首都圈地区“重复地震”及其在区域地震台网定位精度评价中的应用
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摘要
根据Schaff和Richards[1]对"重复地震"的定义,利用波形相关识别出首都圈地区2002～2006年发生的"重复地震事件".对宽频带/甚宽带和短周期记录,分别采用0.5～5.0Hz、1.0～5.0Hz带通滤波,识别出859例"重复地震"事件,占总数约24%.假定"重复地震对"间的距离小于1km,地震台网测得的两个地震之间的距离系台网定位误差所致,而相应的震相走时差为人工拾取误差,给出了首都圈数字地震台网的定位精度估计.结果显示观测条件较好的首都圈东北部地区平均定位精度约为5km;西南部地区约为13km,是观测条件有待改善地区.
Location capability and its spatial distribution of the Beijing Capital Digital Seismograph Network were estimated using 'repeating earthquakes' or 'earthquake doublets' from 2002 to 2006.Taking the definition of waveform correlation by Schaff and Richards[1],it is assumed that the 'repeating events' or 'doublets' are separated by no more than 1km,the network-measured apparent distances of 'doublets' indicates the order of magnitudes of the location error,and the difference of travel times between the 'repeating events' indicates the error of phase picking.Waveforms of 0.5~5.0 Hz band-pass filtered BB/VBB recordings and 1.0~5.0 Hz band-pass filtered SP recordings are cross-correlated,recognizing 859 'repeaters',being 24% of the whole events.It is observed that the average accuracy of the routine location by the Beijing Capital Digital Seismograph Network is of the order of magnitudes of 5km in the northern part where seismic observational condition is better,and of 13km in the south and west part where seismic observational condition is to be improved.
Location capability and its spatial distribution of the Beijing Capital Digital Seismograph Network were estimated using 'repeating earthquakes' or 'earthquake doublets' from 2002 to 2006.Taking the definition of waveform correlation by Schaff and Richards[1],it is assumed that the 'repeating events' or 'doublets' are separated by no more than 1km,the network-measured apparent distances of 'doublets' indicates the order of magnitudes of the location error,and the difference of travel times between the 'repeating events' indicates the error of phase picking.Waveforms of 0.5~5.0 Hz band-pass filtered BB/VBB recordings and 1.0~5.0 Hz band-pass filtered SP recordings are cross-correlated,recognizing 859 'repeaters',being 24% of the whole events.It is observed that the average accuracy of the routine location by the Beijing Capital Digital Seismograph Network is of the order of magnitudes of 5km in the northern part where seismic observational condition is better,and of 13km in the south and west part where seismic observational condition is to be improved.
引文
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[2]刘瑞丰,吴忠良,阴朝民等.中国地震台网数字化改造的进展,地震学报,2003,25(5):535～540Liu R F,Wu Z L,Yin C M,et al.Development of China digital seismological observational systems.Acta Seismologica Sinica,2003,16(5):568～573
[3]Lienert B R.Assessment of earthquake location accuracy and confidence region estimates using known nuclear tests.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1997,87(5):1150～1157
[4]郭飙,刘启元,陈九辉等.首都圈数字地震台网的微震定位实验.地震地质,2002,24(3):453～260Guo B,Liu Q Y,Chen J H,et al.Test of epicenter determination of microearthquakes recorded by the digital seismic networkin capital circle.Seismologyand Geology(in Chinese),2002,24(3):453～260
[5]Wuester J,Riviere F,Crusem R,et al.GSETT-3:Eval-uation of the detection and location capabilities of an experimental global seismic monitoring system.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2000,90(1):166～186
[6]孟玉梅,赵永,王斌.中国地震观测台网地震速报定位偏差的分析.地震,2001,21(3):65～69Meng Y M,Zhao Y,Wang B.Analysis on deviation of rapid location by China Seismic Observational Network.Earthquake(in Chinese),2001,21(3):65～69
[7]Rabinowitz N,Steinberg D M.Optimal configuration of a seismographic network:a statistical approach.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1990,80(1):187～196
