核爆冲击波作用下高层建筑倾覆机理分析
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摘要
我国高层建筑下部大多建造附建人防地下室,上部结构与人防地下室的连接比较牢固。核爆冲击波作用下,高层建筑可能会发生很大的变形、破坏甚至倒塌。在此过程中,可能会对附建于其下的人防地下室产生较大的倾覆作用,进而导致地下室发生较大的倾覆反应并丧失其防护功能。该文研究的重点是高层建筑附建人防地下室的倾覆问题。该问题涉及结构-基础-土的相互作用,需考虑材料非线性、接触非线性、材料性能的应变率相关性及土体体积压缩硬化等特征。介绍作者近年来在这方面的一些研究成果,主要有:利用动力有限元软件LS-DYNA分析了核爆冲击波作用下混凝土空心砌块墙的动力响应,利用大型通用有限元软件MSC.MARC和基于MARC平台开发的钢筋混凝土杆系纤维模型、土的修正D-P模型和桩土相互作用弹簧模型子程序,建立上部结构-地下室-土(桩)系统整体计算模型,对核爆冲击波作用下高层建筑附建人防地下室的倾覆进行了数值计算。算例计算结果表明:核爆冲击波作用下,天然地基高层剪力墙结构附建人防地下室的最大转角可能大于3°―5°,甚至完全倾覆,进而丧失其战时防护功能;桩基础可显著降低高层剪力墙结构附建人防地下室的倾覆反应,可作为高层建筑附建人防地下室抗倾覆的措施。在满足正常设计要求基础上,桩长、桩距和桩径在一定范围内的变化对地下室的倾覆反应影响不大,可以忽略。
A large number of civil air defense basements in China are constructed under high rise buildings which have large stiffness and strength. High rise buildings may be deformed, damaged and destroyed extensively under blast loading. During this process, severe overturning action may be imposed to the basement shelter attached to the building and make it overturned, resulting in the lost of defense function of the basement. This paper focuses on the overturning mechanism of basement attached to high rise buildings under nuclear blast loading, which not only relates to the interaction between the upper structure, the base and the foundation, but also depends on nonlinear material properties, nonlinear contact, rate dependent straining and compression hardening of soil. This paper presents some recent works on this topic made by authors, including: (1) concrete masonry walls subjected to blast loadings were analyzed with the explicit dynamic finite element program LS-DYNA; (2)the overturning mechanism of the basement attached to high rise buildings under nuclear blast loading was investigated with the finite element program MSC.Marc with incorporated subroutines for modified D-P soil model, Thufiber model of reinforced concrete component, and spring model for soil-pile interface. The numerical model was established considering the interactions between the super structure, the basement, the pile foundation and the soil. The numerical results show the basement attached to high rise reinforced concrete shear wall structures may incline more than 3°―5° or even collapse completely, resulting in the lost of its protective functions. The pile foundation can strengthen considerably the vertical and rotational constraints on the basement and reduce the overturning effects on the basement significantly, thus, it can be used for resisting the overturning of basements attached to high rise buildings. On the basis of rational design demand, the variation of length, spacing and diameter of piles will not affect the overturning of the basement considerably.
A large number of civil air defense basements in China are constructed under high rise buildings which have large stiffness and strength. High rise buildings may be deformed, damaged and destroyed extensively under blast loading. During this process, severe overturning action may be imposed to the basement shelter attached to the building and make it overturned, resulting in the lost of defense function of the basement. This paper focuses on the overturning mechanism of basement attached to high rise buildings under nuclear blast loading, which not only relates to the interaction between the upper structure, the base and the foundation, but also depends on nonlinear material properties, nonlinear contact, rate dependent straining and compression hardening of soil. This paper presents some recent works on this topic made by authors, including: (1) concrete masonry walls subjected to blast loadings were analyzed with the explicit dynamic finite element program LS-DYNA; (2)the overturning mechanism of the basement attached to high rise buildings under nuclear blast loading was investigated with the finite element program MSC.Marc with incorporated subroutines for modified D-P soil model, Thufiber model of reinforced concrete component, and spring model for soil-pile interface. The numerical model was established considering the interactions between the super structure, the basement, the pile foundation and the soil. The numerical results show the basement attached to high rise reinforced concrete shear wall structures may incline more than 3°―5° or even collapse completely, resulting in the lost of its protective functions. The pile foundation can strengthen considerably the vertical and rotational constraints on the basement and reduce the overturning effects on the basement significantly, thus, it can be used for resisting the overturning of basements attached to high rise buildings. On the basis of rational design demand, the variation of length, spacing and diameter of piles will not affect the overturning of the basement considerably.
