南黄海陆架沉积物中褶皱的形态及成因
|
摘要
更新世以来南黄海陆架具有构造活动性强、沉积厚度大(100~300 m)、褶皱变形保存完整等特点,是研究未固结沉积物中褶皱变形的理想“实验室”.高分辨率单道地震剖面揭示了南黄海陆架沉积物中具有不同几何形态的三种褶皱:(1)断层相关褶皱(包括断层扩展褶皱和断层牵引褶皱);(2)横向弯曲褶皱;(3)复合作用褶皱.对褶皱的成因和几何形态的研究表明,控制未固结沉积物中褶皱形成的因素是基底断层及其形成的断块,而不是区域应力场.大量孔隙水可能对沉积物的几何形变具有重要的影响作用.沉积物中断层扩展褶皱和牵引褶皱在形变程度上具有连续性,说明两者在成因上存在联系.断层扩展褶皱可能引发的地震活动和变形带在海洋工程地质评估中应受到重视.
Since Pleistocene tectonic activities are intensive,and about 100 to 300 m thick sediments are deposited on the southern Huanghai Sea(SHS) shelf.So fold deformations in the sediments are well presevered.Three types of folds with different geometries in the sediments have been revealed by single-channel seismic profiles on the SHS shelf and they are(1) fault-related fold(including fault-propagation fold and fault-drag fold),(2) transversal bending fold,and(3) multi-action-folding fold.Studies on geometry and mechanism of folds show that it is base faults and fault blocks that control foldings in unconsolidated sediments on the SHS shelf.Large quantity of pore water in the sediments plays an important role in the deformation of sediment layers.The continuity of deformations of the fault-propagation fold and the fault-drag fold indicates that there is genesis relationship between them.Potential earthquakes induced by the faultpropagation folding and the deformation zone should be taken into account in the marine engineering geology evaluating of the SHS shelf.
Since Pleistocene tectonic activities are intensive,and about 100 to 300 m thick sediments are deposited on the southern Huanghai Sea(SHS) shelf.So fold deformations in the sediments are well presevered.Three types of folds with different geometries in the sediments have been revealed by single-channel seismic profiles on the SHS shelf and they are(1) fault-related fold(including fault-propagation fold and fault-drag fold),(2) transversal bending fold,and(3) multi-action-folding fold.Studies on geometry and mechanism of folds show that it is base faults and fault blocks that control foldings in unconsolidated sediments on the SHS shelf.Large quantity of pore water in the sediments plays an important role in the deformation of sediment layers.The continuity of deformations of the fault-propagation fold and the fault-drag fold indicates that there is genesis relationship between them.Potential earthquakes induced by the faultpropagation folding and the deformation zone should be taken into account in the marine engineering geology evaluating of the SHS shelf.
引文
[1]JOHNSON A M,FLETCHER R F.Folding of Viscous Layers[M].New York:Columbia University Press,1994.
[2]HANDIN J,HAGER R V,FRIEDMAN M,et al.Experimental deformation of sedimentary rocks under confining pressure:pore pres-sure tests[J].American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1963,(45):717—755.
[3]BIOT M A.Theory of viscous buckling and gravity instability of multi-layers with large deformation[J].Bulletin of Geological Society ofAmerica,1965,(76):371—378.
[4]DONALD Lawson Turcotte,TURCOTTE D,GERALD Schubert.Geodynamics Applications of Continuum Physics to Geological Prob-lems[M].New Jersey:John Wiley&Sons,1982.
[5]李凡,张秀荣,唐宝珏.黄海埋藏古河道及灾害地质图集[M].济南:济南出版社,1998.
[6]李西双,刘保华,郑彦鹏,等.黄东海灾害地质类型及声学反射特征[J].青岛海洋大学学报,2002,32(1):107—113.
[7]刘保华,李西双.南黄海潜在灾害地质发育特征及分布[A].我国专属经济区和大陆架勘测研究论文集[C].北京:海洋出版社,2002.229—232.
[8]秦蕴珊,赵一阳,陈丽蓉,等.黄海地质[M].北京:科学出版社1989.
