利用InSAR确定2009年4月6日M_W6.3拉奎拉(Italy)地震最优震源模型
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摘要
2009年4月6日意大利拉奎拉城附近发生了M_W6.3地震,造成了巨大人员伤亡和经济损失.本文利用欧洲空间局共享的ENVISAT ASAR卫星资料,生成了3幅独立的同震位移图像.采用当前流行的均匀网格、四叉树以及基于数据分辨率3种采样算法分别提取了4个独立的数据集(其中均匀网格算法采用2个不同的采样间隔),比较分析了这些不同数据资料约束下的单一断层反演参数的异同.通过变倾角迭代的方式,分析了最优单一断层与全局最优模型之间的几何参数的关系,确定了全局最佳拟合的滑动模型.该模型显示,这是一次正断层地震,断层几何中心位于(13.451°E,42.358°N),走向141°,倾角50°,倾向西南.最大滑动位于地表以下6.1km深度位置,约为1.2m;断层滑动未出露地表,上边界埋深约为3.1km;释放地震矩约合3.65×10~(18)N·m.
On 6~(th) April 2009 a M_W6.3 earthquake occurred in the L' Aquila region,central Italy,causing at least 297 fatalities and great economic losses.Using European Space Agency's ENVISAT ASAR data we generated three independent coseismic interferograms.Three popular downsampling techniques (uniform,quadtree and Resolution-based) were employed to create 4 different sets of datapoints,two of which were produced using the uniform approach with different sampling sizes.Uniform models with the 4 sets of datapoints show similar source parameters and residuals,indicating their impacts on uniform modeling are limited.However,their distributed slip models suggest that the resolution-based approach is preferred though similar slip patterns can be observed.Our optimal distributed slip model shows that this event is associated with a buried SW-dipping normal fault with the epicenter at (13.4506°, 42.3580°),a strike of 141.3°,and a dip of 50°.In addition,the maximum slip of 1.2 m is observed at a depth of 6.1 km,and the total seismic monent is ～3.65×10~(18)N· m.
On 6~(th) April 2009 a M_W6.3 earthquake occurred in the L' Aquila region,central Italy,causing at least 297 fatalities and great economic losses.Using European Space Agency's ENVISAT ASAR data we generated three independent coseismic interferograms.Three popular downsampling techniques (uniform,quadtree and Resolution-based) were employed to create 4 different sets of datapoints,two of which were produced using the uniform approach with different sampling sizes.Uniform models with the 4 sets of datapoints show similar source parameters and residuals,indicating their impacts on uniform modeling are limited.However,their distributed slip models suggest that the resolution-based approach is preferred though similar slip patterns can be observed.Our optimal distributed slip model shows that this event is associated with a buried SW-dipping normal fault with the epicenter at (13.4506°, 42.3580°),a strike of 141.3°,and a dip of 50°.In addition,the maximum slip of 1.2 m is observed at a depth of 6.1 km,and the total seismic monent is ～3.65×10~(18)N· m.
引文
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[15] Wang R,Xia Y,Grosser H,et al.The 2003 Bam(SE Iran) earthquake:precise source parameters from satellite radar interferometry[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2004,159:917～922．
[16] Simons M,Fialko Y,Rivera L.Coseismic Deformation from the 1999 M_w7． 1 Hector Mine,California,Earthquake as Inferred from InSAR and GPS Observations[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92(4) :1390～1402．
[17] Jonsson S,Zebker H,Segall P,et al.Fault Slip Distribution of the 1999 M_w7． 1 Hector Mine,California Earthquake,Estimated from Satellite Radar and GPS Measurements[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92(4) :1377～1389．
[18] Lohman R B,Simons M.Some thoughts on the use of InSAR data to constrain models of surface deformation:Noise structure and data downsampling[J].Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems,2005,6:12,Q01007,doi:10． 1029/2004gc000841．
[19] Wright T J,Parsons B E,Jackson J A,et al.Source parameters of the 1 Octorber 1995 Dinar(Turkey) earthquake from SAR interferometry and seismic bodywave modelling[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1999,172:23～37．
[20] Funning G J,Parsons B,Wrigth T J.Surface displacements and source paramenters of the 2003 Bam(Iran) earthquake from Envisat advanced synthetic aperture radar imagery[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110,B09406,doi:10． 1029/ 2004JB003338．
[21] Li Z,Feng W,Xu Z,et al.The 1998 M_w5． 7 Zhangbei-Shangyi(China) earthquake revisited:A buried thrust fault revealed with interferomertic synthetic aperture radar[J].Geochem.geophys.Geosyst.,2008,9 (4) ,Q04026,doi:10． 1029/2007GC001910．
[22] 冯万鹏,许力生,许忠淮,等.利用InSAR资料反演2008年西藏改则M_W6． 4和M_W5． 9地震的断层参数[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(4) :983～993,doi:10． 3969/j.issn.0001-5733． 2009． 04． 015． Feng W P,Xu L S,Xu Z H,et al.Source paramters of the 2008 Gaize M_w6． 4 and M_w5． 9 earthquakes from InSAR measurements[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(4) :983～993,doi:10． 3969/j.issn.0001-5733． 2009． 04． 015．
[23] Fukushima Y,Cayol V,Durand P.Finding realistic dike models from interferometric synthetic aperture radar data:The February 2000 eruption at Piton de la Fournaise[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110,B03206,doi:10． 1029/2004JB003268．
[24] Fukahata Y,Wright T J.A non-linear geodetic data inversion using ABIC for slip distribution on a fault with an unknown dip angle[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2008,173:353～364,doi:310． 1111/j.1365-1246X.2007． 03713． x.