引文
[1]陈肇元,宋二祥,郭红仙.核爆冲击波对多高层建筑人防地下室的倾覆作用及设计对策研究[R].北京:清华大学土木系,2003.Chen Zhaoyuan,Song Erxiang,Guo Hongxian.Overturning eeffects and design procedures on basement shelters of high rise frame structures under nuclear blast loadings[R].Beijing:Department of Civil Engineering,Tsinghua University,2003.(in Chinese)
[2]陈肇元,王志浩.核袭击下城市房屋倒塌对人防工程的作用[R].北京:清华大学土木系,1991.Chen Zhaoyuan,Wang Zhihao.Eeffects on basement shelters of high rise frame structures under nuclear blast loadings[R].Beijing:Department of Civil Engineering,Tsinghua University,1991.(in Chinese)
[3]Chen Zhaoyuan,Li Huiming.International workshop on blast-resistant structures[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,1992.
[4]张正威.核爆冲击波作用下高层建筑附建人防地下室倾覆机理研究[D].北京:清华大学,2007.Zhang Zhengwei.Research on the overturning mechanism of basement shelters attached to high rise buildings under nuclear blast loading[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2007.(in Chinese)
[5]熊建国,陆顺永,高伟建.核爆条件下高层建筑倾覆分析[J].防护工程,1989,11(2):18―24.Xiong Jianguo,Lu Shunyong,Gao Weijian.Analysis on overturning problem of high buildings under the nuclear blast wave action[J].Protective Engineering,1989,11(2):18―24.(in Chinese)
[6]高伟建,熊建国,赵振东.爆炸冲击波作用下高层建筑基础提离和滑移的非线性分析[J].爆炸与冲击,1994,14(1):41―54.Gao Weijian,Xiong Jianguo,Zhao Zhendong.Nonlinear dynamic analysis of uplifting and sliding between soil and basement of high rise building under blast wave[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,1994,14(1):41―54.(in Chinese)
[7]Glasstone S.The effects of nuclear weapons[M].Washington D C:US Atomic Energy Commission,1997.
[8]Beshara F B A.Nonliear finite element analysis of reinforce concrete structures subjected to blast loading[D].London:City Univversity,1991.
[9]陈肇元.抗爆结构研究报告第一集[R].北京:清华大学土木系,1971.Chen Zhaoyuan.Scientific study report(1)of antidetonating constructures[R].Beijing:Department of Civil Engineering,Tsinghua University,1971.(in Chinese)
[10]Dennis Scott T,Baylot James T,Woodson Stanley C.Response of1/4-scale concrete masonry uint(CUM)walls to blast[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,2002,128(2):134―142.
[11]Mayrhofer Chr.Reinforced masonry walls under blast loading[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2002,44(6):1067―1080.
[12]Taucer F F,Spacone E.A fiber beam-column element for seismic response analysis of reinforced concrete structure[J].Berkeley:University of California,1991.
[13]Lai S S.Post-yield hysteritic biaxial models for reinforced concrete members[J].ACI Structural Journal,1987,84(3):235―245.
[14]陆新征,缪志伟,江见鲸,叶列平.静力和动力荷载作用下混凝土高层结构的倒塌模拟[J].山西地震,2006,126(2):7―11.Lu Xinzheng,Miao Zhiwei,Jiang Jianjing,Ye Lieping.Collapse simulation of high-rise structure of concrete under action of static and dynamic load[J].Earthquake Research in Shanxi,2006,126(2):7―11.(in Chinese)
[15]江见鲸,陆新征,叶列平.混凝土结构有限元分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.Jiang Jianjing,Lu Xinzheng,Ye Lieping.Finite element analysis of concrete structures[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2005.(in Chinese)
[16]张正威,陆新征,宋二祥.核爆冲击波作用下高层框架结构对附建式人防地下室的倾覆荷载分析[J].防护工程,2006,28(3):1―8.Zhang Zhengwei,Lu Xinzheng,Song Erxiang.Analysis of overturning loading of high story frame structure to its civil defense basement under the nuclear blast wave action[J].Protective Engineering,2006,28(3):1―8.(in Chinese)
[17]张正威,宋二祥,蔡钦佩.核爆冲击波作用下框架结构附建式人防地下室的倾覆研究[J].防护工程,2006,28(4):1―5.Zhang Zhengwei,Song Erxiang,Cai Qinpei.Analysis ofoverturning problem of high story frame structure to its civil defense basement under the nuclear blast wave action[J].Protective Engineering,2006,28(4):1―5.(in Chinese)
[18]门俊.核爆冲击波下高层剪力墙结构附建人防地下室的倾覆分析[D].北京:清华大学,2006.Men Jun.Overturning analysis of the basement shelter under high shear wall structure due to nuclear blast[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2006.(in Chinese)
[19]门俊,宋二祥.核爆冲击波作用下高层剪力墙结构附建人防地下室的倾覆分析[J].防护工程,2007,29(2):37―43.Men Jun,Song Erxiang.Analysis of overturning response of basement shelters of high rise shear-wall structures under nuclear blast loadings[J].Protective Engineering,2007,29(2):37―43.(in Chinese)
[20]Polak M A,Vecchio F J.Nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete shells[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1993,119(12):3440―3462.
