海洋中尺度涡与内波的地震图像
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摘要
海洋反射地震通常用于调查、研究海底地质构造,勘探油气与天然气水合物资源.近期研究表明多道反射地震方法也可以对水柱的热盐细结构成像.中尺度涡与内波是重要的物理海洋现象,但是常规的物理海洋调查是在间隔若干公里的离散测站上进行的,水平分辨率较低,因此对中尺度涡的结构与内波的横向分布了解较差.本文利用在大西洋东部、南海采集的地震数据给出了低频反射地震可以对中尺度涡与内波清晰成像的新的证据.反射地震方法较传统海洋观测手段,具有明显的优势,主要体现在高的水平分辨率和短时间内对整个海水剖面进行成像方面.从地震剖面上,能够清楚地观测到中尺度涡、内波造成的反射特征变化,从而有助于改进对能量在不同尺度的海水运动之间传递过程的认识.
Marine reflection seismics is usually used for imaging the seafloor geological structure and exploring hydrocarbon and gas hydrate resources. Recent researches have shown that multichannel seismic reflection method can also image the thermohaline fine structure in the water column. Meso-scale eddies and internal waves are important phenomena. Because conventional physical oceanographic measurements are carried out at discrete sites separated several kilometers with low lateral resolution, their lateral distribution is poorly known. This paper provides new evidence of clear seismic images of the meso-scale eddy in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and internal waves in the northeastern South China Sea. Compared with the traditional physical oceanographic methods, reflection seismology has several advantages, such as high lateral resolution and the ability of imaging a large ocean profile in short time. The change of reflection feature due to the meso-scale eddies and internal waves can be clearly imaged, which helps for better understanding of energy transfer among different scale process in the ocean.
Marine reflection seismics is usually used for imaging the seafloor geological structure and exploring hydrocarbon and gas hydrate resources. Recent researches have shown that multichannel seismic reflection method can also image the thermohaline fine structure in the water column. Meso-scale eddies and internal waves are important phenomena. Because conventional physical oceanographic measurements are carried out at discrete sites separated several kilometers with low lateral resolution, their lateral distribution is poorly known. This paper provides new evidence of clear seismic images of the meso-scale eddy in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and internal waves in the northeastern South China Sea. Compared with the traditional physical oceanographic methods, reflection seismology has several advantages, such as high lateral resolution and the ability of imaging a large ocean profile in short time. The change of reflection feature due to the meso-scale eddies and internal waves can be clearly imaged, which helps for better understanding of energy transfer among different scale process in the ocean.
引文
[1] 马在田.反射地震学的现在与将来.见:同济大学海洋地质与地球物理系编,反射地震学论文集.上海:同济大学出版社2000． 1-6 Ma Z T. The present and future of reflection seismology. In:Dept. of Marine Geol. and Geophys. (eds. ), Collection of papers on reflection seismology.Shanghai: Tongji Univ. Press,2000． 1-6
[2] Holbrook W S, Paramo P, Pearse S, et al. Thermohaline fine structure in an oceanographic front from seismic reflection profiling. Science, 2003, 301(8) : 821-824
[3] Nandi P, Holbrook W S, Pearse S, et al. Seismic reflection imaging of water mass boundaries in the Norwegian Sea. Geophys. Res.Lett., 2004, 31: L23321, doh 10． 1029/2004GL021325
[4] Ruddick B.Sounding out ocean fine structure.Science, 2003, 301:772-773
[5] Holbrook W S, Fer I. Ocean internal wave spectra inferred from seismic reflection transects.Geophys.Res.Lett. ,2005, 32:L15604, doi:10． 1029/2005GL023733
[6] Pinheiro L M, Song H B, Ruddick B, et al. Detailed 2-D imaging of the mediterranean outflow and meddies of W iberia from multichannel seismic data. Eos Trans AGU, 2006,87(36) :OS13I-02