[25] Goldstein R M,Werner C L.Radar Interferogram Filtering for Geophysical Applications[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1998,25(21) :4035～4038．
[26] Chen C W,Zerbker H A.Network approaches to two-dimensional phase unwrapping:intractability and two new algorithms[J].Journal of the Optical Society of America A,2000,17:401～414
[27] Li Z,Liu Y,Zhou X,et al.Using small baseline Interferometric SAR to map nonlinear ground motion:a case study in Northern Tibet[J].Journal of Applied Geodesy,2009,3:163 170,doi:10． 1515/JAG.2009．
[28] Farr T G,Caro E,Crippen R,et al.The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission[J].Reviews of Geophysics,2007,45,doi:1029/2005RG000183．
[29] Li Z,Muller J-P,Cross P.Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) atmospheric correction:GPS,Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS),and InSAR integration[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110,B03410,doi:10． 1029/2004JB003446．
[30] Li Z,J.Fielding E,Cross P,et al.Interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric correlation:Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer and Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar integration[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2006,33, L06816,doi:10． 1029/2005GL025299．
[31] Menke W,1989． Geophysical Data Analysis:Discrete Inverse Theroy[M].edn,Vol 45,Elsevier,New York.
[32] 冯万鹏,李振洪.InSAR资料约束下震源参数的PSO混合算法反演策略[J].地球物理学进展,2010,25(4) :1189～1196,doi:10． 3969/j.issn.1004-2903． 2010． 04． 007． Feng W P,Li Z H.A novel hybrid PSO/simplex algorithm for determining earthquake source parameters using InSAR data[J].Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,25(4) :1189～1196,doi:10． 3969/j.issn.1004-2903． 2010． 04． 007．
[33] Talebian M,Feilding E J,Funning G J,et al.The 2003 Bam (Iran) earhtquake:Rupture of a blind strike-slip fault[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2004,31,L11611．
[34] Fialko Y,Sandwell D,Simons M,et al.Three-dimensional deformation caused by the Bam,Iran,earthquake and the origin of shallow slip deficit[J].Nature,2005,435:295～299,doi:10． 1038/nature03425．
[35] Okada Y.Surface Deformation Due to Shear and tensile faults in ahalf-space[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1985,75(4) :1135～1154．
[36] Coleman T F,Li Y.A Reflective Newton Method for Minimizing a Quadratic Function Subject to Bounds on Some of the variables[J].SIAM Journal on Optimization,1996,6 (4) :1040～1058．
[37] 万永革,沈正康,王敏,等.根据GPS和InSAR数据反演2001年昆仑山口西地震同震破裂分布[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(4) :1074～1084． Wan Y G,Shen Z K,Wang M,et al.Coseismic slip distribution of the 2001 Kunlun mountain pass west earthquaqke constrained using GPS and InSAR data.Chinese J.Geophys (in Chinese),2008,51(4) :1074～1084．
[38] Fukahata Y,Nishitani A,Matsu'ura M.Goedetic data inverstion using ABIC to estimate slip history during one earthquake cycle with viscoelastic slip-response funcitons[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2004,156:140～153,doi:10． 1111/j.1365-246． X.2004． 02122． x.