[21]Ha Wang Song,Sang Hyo.Failure analysis of reinforced concrete shell structures using layered shell element with pressure node[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,2002,128(5):655―664.
[22]Di Shenglin,Cheung Y K.Nonlinear analysis of RC shell structures using laminated element.1[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1993,119(7):2059―2073.
[23]Di Shenglin,Cheung Y K.Nonlinear analysis of RC shell structures using laminated element.2[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1993,119(7):2074―2094.
[24]陈惠发,萨里普A F.土木工程材料的本构方程[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2001.Chen W F,Saleeb A F.Constitutive law for civil engineering material[M].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press,2001.(in Chinese)
[25]Poulos H G,Davis E H.Pile foundation analysis and design[M].John Wiley and Sons,Inc.1980.
[26]Bethe K J.Finite element procedures in engineering analysis[M].Prentice-Hall,Inc.,1982.
[27]Shamsher P,Gopal R,Swami S.Analysis and design of foundations and retaining structures[M].Meerut:Sarita Prakashan,1979.
[28]张正威,宋二祥,陈肇元.冲击波作用下桩基础高层剪力墙结构附建人防地下室倾覆机理分析[J].建筑结构学报,2008,29(1):129―138.Zhang Zhengwei,Song Erxiang,Chen Zhaoyuan.Overturning response of basement attached to high rise buildings with foundation under blast loading[J].Journal of Building Structures,2008,29(1):129―138.(in Chinese)
[2]陈肇元,王志浩.核袭击下城市房屋倒塌对人防工程的作用[R].北京:清华大学土木系,1991.Chen Zhaoyuan,Wang Zhihao.Eeffects on basement shelters of high rise frame structures under nuclear blast loadings[R].Beijing:Department of Civil Engineering,Tsinghua University,1991.(in Chinese)
[3]Chen Zhaoyuan,Li Huiming.International workshop on blast-resistant structures[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,1992.
[4]张正威.核爆冲击波作用下高层建筑附建人防地下室倾覆机理研究[D].北京:清华大学,2007.Zhang Zhengwei.Research on the overturning mechanism of basement shelters attached to high rise buildings under nuclear blast loading[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2007.(in Chinese)
[5]熊建国,陆顺永,高伟建.核爆条件下高层建筑倾覆分析[J].防护工程,1989,11(2):18―24.Xiong Jianguo,Lu Shunyong,Gao Weijian.Analysis on overturning problem of high buildings under the nuclear blast wave action[J].Protective Engineering,1989,11(2):18―24.(in Chinese)
[6]高伟建,熊建国,赵振东.爆炸冲击波作用下高层建筑基础提离和滑移的非线性分析[J].爆炸与冲击,1994,14(1):41―54.Gao Weijian,Xiong Jianguo,Zhao Zhendong.Nonlinear dynamic analysis of uplifting and sliding between soil and basement of high rise building under blast wave[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,1994,14(1):41―54.(in Chinese)
[7]Glasstone S.The effects of nuclear weapons[M].Washington D C:US Atomic Energy Commission,1997.
[8]Beshara F B A.Nonliear finite element analysis of reinforce concrete structures subjected to blast loading[D].London:City Univversity,1991.
