>竖向速度>水平速度,该结果与斜坡体发生先期崩滑破坏的形成机制及主控因素相符合,即地震纵波产生的竖向加速度起到了优势破坏作用。以上结论对研究动力耦合条件下的斜坡崩滑效应具有较高的理论和现实价值。
Collapsing and sliding responses of Tangjiashan landslide near Beichuan county and its running out process triggered by time difference coupling effects(considering horizontal and vertical seismic force effects all together),the regionality and spatial heterogeneity of P and S seismic waves generating horizontal and vertical seismic loads are elaborated;and formation mechanism and key controlling factors of collapsing and sliding of the slope are confirmed by applying DEM numerical simulation. The result shows that initial collapsing and sliding of the slope are triggered by combined action of horizontal and vertical tension caused by P seismic wave,and the vertical tension plays a superiority role. Ejecting and flowing of the broken slope mass are triggered by combined action of P and S seismic waves. Secondly,combined action between horizontal and vertical tension of P wave is the key controlling factor inducing the slope collapsing and sliding. At the same time,slope topography is the key controlling factor leading to collision and debris flow of the slope mass fractured in latter process. Finally, amplification effect of parameters in slope dynamic response shows that the amplification coefficient of vertical acceleration is larger than that of horizontal acceleration,and the vertical velocity and horizontal velocity decreasing one by one,and this trend is consistent with key controlling factor inducing slope fracturing,i.e. vertical seismic loads playing a superiority role. It is of great theoretical and practical value for studying collapsing and sliding of slopes triggered by seismic loads.
Collapsing and sliding responses of Tangjiashan landslide near Beichuan county and its running out process triggered by time difference coupling effects(considering horizontal and vertical seismic force effects all together),the regionality and spatial heterogeneity of P and S seismic waves generating horizontal and vertical seismic loads are elaborated;and formation mechanism and key controlling factors of collapsing and sliding of the slope are confirmed by applying DEM numerical simulation. The result shows that initial collapsing and sliding of the slope are triggered by combined action of horizontal and vertical tension caused by P seismic wave,and the vertical tension plays a superiority role. Ejecting and flowing of the broken slope mass are triggered by combined action of P and S seismic waves. Secondly,combined action between horizontal and vertical tension of P wave is the key controlling factor inducing the slope collapsing and sliding. At the same time,slope topography is the key controlling factor leading to collision and debris flow of the slope mass fractured in latter process. Finally, amplification effect of parameters in slope dynamic response shows that the amplification coefficient of vertical acceleration is larger than that of horizontal acceleration,and the vertical velocity and horizontal velocity decreasing one by one,and this trend is consistent with key controlling factor inducing slope fracturing,i.e. vertical seismic loads playing a superiority role. It is of great theoretical and practical value for studying collapsing and sliding of slopes triggered by seismic loads.
引文
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[5]殷跃平.汶川地震地质与滑坡灾害概论[M].北京:地质出版社,2009.(YIN Yueping.Introduction of seismic geology and landslide hazard triggered by Wenchuan earthquake[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2009.(in Chinese))
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[7]周维垣.高等岩石力学[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1990.(ZHOUWeiyuan.Advanced rock mechanics[M].Beijing:Water Resources and Electric Power Press,1990.(in Chinese))
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[9]胡光韬.滑坡动力学[M].北京:地质出版社,1995.(HU Guangtao.Dynamics of landslides[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1995.(in Chinese))
[10]毛彦龙,胡广韬,毛新虎,等.地震滑坡启程剧动的机制研究及离散元模拟[J].工程地质报,2001,9(1):74–80.(MAO Yanlong,HU Guangtao,MAO Xinhu,et al.Mechanism of set-out violent-slide of slope mass during earthquake and its simulation by using discrete element method[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2001,9(1):74–80.(in Chinese))
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[12]钱培风.竖向地震力[J].地震工程与工程振动,1983,3(2):44–55.(QIAN Peifeng.On vertical seismic load[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,1983,3(2):44–55.(in Chinese))
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[14]李杰,李国强.地震工程学导论[M].北京:地震出版社,1992.(LI Jie,LI Guoqiang.Introduction to earthquake engineering[M].Beijing:Seismological Publishing House,1992.(in Chinese))
[15]徐光兴,姚令侃,高召宁,等.边坡动力特性与动力响应的大型振动台模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(3):624–632.(XU Guangxing,YAO Lingkan,GAO Zhaoning,et al.Large-scale shaking table model test study of dynamic characteristics and dynamic response of slope[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(3):624–632.(in Chinese))
[16]徐光兴,姚令侃,李朝红,等.边坡地震动力响应规律及地震动参数影响研究[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(6):918–923.(XU Guangxing,YAO Lingkan,LI Chaohong,et al.Dynamic response of slopes under earthquakes and influence of ground motion parameters[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2008,30(6):918–923.(in Chinese))
[17]Itasca Consulting Group,Inc..Universal distinct element code theory and background[M].[S.l.]:[s.n.],2005.