[9]刘光鼎.中国海区及领域地质地球物理特征[M].北京:科学出版社,1992.
[10]许薇龄.论南黄海区的两个新生代盆地[J].海洋地质研究,1982,2(1):66—77.
[11]LIANG Rui-cai,PEI Yan-liang,ZHENG Yan-peng,et al.Gravity and magnetic field and tectonic structure character in the southernYellow Sea[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(Supp):64—73.
[12]ZHENG Yan-peng,LIU Chen-guang,LIANG Rui-cai,et al.Characteristics of seismostratigraphy and analysis of structural—lithofaciesin the southern Yellow Sea Cenozoic basin[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(Supp):56—63.
[13]胡连英.江苏及南黄海活动断层和地震活动图像[J].地震学刊,1985,(1):9—10.
[14]袁迎如.南黄海西南部的活动断裂[J].海洋科学,1988,(2):8—11.
[15]许忠淮,吴少武.南黄海和东海地区现代构造应力场特征的研究[J].地球物理学报,1997,40(6):773—775.
[16]JOHNSON K M,JOHNSON A M.Mechanical models of trishear-like folds[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2002,(24):277—287.
[17]KHALIL S M,MCCLAY K R.Extensional fault-related folding,northwestern Red Sea,Egypt[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2002,(24):743—762.
[18]SUPPE J,MEDWEDEFF D.Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding[J].Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae,1990,(83):409—454.
[19]CHESTER J S,CHESTER F M.Fault-propagation folds above thrusts with constant dip[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1990,(12):903—910.
[20]MOSAR J,SUPPE J.Role of shear in fault-propagation folding[A].McCLAY K R.Thrust Tectonics[M].London:Chapman andHall,1992.123—132.
[21]PATTON T L,FLETCHER R C.Mathematical block-motion model for deformation of a busied fault of arbitrary dip and sense of slip[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1995,(17):1455—1472.
[22]ERSLEV E A,MAYBORN K R.Multiple geometries and modes of fault-propagation folding in the Canadian thrust belt[J].Journal ofStructural Geology,1997,(19):321—329.
[23]ALLMENDINGER R W,ZAPATA T R,MANCEDA R,et al.Trishear kinematic modeling of structures with examples from the Neu-quen Basin,Argentina[A].McCLAY K R.AAPG Thrust Tectonics Conference:Special Publication[C].Boulder,Colorado:AmericanAssociation of Petroleum Geologists,2002.
[24]FINCH E,HARDY S,GAWTHORPE R.Discrete element modeling of contractional fault-propagation folding above rigid basement faultblocks[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2003,(25):515—528.
[25]LAUBSCHER H P.Die sudostecke des rheingrabens-ein kinematisches und dynamisches problem[J].Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae,1982,(75):101—116.
[26]WITHJACK M O,OLSON J,PETERSON E.Experimental models of extensional forced folds[J].American Association of PetroleumGeologists Bulletin,1990,(74):1038—1054.
[27]ERSLEV E A.Tri-shear fault-propagation folding[J].Geology,1991,(19):617—620.
[28]GAWTHORPE R L,SHARP I,UNDERHILL,et al.Linked sequence stratigraphy and structural evolution of propagating normal faults[J].Geology,1997,(25):795—798.
[29]HARDY S,MCCLAY K R.Kinematics modeling of extensional fault-propagation folding[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1999,(21):695—702.
[30]ERSLEV E A,ROGERS J L.Basement-cover geometry of Laramide fault-propagation folds[A].SCHMIDT C J,CHASE R B,ER-SLEV E A.Laramide Basement Deformation in the Rocky Mountain Foreland of the Western United States:Geological Society of Amer-ica Special Paper 280[C].Boulder,Colorado:GSA Press,1993.321—335.
[31]FORD M,WILLIAMS E A,ARTONI A,et al.Progressive evolution of a fault propagation fold pair as recorded by growth strata geome-tries,Sant Llorenc de Morunys,SE Pyreness[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1997,(19):413—441.