[39] Fukuda J i,Johnson K M.A Fully bayesian Inversion for Spatial Distribution of Fault Slip with Objective Smoothing[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2008,98(3) :1128～1146,doi:10． 1785/0120070194．
[40] Martthews M V,Segall P.Estimation of Depth-Dependent Fault Slip From Measured Surface Deformation With Application to the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1993,98(B7) :12153～12163．
[41] Wessel P,Smith W H F.New,improved version of Generic Mapping Tools Releasd[J].EOS Trans.Amer.Geophys.U.,1998,79(47) :579．
[2] Alvarez W.Drainage on evolving fold-thrust belts:a study of transverse canyons in the Apennines[J].Basin Research,1999,11:267～284．
[3] Luca G D,Scarpa R,Filippi L,et al.A detailed analysis of two seismic sequences in Abruzzo,Central Apennines,Italy[J].Journal of Seismology,2000,4:1～21．
[4] Michelini A,Spallarossa D,Cattaneo M,et al.The 1997 Umbria-Marche (Italy) earthquake Sequence:Tomographic images obtained from data of the GNDT-SSN temporary network[J].Journal of Seismology,2000,4:415～433．
[5] Morelli A,Ekstrom G,Olivieri M.Source properties of the 1997～1998 Central Italy earthquake sequence from inversion of long-period and broad-band seismograms[J].Journal of Seismology,2000,4:365～375．
[6] 赵英萍,刁桂苓,高景春,等.张北强余震前震源机制解得一致性特征[J].华北地震科学,2004,22(1) :1～4． Zhao C P,Diao G L,Gao J C,et al.Consistency of the focal mechanisms before some strong aftershocks in Zhangbei earthquake seriers[J].North China Earthquake Sciences.(in Chinese),2004,22(1) :1～4．
[7] Walters R J,Elliott J R,D'Agostino N,et al.The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake (central Italy):A source mechanism and implications for seismic hazard[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2009,36,L17312,doi:10． 1029/2009GL039337．
[8] Cirella A,Piatanesi A,Cocco M,et al.Rupture history of the 2009 L'Aquila(Italy) earthquake from non-linear joint invertion of strong motion and GPS data[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2009,36,L19304,doi:10． 1029/2009GL039795．
[9] Chiarabba C,Amato A,Anselmi M,et al.The 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) Mw6． 3 earthquake:Main shock and aftershocks[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2009,36,L18308,doi:10． 1029/2009GL039627．
[10] Atzori S,Hunstad I,Chini M,et al.Finite fault inversion of DInSAR coseismic displacement of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake(Central Italy)[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2009,36,L1 5305,doi:10． 1029/2009GL039293．
[11] Anzidei M,Cannelli V,Devoti R,et al.Coseismic deforamtion of the destructive April 6,2009 L'Aquila earthquake(central Italy) from GPS data[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2009,36,L17307,doi:10． 1029/2009GL039145．
[12] 张勇,陈运泰,许力生.2009年4月6日意大利拉奎拉(L'Aquila)M_w6． 3地震破裂过程-视震源时间函数方法与直接波形反演方法比较[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(6) :1428～1439,doi:10． 3969/j.issn.0001-5733． 2010． 06． 021． Zhang Y,Chen Y T,Xu L S.Rupture process of 6 April 2009 L'Aquila,Italy,M_w6． 3 earthquake-a comparison between apparent source time function method and direct wave inversion method[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(6) :1428～1439,doi:10． 3969/j.issn.0001-5733． 2010． 06． 021
[13] Smith W H F,Sandwell D T.Global Sea Floor Topography from Satellite Altimetry and Ship Depth Soundings[J].Science,1997,277:1956-1962,doi:10． 1126/science.277． 5334． 1956．
[14] Pritchard M E,Simons M,Rosen P A,et al.Co-seismic slip from the 1995 July 30 M_W=8． 1 Antofagasta,Chile,earthquake as constrained by InSAR and GPS observations[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2002,150:362～376．
[15] Wang R,Xia Y,Grosser H,et al.The 2003 Bam(SE Iran) earthquake:precise source parameters from satellite radar interferometry[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2004,159:917～922．
[16] Simons M,Fialko Y,Rivera L.Coseismic Deformation from the 1999 M_w7． 1 Hector Mine,California,Earthquake as Inferred from InSAR and GPS Observations[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92(4) :1390～1402．
[17] Jonsson S,Zebker H,Segall P,et al.Fault Slip Distribution of the 1999 M_w7． 1 Hector Mine,California Earthquake,Estimated from Satellite Radar and GPS Measurements[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92(4) :1377～1389．
[18] Lohman R B,Simons M.Some thoughts on the use of InSAR data to constrain models of surface deformation:Noise structure and data downsampling[J].Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems,2005,6:12,Q01007,doi:10． 1029/2004gc000841．
[19] Wright T J,Parsons B E,Jackson J A,et al.Source parameters of the 1 Octorber 1995 Dinar(Turkey) earthquake from SAR interferometry and seismic bodywave modelling[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1999,172:23～37．
[20] Funning G J,Parsons B,Wrigth T J.Surface displacements and source paramenters of the 2003 Bam(Iran) earthquake from Envisat advanced synthetic aperture radar imagery[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110,B09406,doi:10． 1029/ 2004JB003338．
[21] Li Z,Feng W,Xu Z,et al.The 1998 M_w5． 7 Zhangbei-Shangyi(China) earthquake revisited:A buried thrust fault revealed with interferomertic synthetic aperture radar[J].Geochem.geophys.Geosyst.,2008,9 (4) ,Q04026,doi:10． 1029/2007GC001910．
[22] 冯万鹏,许力生,许忠淮,等.利用InSAR资料反演2008年西藏改则M_W6． 4和M_W5． 9地震的断层参数[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(4) :983～993,doi:10． 3969/j.issn.0001-5733． 2009． 04． 015． Feng W P,Xu L S,Xu Z H,et al.Source paramters of the 2008 Gaize M_w6． 4 and M_w5． 9 earthquakes from InSAR measurements[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(4) :983～993,doi:10． 3969/j.issn.0001-5733． 2009． 04． 015．
[23] Fukushima Y,Cayol V,Durand P.Finding realistic dike models from interferometric synthetic aperture radar data:The February 2000 eruption at Piton de la Fournaise[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110,B03206,doi:10． 1029/2004JB003268．
[24] Fukahata Y,Wright T J.A non-linear geodetic data inversion using ABIC for slip distribution on a fault with an unknown dip angle[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2008,173:353～364,doi:310． 1111/j.1365-1246X.2007． 03713． x.