[7] Nakamura Y, Noguchi T, Tsuji T, et al. Simultaneous seismic reflection and physical oceanographic observations of oceanic fine structure in the Kuroshio extension front. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 2006, 33: L23605, doi:10． 1029/2006GL027437
[8] Biescas B, Sallares, Pelegri J L, et al.Imaging meddy finestructure using multichannel seismic reflection data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2008, 35: L11609, doi: 10． 1029/2008GL033971
[9] Ruddick B, Song H B, Dong C Z, Pinheiro L. Water column seismic images as smoothed maps of temperature gradient. Oceanography, 2009, 22(1) :192-205
[10] McDowell S E, Rossby H T.Mediterranean water: an intense mesoscale eddy off the Bahamas. Science, 1978, 202:1085-1087
[11] Armi L, Stommel H. Four views of a portion of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 1983, 13: 828-857
[12] Arhan M, Colin De Verdiere A, Memery L. The eastern boundary of the subtropical North Atlantic.J.Phys. Oceanogr. , 1994, 24:1295-1316
[13] Richardson P L, Walsh D, Armi L, et al. Tracking three meddies with SOFAR floats. J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 1989,19:371-383
[14] Richardson P L, Bower A S, Zenk W. A census of Meddies tracked by floats. Progress in Oceanography,2000,45(2) : 209-250
[15] Hebert D. Estimates of salt finger fluxes. Deep-Sea Res, 1988, 35:1887-1901
[16] Ruddick B R, Hebert D. The Mixing of Meddy "Sharon". In:Small-Scale Turbulence and Mixing in the Ocean. Nihoul J C J, Jamart B M, eds. , Elsevier Science,1988． 249-262
[17] Armi L, Hebert D,Oakey N, et al. Two years in the life of a Mediterranean salt lens. J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 1989, 19:354-370
[18] 方欣华,杜涛.海洋内波基础和中国海内波.青岛:中国海洋大学出版社,2005 Fang X H, Du T. Fundamental of Oceanic Internal Waves and Internal Waves in the China Seas. Qingdao: China Ocean University Press, 2005
[19] Garrett C, Munk W. Space-time scales of internal waves. Geophys. Fluid Dyn. ,1972,3:225-264
[20] Garrett C, Munk W. Space-time scales of internal waves. Progress Report. J. Geophys. Res. , 1975,80(3) :291-297
[21] Katz E, Briscoe M G. Vertical coherence of the internal wave field from towed sensors. J. Phys. Oceanogr. ,1979, 9(3) : 518-530
[22] 宋海斌,吴时国,江为为.南海东北部973剖面BSR及其热流特征.地球物理学报,2007,50(5) :1508-1517 Song H B, Wu S G, Jiang W W. The characteristics of BSRs and their derived heat flow on the profile 973 in the northeastern South China Sea. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2007,50(5) :1508-1517
[23] 宋海斌,董崇志,陈林等.用反射地震方法研究物理海洋-地震海洋学简介.地球物理学进展,2008,23(4) :1156-1164 Song H B,Dong C Z, Chen L,et al. Reflection seismic methods for studying physical oceanography: introduction of seismic oceanography. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese) ,2008, 23(4) :1156-1164
[24] Pinheiro L M, Song H B, Ruddick B, et al. Detailed 2-D imaging of the Mediterranean Outflow and Meddies of W Iberia from Multichannel Seismic Data. J. Mar. Syst. ,2009,79(2010) :89-100,doi:10． 1016/j.jmarsys. 2009． 07． 004
[25] 董崇志,宋海斌,郝天珧等.南海东北部海洋内波的反射地震研究.地球物理学报2009,52(8) :2050-2055,DOI:10． 3969/j.issn.0001-5733． 2009． 08． 018 Dong C Z, Song H B, Hao T Y, et al. Studying of oceanic internal wave spectra in the Northeast South China Sea from seismic reflections,Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2009, 52(8) :2050-2055, DOI:10． 3969/j.issn. 0001-5733． 2009． 08． 013
[2] Holbrook W S, Paramo P, Pearse S, et al. Thermohaline fine structure in an oceanographic front from seismic reflection profiling. Science, 2003, 301(8) : 821-824
[3] Nandi P, Holbrook W S, Pearse S, et al. Seismic reflection imaging of water mass boundaries in the Norwegian Sea. Geophys. Res.Lett., 2004, 31: L23321, doh 10． 1029/2004GL021325
[4] Ruddick B.Sounding out ocean fine structure.Science, 2003, 301:772-773
