特征地震现象和机制分析
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摘要
本文介绍了断层活动的一种重要现象——特征地震现象.特征地震是指某些断层长期活动过程中,重复发生的多次大地震往往表现出相似的破裂长度、位错分布、和震级大小,而有些活动断层在多次地震中表现出局部的相似.对断层地震活动的统计分析中,有两种模型,一种就是为大家熟知的G-R经验公式,还有一种就是特征地震模型.到底哪一种模型能够代表断层的活动,用哪一种模型进行地震危险性分析较为合理?南加州断层历史地震的统计资料和一些数值模拟分析的结果表明对于一条成熟的单个断层,用特征地震模型进行解释是更为合理的,而对包含多条断层的较为广阔的地域,断层活动应该仍用G-R公式进行分析.文章的后面对特征地震的机制进行了分析,特别地,我们认为断层的位错分布主要是由断层破裂面处地震前后的应力降决定的.所以对成熟断层而言,断层上发生的多次重复地震由于地震孕育的条件相似,导致断层活动中表现出特征地震这种现象.
An important phenomenon -"characteristic earthquake" on active faults is introduced.In the long history of some active faults,the repetition earthquakes often show analogous magnitude,analogous dislocation distribution and analogous ruptures,which are named characteristic earthquakes.Some active faults show local characteristic earthquakes.In the statistics of historical earthquakes of active fault there are two models.Which model is more reasonable:G-R relationship model or characteristic earthquake model? The statistical data of historical earthquakes on the South California faults and some numerical simulation show that the characteristic earthquake model is suitable for a single mature fault,the G-R relationship is suitable for a wide area which consists of many faults.In the end of the paper,we analyse the mechanism of the characteristic earthquake.Earthquake dislocation is determined by the stress drop on the fault rupture plane mostly.So for mature active faults,because of same conditions for the repeat earthquakes pregnancies,active faults often show these characteristic earthquakes.
An important phenomenon -"characteristic earthquake" on active faults is introduced.In the long history of some active faults,the repetition earthquakes often show analogous magnitude,analogous dislocation distribution and analogous ruptures,which are named characteristic earthquakes.Some active faults show local characteristic earthquakes.In the statistics of historical earthquakes of active fault there are two models.Which model is more reasonable:G-R relationship model or characteristic earthquake model? The statistical data of historical earthquakes on the South California faults and some numerical simulation show that the characteristic earthquake model is suitable for a single mature fault,the G-R relationship is suitable for a wide area which consists of many faults.In the end of the paper,we analyse the mechanism of the characteristic earthquake.Earthquake dislocation is determined by the stress drop on the fault rupture plane mostly.So for mature active faults,because of same conditions for the repeat earthquakes pregnancies,active faults often show these characteristic earthquakes.
引文
[1] 茂木清夫,日本的地震预报.庄灿涛等译[M].北京:地震出版社,1986． Mogi K.Earthquake Prediction in Japan(in Chinese).Trans.By Zhuang C T,et al.Beijing:Seismological Press[M].1986．
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[4] Kagan Y Y,Knopoff L.Statistical short-term earthquake prediction[J].Science,1987,236,1563～1567．
[5] Bak P C.Tang,Wiesenfeld K.Self-organized criticality[J].Phys.Rev,1988A,38,364～374．
[6] Bak P,Tang C.Earthquakes as a self-organized critical phenomenon[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1989,94,15635～15637．
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[11] Sieh K.Lateral offsets and revised dates of large prehistoric earthquakes at Pallett Creek,Southern California[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1984,83:3907～3939．
[12] Sieh K.The repetition of large-earthquake ruptures[J].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,1996,93:3764～3771．
[13] Lindvall S,Rockwell T,Hudnut K.Evidence for prehistoric earthquakes on the superstition hills fault form offset geomorphic features[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1989,79:342～361．
[14] Trifunac M D,Brune J N.Complexity of energy release during the imperial valley[J].California,earthquake of 1940,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1970,60:137～160．
[15] Sharp R V.Surface displacement on the Imperial and Superstition Hills faults triggered by the Westmorland,California,earthquake of 26 April 1981[J].U.S.Geol.Surv.Prof.Pap.,1982,1254,213～221．
[16] Aki K.Asperities,barriers,characteristic earthquakes and strong motion prediction[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89:5867～5872．