[8]Doufexopoulou M,Korakitis R.Resolution analysis of sei-smic networks.Phys.Earth.Planet.Interi.,1992,75(1-3):121～129
[9]Bartal Y,Somer Z,Leonard G,et al.Optimal seismic networks in Israel in the context of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2000,90(1):151～165
[10]Rubin A M.Using repeating earthquakes to correct high-precision earthquake catalogs for time-dependent station delays.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2002,92(5):1647～1659
[11]蒋长胜,吴忠良.由“重复地震”给出的中国地震台网的定位精度估计.中国地震,2005,21(2):147～154Jiang C S,Wu Z L.Location accuracy of the China National Seismograph Network estimated by repeating events.Earthquake Researchin China(in Chinese),2006,20(1):67～74
[12]Poupinet G,Ellsworth WL,Fréchet J.Monitoring velocity variations in the crust using earthquake doublets:an application to the Calaveras fault,California.J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89(B7):5719～5731
[13]Ito A.High resolution relative hypocenters of similar ear-thquakes by cross spectral analysis method.J.Phys.Earth,1985,33(4):279～294
[14]Frémont MJ,Malone S D.High precision relative locations of earthquakes at Mount St.Helens,Washington.J.Geophys.Res.,1987,92(B10):10233～10236
[15]Deichmann N,Garcia-Fernandez M.Rupture geometry from high-precision relative hypocentre locations of microearthquake ruptures.Geophys.J.Int.,1992,110(3):501～517
[16]Got J L,Frechet J,Klein F W.Deep fault plane geometry inferred from multiplet relative relocation beneath the south flank of Kilauea.J.Geophys.Res.,1994,99(B8):15375～15386
[17]Dodge D A,Beroza G C,Ellsworth W L.Foreshock sequ-ence of the1992Landers,California earthquake and its implications for earthquake nucleation.J.Geophys.Res.,1995,100(B6):9865～9880
[18]Nadeau R M,Foxall W,McEvilly T V.Clustering and periodic recurrence of microseismicities on the San Andreas fault at Parkfield,California.Science,1995,267:503～507
[19]Shearer P M.Improving local earthquake locations using the L1norm and waveform cross correlation:application to the Whittier Narrows,California,aftershock sequence.J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102(B4):8269～8283
[20]Lees J M.Multiplet analysis at Coso geothermal.Bull.Seis.Soc.Amer.,1998,88(5):1127～1143
[21]Phillips W S.Precise microearthquake locations and fluid flow in the geothermal reservoir at Soultz-sous-Forêts,France.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2000,90(1):212～228
[22]Moriya H,Niitsuma H,Baria R.Multiplet-clustering anal-ysis reveals structural details within the seismic cloud at the Soultz Geothermal Field,France.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2003,93(4):1606～1620
[23]Rubin A M,Gillard D,Got J L.Streaks of microearthquakes along creeping faults.Nature,1999,400:635～641
[24]Schaff D P,Bokel mann G H R,Beroza G C,et al.High resolutionimage of Calaveras Fault seismicity.J.Geophys.Res.,2002,107(B9):2186,doi:10.1029/2001JB000633
[25]Schaff D P,Waldhauser F.Waveformcross-correlation-based differential travel-time measurements at the Northern California Seismic Network.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2005,95(6):2446～2461
[26]Menke W,Lerner-Lam A L,Dobendorff B,et al.Polar-ization and coherence of5to30Hz seismic wave fields at a hard-rock site and their relevance to velocity heterogeneities in the crust.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1990,80(2):430～449
[27]Hough S E,Field E H.Onthe coherence of ground motionin the San Fernad Valley.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1996,86(6):1724～1732
[28]Nakahara H.Correlation distance of waveforms for closely located events-I.Implication of the heterogeneous structure around the source region of the1995Hyogo-Ken Nanbu,Japan,earthquake(Mw=6.9).Geophys.J.Int.,2004,157(3):1255～1268