[25] Goldstein R M,Werner C L.Radar Interferogram Filtering for Geophysical Applications[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1998,25(21) :4035～4038．
[26] Chen C W,Zerbker H A.Network approaches to two-dimensional phase unwrapping:intractability and two new algorithms[J].Journal of the Optical Society of America A,2000,17:401～414
[27] Li Z,Liu Y,Zhou X,et al.Using small baseline Interferometric SAR to map nonlinear ground motion:a case study in Northern Tibet[J].Journal of Applied Geodesy,2009,3:163 170,doi:10． 1515/JAG.2009．
[28] Farr T G,Caro E,Crippen R,et al.The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission[J].Reviews of Geophysics,2007,45,doi:1029/2005RG000183．
[29] Li Z,Muller J-P,Cross P.Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) atmospheric correction:GPS,Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS),and InSAR integration[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110,B03410,doi:10． 1029/2004JB003446．
[30] Li Z,J.Fielding E,Cross P,et al.Interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric correlation:Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer and Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar integration[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2006,33, L06816,doi:10． 1029/2005GL025299．
[31] Menke W,1989． Geophysical Data Analysis:Discrete Inverse Theroy[M].edn,Vol 45,Elsevier,New York.
[32] 冯万鹏,李振洪.InSAR资料约束下震源参数的PSO混合算法反演策略[J].地球物理学进展,2010,25(4) :1189～1196,doi:10． 3969/j.issn.1004-2903． 2010． 04． 007． Feng W P,Li Z H.A novel hybrid PSO/simplex algorithm for determining earthquake source parameters using InSAR data[J].Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,25(4) :1189～1196,doi:10． 3969/j.issn.1004-2903． 2010． 04． 007．
[33] Talebian M,Feilding E J,Funning G J,et al.The 2003 Bam (Iran) earhtquake:Rupture of a blind strike-slip fault[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2004,31,L11611．
[34] Fialko Y,Sandwell D,Simons M,et al.Three-dimensional deformation caused by the Bam,Iran,earthquake and the origin of shallow slip deficit[J].Nature,2005,435:295～299,doi:10． 1038/nature03425．
[35] Okada Y.Surface Deformation Due to Shear and tensile faults in ahalf-space[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1985,75(4) :1135～1154．
[36] Coleman T F,Li Y.A Reflective Newton Method for Minimizing a Quadratic Function Subject to Bounds on Some of the variables[J].SIAM Journal on Optimization,1996,6 (4) :1040～1058．
[37] 万永革,沈正康,王敏,等.根据GPS和InSAR数据反演2001年昆仑山口西地震同震破裂分布[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(4) :1074～1084． Wan Y G,Shen Z K,Wang M,et al.Coseismic slip distribution of the 2001 Kunlun mountain pass west earthquaqke constrained using GPS and InSAR data.Chinese J.Geophys (in Chinese),2008,51(4) :1074～1084．
[38] Fukahata Y,Nishitani A,Matsu'ura M.Goedetic data inverstion using ABIC to estimate slip history during one earthquake cycle with viscoelastic slip-response funcitons[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2004,156:140～153,doi:10． 1111/j.1365-246． X.2004． 02122． x.
[39] Fukuda J i,Johnson K M.A Fully bayesian Inversion for Spatial Distribution of Fault Slip with Objective Smoothing[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2008,98(3) :1128～1146,doi:10． 1785/0120070194．
[40] Martthews M V,Segall P.Estimation of Depth-Dependent Fault Slip From Measured Surface Deformation With Application to the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1993,98(B7) :12153～12163．
[41] Wessel P,Smith W H F.New,improved version of Generic Mapping Tools Releasd[J].EOS Trans.Amer.Geophys.U.,1998,79(47) :579．
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