[32]TWISS R J,MOORES E M.Structural Geology[M].New York:Freeman&Co,1992.
[33]DAVIS G H,REYNOLDS S J.Structural Geology of Rocks Regions[M],2nd ed.Chichester:John Wiley and Sons,1996.
[34]SCHLISCHE R W.Geometry and origin of fault-related folds in extensional settings[J].American Association of Petroleum GeologistsBulletin,1995,(79):1 661—1 678.
[35]JANECKE S,COLBY J.VANDENBURY,et al.Geometry,mechanisms and significance of extensional folds from examples in the RockyMountain Basin and Range Province U.S.A.[J].Journal Structural Geology,1999,(20):841—856.
[36]岳云福,李三忠,高振平,等.张性环境中断裂相关的褶皱类型及特征[J].青岛海洋大学学报,2003,33(4):574—580.
[37]MCTIGUE D F,MEI C C.Gravity-induced stresses near topography of small slope[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1981,(86):9 268—9 278.
[38]HARDY S,FORD M.Numerical modeling of trishear fault-propagation folding[J].Tectonics,1997,(16):841—854.
[39]ZEHNDER A T,ALLMENDINGER R W.Velocity field for the trishear model[J].Journal Structural Geology,2000,(22):1 009—1 014.
[40]ALLMENDINGER R W,SHAW J.Estimation of fault propagation distance from fold shape:implications for earthquake hazard assess-ment[J].Geology,2000,(28):1 099—1 102.
[2]HANDIN J,HAGER R V,FRIEDMAN M,et al.Experimental deformation of sedimentary rocks under confining pressure:pore pres-sure tests[J].American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1963,(45):717—755.
[3]BIOT M A.Theory of viscous buckling and gravity instability of multi-layers with large deformation[J].Bulletin of Geological Society ofAmerica,1965,(76):371—378.
[4]DONALD Lawson Turcotte,TURCOTTE D,GERALD Schubert.Geodynamics Applications of Continuum Physics to Geological Prob-lems[M].New Jersey:John Wiley&Sons,1982.
[5]李凡,张秀荣,唐宝珏.黄海埋藏古河道及灾害地质图集[M].济南:济南出版社,1998.
[6]李西双,刘保华,郑彦鹏,等.黄东海灾害地质类型及声学反射特征[J].青岛海洋大学学报,2002,32(1):107—113.
[7]刘保华,李西双.南黄海潜在灾害地质发育特征及分布[A].我国专属经济区和大陆架勘测研究论文集[C].北京:海洋出版社,2002.229—232.
[8]秦蕴珊,赵一阳,陈丽蓉,等.黄海地质[M].北京:科学出版社1989.
[9]刘光鼎.中国海区及领域地质地球物理特征[M].北京:科学出版社,1992.
[10]许薇龄.论南黄海区的两个新生代盆地[J].海洋地质研究,1982,2(1):66—77.
[11]LIANG Rui-cai,PEI Yan-liang,ZHENG Yan-peng,et al.Gravity and magnetic field and tectonic structure character in the southernYellow Sea[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(Supp):64—73.
[12]ZHENG Yan-peng,LIU Chen-guang,LIANG Rui-cai,et al.Characteristics of seismostratigraphy and analysis of structural—lithofaciesin the southern Yellow Sea Cenozoic basin[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(Supp):56—63.
[13]胡连英.江苏及南黄海活动断层和地震活动图像[J].地震学刊,1985,(1):9—10.
[14]袁迎如.南黄海西南部的活动断裂[J].海洋科学,1988,(2):8—11.
[15]许忠淮,吴少武.南黄海和东海地区现代构造应力场特征的研究[J].地球物理学报,1997,40(6):773—775.
[16]JOHNSON K M,JOHNSON A M.Mechanical models of trishear-like folds[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2002,(24):277—287.
[17]KHALIL S M,MCCLAY K R.Extensional fault-related folding,northwestern Red Sea,Egypt[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2002,(24):743—762.
[18]SUPPE J,MEDWEDEFF D.Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding[J].Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae,1990,(83):409—454.