[29]Vidale J E,Ellsworth W L,Cole A,et al.Variations in rupture process with recurrence interval in a repeated small earthquake.Nature,1994,368:624～626
[30]Schaff D P,Beroza G C,Shaw B E.Postseismic response of repeating aftershocks.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1998,25(24):4549～4552
[31]Wiens D A,Snider N O.Repeating deep earthquakes:evid-ence for fault reactivation at great depth.Science,2001,293:1463～1466
[32]Igarashi T,Matsuzawa T,Hasegawa T.Repeating earth-quakes andinterpolate aseismic slipin the northeastern Japan subduction zone.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(B5):2249,doi:10.1029/2002JB001920
[33]Nakamura A,Hasegawa A,Hirata N,et al.Temporal variations of seismic wave velocity associated with1998M6.1Shizukuishi earthquake.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2002,159(6):1183～1204
[34]Niu F,Silver P G,Nadeau R M,et al.Migration of seismic scatterers associated with the1993Parkfield aseismic transient event.Nature,2003,426:544～548
[35]Snieder R,Hagerty M.Monitoring change in volcanic inter-iors using coda wave interferometry:application to Arenal Volcano,Costa Rica.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2004,31:L09608,doi:10.1029/2004GL019670
[36]Grêt A,Snieder R.Monitoring rapid temporal change in a volcano with coda wave interferometry.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2005,32:L06304,doi:10.1029/2004GL021143
[37]Pandolfi D,Bean C J,Saccorott G.Coda wave interfer-ometric detection of seismic velocity changes associated with the1999M=3.6event at Mt.Vesuvius.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,33:L06306,doi:10.1029/2005GL025355
[38]林建民,王宝善,葛洪魁等.重复地震及其在人工探测中的潜在应用.中国地震,2006,22(1):1～9Lin J M,Wang B S,Ge H K,et al.Doublet andits potential application in active exploration.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2006,22(1):1～9
[39]Nadeau R M,McEvilly T V.Seismological studies at Parkfield V:Characteristic microearthquake sequences as fault-zone drilling targets.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1997,87(6):1463～1472
[40]Nadeau R M,Johnson L R.Seismological studies at Parkfield VI:Moment release rates and estimates of source parameters for small repeating earthquakes.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1998,88(3):790～814
[41]Lin C H.Repeatedforeshock sequencesin the thrust faulting environment of eastern Tai wan.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2004,31:L13601,doi:10.1029/2004GL019833
[42]李雪英,陈立强,赵英萍等.首都圈数字遥测地震台网单台震级偏差研究.华北地震科学,2004,22(3):33～39Li X Y,Chen L Q,Zhao Y P,et al.Study on the magnitude deviation of single station in the digital telemetered seismic network of Capital Area.North China Earthquake Sciences(in Chinese),2004,22(3):33～39
[43]邓起东,张培震,冉勇康等.中国活动构造与地震活动.地学前缘,2003,10(S1):66～73Deng Q D,Zhang P Z,Ran Y K,et al.Active tectonics and earthquake activities in China.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),2003,10(S1):66～73
[44]Bath M.Spectral Analysis in Geophysics.Amsterdam:Els-evier Scientific Publishing Company,1974,87～94
[45]Geller R J,Mueller C S.Four similar earthquake in central California.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1980,7(10):821～824
[2]刘瑞丰,吴忠良,阴朝民等.中国地震台网数字化改造的进展,地震学报,2003,25(5):535～540Liu R F,Wu Z L,Yin C M,et al.Development of China digital seismological observational systems.Acta Seismologica Sinica,2003,16(5):568～573
[3]Lienert B R.Assessment of earthquake location accuracy and confidence region estimates using known nuclear tests.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1997,87(5):1150～1157
[4]郭飙,刘启元,陈九辉等.首都圈数字地震台网的微震定位实验.地震地质,2002,24(3):453～260Guo B,Liu Q Y,Chen J H,et al.Test of epicenter determination of microearthquakes recorded by the digital seismic networkin capital circle.Seismologyand Geology(in Chinese),2002,24(3):453～260