[9]陈肇元.抗爆结构研究报告第一集[R].北京:清华大学土木系,1971.Chen Zhaoyuan.Scientific study report(1)of antidetonating constructures[R].Beijing:Department of Civil Engineering,Tsinghua University,1971.(in Chinese)
[10]Dennis Scott T,Baylot James T,Woodson Stanley C.Response of1/4-scale concrete masonry uint(CUM)walls to blast[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,2002,128(2):134―142.
[11]Mayrhofer Chr.Reinforced masonry walls under blast loading[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2002,44(6):1067―1080.
[12]Taucer F F,Spacone E.A fiber beam-column element for seismic response analysis of reinforced concrete structure[J].Berkeley:University of California,1991.
[13]Lai S S.Post-yield hysteritic biaxial models for reinforced concrete members[J].ACI Structural Journal,1987,84(3):235―245.
[14]陆新征,缪志伟,江见鲸,叶列平.静力和动力荷载作用下混凝土高层结构的倒塌模拟[J].山西地震,2006,126(2):7―11.Lu Xinzheng,Miao Zhiwei,Jiang Jianjing,Ye Lieping.Collapse simulation of high-rise structure of concrete under action of static and dynamic load[J].Earthquake Research in Shanxi,2006,126(2):7―11.(in Chinese)
[15]江见鲸,陆新征,叶列平.混凝土结构有限元分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.Jiang Jianjing,Lu Xinzheng,Ye Lieping.Finite element analysis of concrete structures[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2005.(in Chinese)
[16]张正威,陆新征,宋二祥.核爆冲击波作用下高层框架结构对附建式人防地下室的倾覆荷载分析[J].防护工程,2006,28(3):1―8.Zhang Zhengwei,Lu Xinzheng,Song Erxiang.Analysis of overturning loading of high story frame structure to its civil defense basement under the nuclear blast wave action[J].Protective Engineering,2006,28(3):1―8.(in Chinese)
[17]张正威,宋二祥,蔡钦佩.核爆冲击波作用下框架结构附建式人防地下室的倾覆研究[J].防护工程,2006,28(4):1―5.Zhang Zhengwei,Song Erxiang,Cai Qinpei.Analysis ofoverturning problem of high story frame structure to its civil defense basement under the nuclear blast wave action[J].Protective Engineering,2006,28(4):1―5.(in Chinese)
[18]门俊.核爆冲击波下高层剪力墙结构附建人防地下室的倾覆分析[D].北京:清华大学,2006.Men Jun.Overturning analysis of the basement shelter under high shear wall structure due to nuclear blast[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2006.(in Chinese)
[19]门俊,宋二祥.核爆冲击波作用下高层剪力墙结构附建人防地下室的倾覆分析[J].防护工程,2007,29(2):37―43.Men Jun,Song Erxiang.Analysis of overturning response of basement shelters of high rise shear-wall structures under nuclear blast loadings[J].Protective Engineering,2007,29(2):37―43.(in Chinese)
[20]Polak M A,Vecchio F J.Nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete shells[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1993,119(12):3440―3462.
[21]Ha Wang Song,Sang Hyo.Failure analysis of reinforced concrete shell structures using layered shell element with pressure node[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,2002,128(5):655―664.
[22]Di Shenglin,Cheung Y K.Nonlinear analysis of RC shell structures using laminated element.1[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1993,119(7):2059―2073.
[23]Di Shenglin,Cheung Y K.Nonlinear analysis of RC shell structures using laminated element.2[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1993,119(7):2074―2094.
[24]陈惠发,萨里普A F.土木工程材料的本构方程[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2001.Chen W F,Saleeb A F.Constitutive law for civil engineering material[M].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press,2001.(in Chinese)
[25]Poulos H G,Davis E H.Pile foundation analysis and design[M].John Wiley and Sons,Inc.1980.
[26]Bethe K J.Finite element procedures in engineering analysis[M].Prentice-Hall,Inc.,1982.
[27]Shamsher P,Gopal R,Swami S.Analysis and design of foundations and retaining structures[M].Meerut:Sarita Prakashan,1979.
[28]张正威,宋二祥,陈肇元.冲击波作用下桩基础高层剪力墙结构附建人防地下室倾覆机理分析[J].建筑结构学报,2008,29(1):129―138.Zhang Zhengwei,Song Erxiang,Chen Zhaoyuan.Overturning response of basement attached to high rise buildings with foundation under blast loading[J].Journal of Building Structures,2008,29(1):129―138.(in Chinese)
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