[17] Scholz C H.The mechanics of earthquakes and faulting[M].Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,1990．
[18] Thomas A,Rockwell T J.A 300-to 550-year history of slip on the Imperial fault near the U.S.-Mexico border:Missing slip at the Imperial fault bottleneck[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1996,101:5987～5997．
[19] Li H B,Van der Woerd J,Tapponnier P,et al.Slip rate on the Kunlun fault at Hongshui Gou,and recurrence time of great events comparable to the 14/11/2001,M_w7． 9 Kokoxili earthquake[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2005,237:285～299．
[20] Berryman K,Beanland S,Copper A,Cutten H,Norris R,Wood P.[J].Ann.Tecton,1992,6:126～163．
[21] Raub M L,Cutten H N C,Hull A G.Seimoteetonic hazard analysis of the mohaka fault north island[J].New Zealand,1987,3:219～230．
[22] Berryman K,Beanland S.Variation in fault behaviour in different tectonic provinces of New Zealand[J].J.Struct.Geol.,1991,13:177～189．
[23] Zhao G.Quaternary faulting in north Qinghai-tibet plateau,continental dynamics[J].vol.1,Institute of Geology,Belling,1996,30～37．
[24] J.Van der Woerd,Tapponnier P,Ryerson F J,et al.Uniform post-glacial slip-rate along the central 600 km of the Kunlun Fault(Tibet),from ~(26) Al,~(10) Be and ~(14) C dating of riser offsets,and climatic origin of the regional morphology[J].Geophys.J.Int,2002,148:356～388．
[25] Tapponnier P,Ryerson F J,J.Van der Woerd,et al.Long- term slip rates and characteristic slip:keys to active fault behaviourand earthquake hazard[J].C.R.Acad.Sci.,2001,333:483～494．
[26] Rundle J.A physical model for earthquakes 2． application to southern california[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1988,93:6255～627．
[27] Stuart W D.Forecast model for large and Great earthquakes in Southern California[J].J.Geophys.Res,1986,91:13771～13786．
[28] Wald D J,Heaton T H.Spatial and temproal distribution of slip for the 1992 Landers,California,Earthquake[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1994,84:668～691．
[29] Rice J R.Spatio-temporal complexity of slip on a fault[J].J.Geophys.R.,1993,98:9885～9907．
[30] Rice J R,Ben-zion Y.Slip complexity in earthquake fault models[J].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,1996,93:3811～3818．
[31] en-Zion Y.Stress,slip,and earthquakes in models of complex single-fault systems incorporating brittle and creep deformations[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1996,5677～5706．
[32] 薛霆虓,傅容珊,林峰.几何弯曲断层活动性的模拟[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(10) :2509～2518． Xue T X,Fu R S,Lin F.The simulation of activities of bend fault[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(10) :2509～2518．
[33] Kostrov B V.Unsteady propagations of longitudinal shear cracks[J].Prikl.Mat.i Mek.,30(English transl.),1966．
[34] 薛霆虓,断层活动性数值模拟和地震学类比[D].博士论文,2008,中国科学技术大学.Xue T X,Numerical simulations of activities of fault and study of seismology[D].Dissertation for Ph.D.of Solid Geophysics,2008,USTC.
[35] 定量地震学[M].下册,安艺敬一,北京:地震出版社.Quantitative seismology[M].Beijing:Aki and Richards,Seismological Press.
[36] Zhang H M,Chen X F.Dynamic rupture on a planar fault in 3D half space-I[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2006,164:633～652．
[2] Gutenberg B,Richter C F.Magnitude and energy of earthquakes[J].Ann.Geofis.,9,1,1956．
[3] Mandelbrot B.The fractal geometry of nature,W.H. Freeman[M].New York,1982．
[4] Kagan Y Y,Knopoff L.Statistical short-term earthquake prediction[J].Science,1987,236,1563～1567．
[5] Bak P C.Tang,Wiesenfeld K.Self-organized criticality[J].Phys.Rev,1988A,38,364～374．
[6] Bak P,Tang C.Earthquakes as a self-organized critical phenomenon[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1989,94,15635～15637．
[7] 李全林,等.地震频度-震级关系的时空扫描[M].北京:地震出版社,1979． Li Q L,et al.Time-space scanning of seismic frequencymagnitude relation(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1979．
[8] 孙文富,顾浩鼎.具有独立过程的地震序列震级-频度分布[J].地震学报,1992,(3) :273～280． Sun W F,Gu H D.The seismic frequency-magnitude distribution of independent process[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1992,(3) :273～280．
[9] Wesnousky S G.The gutenberg-richter or characteristic earthquke distribution[J].Bull Seism.Soc.Am.,1994,84(6) :1940～1959．
[10] Schwartz D P,Coppersmith K J.Fault behavior and characteristic earthquakes:examples from the Wasatch and San Andreas Fault zones[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89,5981～5698．