[5]Wuester J,Riviere F,Crusem R,et al.GSETT-3:Eval-uation of the detection and location capabilities of an experimental global seismic monitoring system.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2000,90(1):166～186
[6]孟玉梅,赵永,王斌.中国地震观测台网地震速报定位偏差的分析.地震,2001,21(3):65～69Meng Y M,Zhao Y,Wang B.Analysis on deviation of rapid location by China Seismic Observational Network.Earthquake(in Chinese),2001,21(3):65～69
[7]Rabinowitz N,Steinberg D M.Optimal configuration of a seismographic network:a statistical approach.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1990,80(1):187～196
[8]Doufexopoulou M,Korakitis R.Resolution analysis of sei-smic networks.Phys.Earth.Planet.Interi.,1992,75(1-3):121～129
[9]Bartal Y,Somer Z,Leonard G,et al.Optimal seismic networks in Israel in the context of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2000,90(1):151～165
[10]Rubin A M.Using repeating earthquakes to correct high-precision earthquake catalogs for time-dependent station delays.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2002,92(5):1647～1659
[11]蒋长胜,吴忠良.由“重复地震”给出的中国地震台网的定位精度估计.中国地震,2005,21(2):147～154Jiang C S,Wu Z L.Location accuracy of the China National Seismograph Network estimated by repeating events.Earthquake Researchin China(in Chinese),2006,20(1):67～74
[12]Poupinet G,Ellsworth WL,Fréchet J.Monitoring velocity variations in the crust using earthquake doublets:an application to the Calaveras fault,California.J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89(B7):5719～5731
[13]Ito A.High resolution relative hypocenters of similar ear-thquakes by cross spectral analysis method.J.Phys.Earth,1985,33(4):279～294
[14]Frémont MJ,Malone S D.High precision relative locations of earthquakes at Mount St.Helens,Washington.J.Geophys.Res.,1987,92(B10):10233～10236
[15]Deichmann N,Garcia-Fernandez M.Rupture geometry from high-precision relative hypocentre locations of microearthquake ruptures.Geophys.J.Int.,1992,110(3):501～517
[16]Got J L,Frechet J,Klein F W.Deep fault plane geometry inferred from multiplet relative relocation beneath the south flank of Kilauea.J.Geophys.Res.,1994,99(B8):15375～15386
[17]Dodge D A,Beroza G C,Ellsworth W L.Foreshock sequ-ence of the1992Landers,California earthquake and its implications for earthquake nucleation.J.Geophys.Res.,1995,100(B6):9865～9880
[18]Nadeau R M,Foxall W,McEvilly T V.Clustering and periodic recurrence of microseismicities on the San Andreas fault at Parkfield,California.Science,1995,267:503～507
[19]Shearer P M.Improving local earthquake locations using the L1norm and waveform cross correlation:application to the Whittier Narrows,California,aftershock sequence.J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102(B4):8269～8283
[20]Lees J M.Multiplet analysis at Coso geothermal.Bull.Seis.Soc.Amer.,1998,88(5):1127～1143
[21]Phillips W S.Precise microearthquake locations and fluid flow in the geothermal reservoir at Soultz-sous-Forêts,France.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2000,90(1):212～228
[22]Moriya H,Niitsuma H,Baria R.Multiplet-clustering anal-ysis reveals structural details within the seismic cloud at the Soultz Geothermal Field,France.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2003,93(4):1606～1620
[23]Rubin A M,Gillard D,Got J L.Streaks of microearthquakes along creeping faults.Nature,1999,400:635～641
[24]Schaff D P,Bokel mann G H R,Beroza G C,et al.High resolutionimage of Calaveras Fault seismicity.J.Geophys.Res.,2002,107(B9):2186,doi:10.1029/2001JB000633
[25]Schaff D P,Waldhauser F.Waveformcross-correlation-based differential travel-time measurements at the Northern California Seismic Network.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2005,95(6):2446～2461