[18]殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):29–38.(YIN Yueping.Features of landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):29–38.(in Chinese))
[19]谢和平,邓建辉,台佳佳,等.汶川大地震灾害与灾区重建的岩土工程问题[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(9):1781–1791.(XIE Heping,DENG Jianhui,TAI Jiajia,et al.Wenchuan large earthquake and post-earthquake reconstruction-related geotechnical problems[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(9):1781–1791.(in Chinese))
[20]科学松鼠会[OL].[2008–05–27]http://songshuhui.net/archives/224.html
[2]祁生文,伍法权,严福章,等.岩质边坡动力反应分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.(QI Shengwen,WU Faquan,YAN Fuzhang,et al.Rock slope dynamic response analysis[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007.(in Chinese))
[3]殷跃平.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(4):433–444.(YIN Yueping.Research on the geo-hazards triggered by Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(4):433–444.(in Chinese))
[4]胡聿贤.地震工程学[M].北京:地震出版社,1988.(HU Yuxian.Earthquake engineering[M].Beijing:Seismological Publishing House,1988.(in Chinese))
[5]殷跃平.汶川地震地质与滑坡灾害概论[M].北京:地质出版社,2009.(YIN Yueping.Introduction of seismic geology and landslide hazard triggered by Wenchuan earthquake[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2009.(in Chinese))
[6]崔芳鹏.地震P-S波时差耦合作用的斜坡崩滑效应研究[博士学位论文][D].北京:中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,2009.(CUI Fangpeng.Study of collapsing and sliding response of slope triggered by single and combined action with time difference of P and S seismic waves[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Beijing:Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2009.(in Chinese))
[7]周维垣.高等岩石力学[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1990.(ZHOUWeiyuan.Advanced rock mechanics[M].Beijing:Water Resources and Electric Power Press,1990.(in Chinese))
[8]张倬元,王士天,王兰生.工程地质分析原理[M].北京:地质出版社,1993.(ZHANG Zhuoyuan,WANG Shitian,WANG Lansheng.Analytical theory of engineering geology[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1993.(in Chinese))
[9]胡光韬.滑坡动力学[M].北京:地质出版社,1995.(HU Guangtao.Dynamics of landslides[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1995.(in Chinese))
[10]毛彦龙,胡广韬,毛新虎,等.地震滑坡启程剧动的机制研究及离散元模拟[J].工程地质报,2001,9(1):74–80.(MAO Yanlong,HU Guangtao,MAO Xinhu,et al.Mechanism of set-out violent-slide of slope mass during earthquake and its simulation by using discrete element method[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2001,9(1):74–80.(in Chinese))
[11]祁生文,伍法权,刘春玲,等.地震边坡稳定性的工程地质分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(16):2792–2796.(QI Shenwen,WU Faquan,LIU Chunling,et al.Engineering geology analysis of stability of slope under earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(16):2792–2796.(in Chinese))
[12]钱培风.竖向地震力[J].地震工程与工程振动,1983,3(2):44–55.(QIAN Peifeng.On vertical seismic load[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,1983,3(2):44–55.(in Chinese))
[13]胡广韬,毛彦龙,程谦恭,等.地震时滑坡体波动震荡的启程加速动力学问题[R].西安:西安工程学院,1997.(HU Guangtao,MAO Yanlong,CHENG Qiangong,et al.Set-out violent-slide dynamic problems of slope shaking during an earthquake[R].Xi′an:Xi′an Engineering University,1997.(in Chinese))
[14]李杰,李国强.地震工程学导论[M].北京:地震出版社,1992.(LI Jie,LI Guoqiang.Introduction to earthquake engineering[M].Beijing:Seismological Publishing House,1992.(in Chinese))
[15]徐光兴,姚令侃,高召宁,等.边坡动力特性与动力响应的大型振动台模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(3):624–632.(XU Guangxing,YAO Lingkan,GAO Zhaoning,et al.Large-scale shaking table model test study of dynamic characteristics and dynamic response of slope[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(3):624–632.(in Chinese))
[16]徐光兴,姚令侃,李朝红,等.边坡地震动力响应规律及地震动参数影响研究[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(6):918–923.(XU Guangxing,YAO Lingkan,LI Chaohong,et al.Dynamic response of slopes under earthquakes and influence of ground motion parameters[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2008,30(6):918–923.(in Chinese))
[17]Itasca Consulting Group,Inc..Universal distinct element code theory and background[M].[S.l.]:[s.n.],2005.
[18]殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):29–38.(YIN Yueping.Features of landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):29–38.(in Chinese))
[19]谢和平,邓建辉,台佳佳,等.汶川大地震灾害与灾区重建的岩土工程问题[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(9):1781–1791.(XIE Heping,DENG Jianhui,TAI Jiajia,et al.Wenchuan large earthquake and post-earthquake reconstruction-related geotechnical problems[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(9):1781–1791.(in Chinese))
[20]科学松鼠会[OL].[2008–05–27]http://songshuhui.net/archives/224.html
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