汶川M_s8.0级地震成因三“层次”分析——基于深部电性结构
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摘要
2008年5月12日汶川M_s8级地震的发生不是局部地区孤立的构造事件,研究汉川地震的孕震机制,应该把局部分析和区域分析相结合,关注地壳上地慢直至地幔过渡带的深部结构.基于近年来在东北、华北和汶川地震附近地区进行的深部结构电磁探测结果,结合地震学等其他资料,从太平洋板块的俯冲、印度板块的碰撞和松潘甘孜地块的推挤三个"层次"探讨分析汶川特大地震的成因.太平洋板块向亚洲大陆的俯冲作用,导致中国大陆东部地幔过渡带深度较普遍地存在着停滞的板片,它对汶川地震的影响不可忽视.印度板块与青藏高原的碰撞,使组成高原的各地块发生向北和向东的运动,各地块向东的运动作用于南北地震带中南段,影响到该区域的地震活动.松潘甘孜地块向四川地块的推挤,使松潘甘孜地块运动方向和龙门山断裂带形成"丁"字形结构,龙门山断裂带显示为较陡直的电性边界,加剧了汶川地震前的应力积累,可能是汶川地震发生的最直接的诱因.
Wenchuan earthquakes occurred on May 12, 2008 is not an independent tectonic event confined in a local regions. It is reasonable to study the deep structure of the crust, upper mantle and mantle transition zone combining between the local and regional observation data for understanding the preparation and development of Wenchuan earthquakes. The analysis on Wenchuan earthquake generation in this paper is on basis of electromagnetic measurement data obtained recent years with considering the other data e. g. ,seismic data, which are relative to three level of tectonic movements, Pacific plate subduction and penetration, collision of India plate with Tibet plateau and pressure of Songpan-Garze block upon Sichuan block. The stagnant slabs formed by Pacific plate subduction exist generally in the mantle transition zones under eastern China continent of North-South seismic belts, which can not be ignored when the generation of Wenchuan earthquakes are investigated. Both northward and eastward movements of different blocks in the Tibet caused by collision of India plate appear. Their eastward movements act on the eastern margin of Tibet i. e. , mid- and south- sections of North-South seismic belt and affect the shocks occurred there including Wenchuan earthquakes. The southeast-east direction along which Songpan-Garze block moves is approximately normal to Longmenshan faults and formed a T-geometry structure by both of them. The Longmenshan faults are represented by a large steep electric boundary in the resistivity profile. This kind of pattern of deep structure is prone to accumulate the stress before Wenchuan earthquakes and is a direct factor for generation of the earthquakes.
Wenchuan earthquakes occurred on May 12, 2008 is not an independent tectonic event confined in a local regions. It is reasonable to study the deep structure of the crust, upper mantle and mantle transition zone combining between the local and regional observation data for understanding the preparation and development of Wenchuan earthquakes. The analysis on Wenchuan earthquake generation in this paper is on basis of electromagnetic measurement data obtained recent years with considering the other data e. g. ,seismic data, which are relative to three level of tectonic movements, Pacific plate subduction and penetration, collision of India plate with Tibet plateau and pressure of Songpan-Garze block upon Sichuan block. The stagnant slabs formed by Pacific plate subduction exist generally in the mantle transition zones under eastern China continent of North-South seismic belts, which can not be ignored when the generation of Wenchuan earthquakes are investigated. Both northward and eastward movements of different blocks in the Tibet caused by collision of India plate appear. Their eastward movements act on the eastern margin of Tibet i. e. , mid- and south- sections of North-South seismic belt and affect the shocks occurred there including Wenchuan earthquakes. The southeast-east direction along which Songpan-Garze block moves is approximately normal to Longmenshan faults and formed a T-geometry structure by both of them. The Longmenshan faults are represented by a large steep electric boundary in the resistivity profile. This kind of pattern of deep structure is prone to accumulate the stress before Wenchuan earthquakes and is a direct factor for generation of the earthquakes.