[19]CHESTER J S,CHESTER F M.Fault-propagation folds above thrusts with constant dip[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1990,(12):903—910.
[20]MOSAR J,SUPPE J.Role of shear in fault-propagation folding[A].McCLAY K R.Thrust Tectonics[M].London:Chapman andHall,1992.123—132.
[21]PATTON T L,FLETCHER R C.Mathematical block-motion model for deformation of a busied fault of arbitrary dip and sense of slip[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1995,(17):1455—1472.
[22]ERSLEV E A,MAYBORN K R.Multiple geometries and modes of fault-propagation folding in the Canadian thrust belt[J].Journal ofStructural Geology,1997,(19):321—329.
[23]ALLMENDINGER R W,ZAPATA T R,MANCEDA R,et al.Trishear kinematic modeling of structures with examples from the Neu-quen Basin,Argentina[A].McCLAY K R.AAPG Thrust Tectonics Conference:Special Publication[C].Boulder,Colorado:AmericanAssociation of Petroleum Geologists,2002.
[24]FINCH E,HARDY S,GAWTHORPE R.Discrete element modeling of contractional fault-propagation folding above rigid basement faultblocks[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2003,(25):515—528.
[25]LAUBSCHER H P.Die sudostecke des rheingrabens-ein kinematisches und dynamisches problem[J].Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae,1982,(75):101—116.
[26]WITHJACK M O,OLSON J,PETERSON E.Experimental models of extensional forced folds[J].American Association of PetroleumGeologists Bulletin,1990,(74):1038—1054.
[27]ERSLEV E A.Tri-shear fault-propagation folding[J].Geology,1991,(19):617—620.
[28]GAWTHORPE R L,SHARP I,UNDERHILL,et al.Linked sequence stratigraphy and structural evolution of propagating normal faults[J].Geology,1997,(25):795—798.
[29]HARDY S,MCCLAY K R.Kinematics modeling of extensional fault-propagation folding[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1999,(21):695—702.
[30]ERSLEV E A,ROGERS J L.Basement-cover geometry of Laramide fault-propagation folds[A].SCHMIDT C J,CHASE R B,ER-SLEV E A.Laramide Basement Deformation in the Rocky Mountain Foreland of the Western United States:Geological Society of Amer-ica Special Paper 280[C].Boulder,Colorado:GSA Press,1993.321—335.
[31]FORD M,WILLIAMS E A,ARTONI A,et al.Progressive evolution of a fault propagation fold pair as recorded by growth strata geome-tries,Sant Llorenc de Morunys,SE Pyreness[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1997,(19):413—441.
[32]TWISS R J,MOORES E M.Structural Geology[M].New York:Freeman&Co,1992.
[33]DAVIS G H,REYNOLDS S J.Structural Geology of Rocks Regions[M],2nd ed.Chichester:John Wiley and Sons,1996.
[34]SCHLISCHE R W.Geometry and origin of fault-related folds in extensional settings[J].American Association of Petroleum GeologistsBulletin,1995,(79):1 661—1 678.
[35]JANECKE S,COLBY J.VANDENBURY,et al.Geometry,mechanisms and significance of extensional folds from examples in the RockyMountain Basin and Range Province U.S.A.[J].Journal Structural Geology,1999,(20):841—856.
[36]岳云福,李三忠,高振平,等.张性环境中断裂相关的褶皱类型及特征[J].青岛海洋大学学报,2003,33(4):574—580.
[37]MCTIGUE D F,MEI C C.Gravity-induced stresses near topography of small slope[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1981,(86):9 268—9 278.
[38]HARDY S,FORD M.Numerical modeling of trishear fault-propagation folding[J].Tectonics,1997,(16):841—854.
[39]ZEHNDER A T,ALLMENDINGER R W.Velocity field for the trishear model[J].Journal Structural Geology,2000,(22):1 009—1 014.
[40]ALLMENDINGER R W,SHAW J.Estimation of fault propagation distance from fold shape:implications for earthquake hazard assess-ment[J].Geology,2000,(28):1 099—1 102.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心