[26]Menke W,Lerner-Lam A L,Dobendorff B,et al.Polar-ization and coherence of5to30Hz seismic wave fields at a hard-rock site and their relevance to velocity heterogeneities in the crust.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1990,80(2):430～449
[27]Hough S E,Field E H.Onthe coherence of ground motionin the San Fernad Valley.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1996,86(6):1724～1732
[28]Nakahara H.Correlation distance of waveforms for closely located events-I.Implication of the heterogeneous structure around the source region of the1995Hyogo-Ken Nanbu,Japan,earthquake(Mw=6.9).Geophys.J.Int.,2004,157(3):1255～1268
[29]Vidale J E,Ellsworth W L,Cole A,et al.Variations in rupture process with recurrence interval in a repeated small earthquake.Nature,1994,368:624～626
[30]Schaff D P,Beroza G C,Shaw B E.Postseismic response of repeating aftershocks.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1998,25(24):4549～4552
[31]Wiens D A,Snider N O.Repeating deep earthquakes:evid-ence for fault reactivation at great depth.Science,2001,293:1463～1466
[32]Igarashi T,Matsuzawa T,Hasegawa T.Repeating earth-quakes andinterpolate aseismic slipin the northeastern Japan subduction zone.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(B5):2249,doi:10.1029/2002JB001920
[33]Nakamura A,Hasegawa A,Hirata N,et al.Temporal variations of seismic wave velocity associated with1998M6.1Shizukuishi earthquake.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2002,159(6):1183～1204
[34]Niu F,Silver P G,Nadeau R M,et al.Migration of seismic scatterers associated with the1993Parkfield aseismic transient event.Nature,2003,426:544～548
[35]Snieder R,Hagerty M.Monitoring change in volcanic inter-iors using coda wave interferometry:application to Arenal Volcano,Costa Rica.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2004,31:L09608,doi:10.1029/2004GL019670
[36]Grêt A,Snieder R.Monitoring rapid temporal change in a volcano with coda wave interferometry.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2005,32:L06304,doi:10.1029/2004GL021143
[37]Pandolfi D,Bean C J,Saccorott G.Coda wave interfer-ometric detection of seismic velocity changes associated with the1999M=3.6event at Mt.Vesuvius.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,33:L06306,doi:10.1029/2005GL025355
[38]林建民,王宝善,葛洪魁等.重复地震及其在人工探测中的潜在应用.中国地震,2006,22(1):1～9Lin J M,Wang B S,Ge H K,et al.Doublet andits potential application in active exploration.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2006,22(1):1～9
[39]Nadeau R M,McEvilly T V.Seismological studies at Parkfield V:Characteristic microearthquake sequences as fault-zone drilling targets.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1997,87(6):1463～1472
[40]Nadeau R M,Johnson L R.Seismological studies at Parkfield VI:Moment release rates and estimates of source parameters for small repeating earthquakes.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1998,88(3):790～814
[41]Lin C H.Repeatedforeshock sequencesin the thrust faulting environment of eastern Tai wan.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2004,31:L13601,doi:10.1029/2004GL019833
[42]李雪英,陈立强,赵英萍等.首都圈数字遥测地震台网单台震级偏差研究.华北地震科学,2004,22(3):33～39Li X Y,Chen L Q,Zhao Y P,et al.Study on the magnitude deviation of single station in the digital telemetered seismic network of Capital Area.North China Earthquake Sciences(in Chinese),2004,22(3):33～39
[43]邓起东,张培震,冉勇康等.中国活动构造与地震活动.地学前缘,2003,10(S1):66～73Deng Q D,Zhang P Z,Ran Y K,et al.Active tectonics and earthquake activities in China.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),2003,10(S1):66～73
[44]Bath M.Spectral Analysis in Geophysics.Amsterdam:Els-evier Scientific Publishing Company,1974,87～94
[45]Geller R J,Mueller C S.Four similar earthquake in central California.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1980,7(10):821～824
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