引文
1) 张永仙.个人交流,2008
2) 张培震.个人交流,2003
3) 裴顺平.个人交流,2008
4) 张培震.个人交流,2009
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2) 张培震.个人交流,2003
3) 裴顺平.个人交流,2008
4) 张培震.个人交流,2009
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[2] 冉勇康,陈立春,陈桂华等.汶川M_s8． 0地震发震断裂大地震原地重复现象初析.地震地质,2008,30(3) :630-643 Ran Y K,Chen L C, Chen G H, et al. Primary analysis of in situ recurrence of large earthquake along seismogenic fault of the M_s8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2008, 30(3) :630-643
[3] 徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川M_s8． 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :597-629 Xu X W, Wen X Z, Ye J Q, et al. The M_s8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2008, 30(3) :597-629
[4] 张培震.中国地震灾害与防震减灾.地震地质,2008,30(3) :577-583 Zhang P Z. Earthquake disaster and its reduction in China. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2008, 30(3) :577-583
[5] Huang Q H. Seismicity changes prior to the M_s8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, China. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 2008, 35,L23308, doi:10． 1029/2008GL036270
[6] Huang Q. Geophysical measurements associated with the M_s8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, China, Eos Trans. AGU,89(53) , Fall Meet. Suppl. , Abstract, 2008, S52A-02 (INVITED)
[7] Qian F, Zgao B, Zhao G, et al. Geoelectric observations before 2008 Sichuan Earthquake. Extended Abstract 19th EM Workshop Beijing, China, October 23-29, 2008,S3_ E01, http://10． 3． 14． 147/Absiracts_VoLl. pdf
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[9] 张永仙,王慧敏,王林瑛等.华北、东北片区2009年度地震趋势预测研究.见:中国地震台网中心,中国地震趋势预测研究.北京:地震出版社,2008． 326-366 Zhang Y X, Wang H M, Wang L Y, et al. Investigation of earthquake development tendency of North China and Northeast China for 2009． In:China Network Center of Earthquake Stations, Investigation of Earthquake Development Tendency of China (in Chinese). Beijing: Seismological Press, 2008． 326-366
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[11] 邓起东.关于四川汶川8． 0级地震的思考.地震地质,2008,30(4) :811-827 Deng Q D, Some thoughts on the M_s8． 0 Wenchuan Sichuan earthquake. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2008, 30 (4) :811-827
[12] 中国地震台网中心.中国地震趋势预测研究.北京:地震出版社,2008 China Network Center of Earthquake Stations. Investigation of Earthquake Development Tendency of China (in Chinese). Beijing:Seismological Press, 2008
[13] Zhao G. Three conditions in generating strong Wenchuan earthquake M_s8． 0 inferred from MT data. Short Abstract 19th Workshop Beijing, China, October 23-29, 2008, S3_ S08, http://10． 3． 14． 147/ Abstracts _Vol_l. pdf
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[15] 闻学泽,易桂喜.川滇地区地震活动统计单元的新划分.地震研究,2003,26(增刊):1-9 Wen X Z, Yi G X. Re-zoning of statistic units of seismicity in Sichuan-Yunnan region. J Seismological Research ( in Chinese), 2003, 26(Suppl.):1-9
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[17] van der Hilst R D, Engdahl R, Sparkman W, Nolet G. Tomographic imaging of subducted lithosphere below northwest Pacific island arc. Nature,1991 ,353:37-43
[18] Fukao Y, Obayashi M, Inoue H, Nenbai M. Subducting slabs stagnant in the mantle transition zone. J.Geophys. Res. , 1992, 97:4809-4822
[19] Tajima F, Katayama I, Nakagawa T. Variable seismic structure near the 660 km discontinuity associated with stagnant slabs and geochemical implications. Phys. Earth Planet. In. ,2008, doi: 10． 1016/j. pepi. 2008． 09． 013
[20] Yamada A,Zhao D. Mapping the 660 km discontinuity under Japan island using mantle reflected waves. Earth Science Frontiers,2007,14(3) :47-56
[21] Ichiki M, Baba K, Obayashi M, Utada Hisashi. Water content and geotherm in the upper mantle above the stagnant slab:Interpretation of electrical conductivity and seismic P-wave velocity models. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 2006,155:1-15
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