[11] Sieh K.Lateral offsets and revised dates of large prehistoric earthquakes at Pallett Creek,Southern California[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1984,83:3907～3939．
[12] Sieh K.The repetition of large-earthquake ruptures[J].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,1996,93:3764～3771．
[13] Lindvall S,Rockwell T,Hudnut K.Evidence for prehistoric earthquakes on the superstition hills fault form offset geomorphic features[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1989,79:342～361．
[14] Trifunac M D,Brune J N.Complexity of energy release during the imperial valley[J].California,earthquake of 1940,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1970,60:137～160．
[15] Sharp R V.Surface displacement on the Imperial and Superstition Hills faults triggered by the Westmorland,California,earthquake of 26 April 1981[J].U.S.Geol.Surv.Prof.Pap.,1982,1254,213～221．
[16] Aki K.Asperities,barriers,characteristic earthquakes and strong motion prediction[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89:5867～5872．
[17] Scholz C H.The mechanics of earthquakes and faulting[M].Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,1990．
[18] Thomas A,Rockwell T J.A 300-to 550-year history of slip on the Imperial fault near the U.S.-Mexico border:Missing slip at the Imperial fault bottleneck[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1996,101:5987～5997．
[19] Li H B,Van der Woerd J,Tapponnier P,et al.Slip rate on the Kunlun fault at Hongshui Gou,and recurrence time of great events comparable to the 14/11/2001,M_w7． 9 Kokoxili earthquake[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2005,237:285～299．
[20] Berryman K,Beanland S,Copper A,Cutten H,Norris R,Wood P.[J].Ann.Tecton,1992,6:126～163．
[21] Raub M L,Cutten H N C,Hull A G.Seimoteetonic hazard analysis of the mohaka fault north island[J].New Zealand,1987,3:219～230．
[22] Berryman K,Beanland S.Variation in fault behaviour in different tectonic provinces of New Zealand[J].J.Struct.Geol.,1991,13:177～189．
[23] Zhao G.Quaternary faulting in north Qinghai-tibet plateau,continental dynamics[J].vol.1,Institute of Geology,Belling,1996,30～37．
[24] J.Van der Woerd,Tapponnier P,Ryerson F J,et al.Uniform post-glacial slip-rate along the central 600 km of the Kunlun Fault(Tibet),from ~(26) Al,~(10) Be and ~(14) C dating of riser offsets,and climatic origin of the regional morphology[J].Geophys.J.Int,2002,148:356～388．
[25] Tapponnier P,Ryerson F J,J.Van der Woerd,et al.Long- term slip rates and characteristic slip:keys to active fault behaviourand earthquake hazard[J].C.R.Acad.Sci.,2001,333:483～494．
[26] Rundle J.A physical model for earthquakes 2． application to southern california[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1988,93:6255～627．
[27] Stuart W D.Forecast model for large and Great earthquakes in Southern California[J].J.Geophys.Res,1986,91:13771～13786．
[28] Wald D J,Heaton T H.Spatial and temproal distribution of slip for the 1992 Landers,California,Earthquake[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1994,84:668～691．
[29] Rice J R.Spatio-temporal complexity of slip on a fault[J].J.Geophys.R.,1993,98:9885～9907．
[30] Rice J R,Ben-zion Y.Slip complexity in earthquake fault models[J].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,1996,93:3811～3818．
[31] en-Zion Y.Stress,slip,and earthquakes in models of complex single-fault systems incorporating brittle and creep deformations[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1996,5677～5706．
[32] 薛霆虓,傅容珊,林峰.几何弯曲断层活动性的模拟[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(10) :2509～2518． Xue T X,Fu R S,Lin F.The simulation of activities of bend fault[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(10) :2509～2518．
[33] Kostrov B V.Unsteady propagations of longitudinal shear cracks[J].Prikl.Mat.i Mek.,30(English transl.),1966．
[34] 薛霆虓,断层活动性数值模拟和地震学类比[D].博士论文,2008,中国科学技术大学.Xue T X,Numerical simulations of activities of fault and study of seismology[D].Dissertation for Ph.D.of Solid Geophysics,2008,USTC.
[35] 定量地震学[M].下册,安艺敬一,北京:地震出版社.Quantitative seismology[M].Beijing:Aki and Richards,Seismological Press.
[36] Zhang H M,Chen X F.Dynamic rupture on a planar fault in 3D half space-I[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2006,164:633～652．
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