[5] Holbrook W S, Fer I. Ocean internal wave spectra inferred from seismic reflection transects.Geophys.Res.Lett. ,2005, 32:L15604, doi:10． 1029/2005GL023733
[6] Pinheiro L M, Song H B, Ruddick B, et al. Detailed 2-D imaging of the mediterranean outflow and meddies of W iberia from multichannel seismic data. Eos Trans AGU, 2006,87(36) :OS13I-02
[7] Nakamura Y, Noguchi T, Tsuji T, et al. Simultaneous seismic reflection and physical oceanographic observations of oceanic fine structure in the Kuroshio extension front. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 2006, 33: L23605, doi:10． 1029/2006GL027437
[8] Biescas B, Sallares, Pelegri J L, et al.Imaging meddy finestructure using multichannel seismic reflection data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2008, 35: L11609, doi: 10． 1029/2008GL033971
[9] Ruddick B, Song H B, Dong C Z, Pinheiro L. Water column seismic images as smoothed maps of temperature gradient. Oceanography, 2009, 22(1) :192-205
[10] McDowell S E, Rossby H T.Mediterranean water: an intense mesoscale eddy off the Bahamas. Science, 1978, 202:1085-1087
[11] Armi L, Stommel H. Four views of a portion of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 1983, 13: 828-857
[12] Arhan M, Colin De Verdiere A, Memery L. The eastern boundary of the subtropical North Atlantic.J.Phys. Oceanogr. , 1994, 24:1295-1316
[13] Richardson P L, Walsh D, Armi L, et al. Tracking three meddies with SOFAR floats. J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 1989,19:371-383
[14] Richardson P L, Bower A S, Zenk W. A census of Meddies tracked by floats. Progress in Oceanography,2000,45(2) : 209-250
[15] Hebert D. Estimates of salt finger fluxes. Deep-Sea Res, 1988, 35:1887-1901
[16] Ruddick B R, Hebert D. The Mixing of Meddy "Sharon". In:Small-Scale Turbulence and Mixing in the Ocean. Nihoul J C J, Jamart B M, eds. , Elsevier Science,1988． 249-262
[17] Armi L, Hebert D,Oakey N, et al. Two years in the life of a Mediterranean salt lens. J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 1989, 19:354-370
[18] 方欣华,杜涛.海洋内波基础和中国海内波.青岛:中国海洋大学出版社,2005 Fang X H, Du T. Fundamental of Oceanic Internal Waves and Internal Waves in the China Seas. Qingdao: China Ocean University Press, 2005
[19] Garrett C, Munk W. Space-time scales of internal waves. Geophys. Fluid Dyn. ,1972,3:225-264
[20] Garrett C, Munk W. Space-time scales of internal waves. Progress Report. J. Geophys. Res. , 1975,80(3) :291-297
[21] Katz E, Briscoe M G. Vertical coherence of the internal wave field from towed sensors. J. Phys. Oceanogr. ,1979, 9(3) : 518-530
[22] 宋海斌,吴时国,江为为.南海东北部973剖面BSR及其热流特征.地球物理学报,2007,50(5) :1508-1517 Song H B, Wu S G, Jiang W W. The characteristics of BSRs and their derived heat flow on the profile 973 in the northeastern South China Sea. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2007,50(5) :1508-1517
[23] 宋海斌,董崇志,陈林等.用反射地震方法研究物理海洋-地震海洋学简介.地球物理学进展,2008,23(4) :1156-1164 Song H B,Dong C Z, Chen L,et al. Reflection seismic methods for studying physical oceanography: introduction of seismic oceanography. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese) ,2008, 23(4) :1156-1164
[24] Pinheiro L M, Song H B, Ruddick B, et al. Detailed 2-D imaging of the Mediterranean Outflow and Meddies of W Iberia from Multichannel Seismic Data. J. Mar. Syst. ,2009,79(2010) :89-100,doi:10． 1016/j.jmarsys. 2009． 07． 004
[25] 董崇志,宋海斌,郝天珧等.南海东北部海洋内波的反射地震研究.地球物理学报2009,52(8) :2050-2055,DOI:10． 3969/j.issn.0001-5733． 2009． 08． 018 Dong C Z, Song H B, Hao T Y, et al. Studying of oceanic internal wave spectra in the Northeast South China Sea from seismic reflections,Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2009, 52(8) :2050-2055, DOI:10． 3969/j.issn. 0001-5733． 2009． 08． 013
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