新疆博格达地区早二叠世软沉积物变形构造:弧后碰撞前陆盆地地震记录
摘要
早二叠世下岌岌槽子群发育于博格达弧后碰撞前陆盆地缓坡带,为一套长石含量较高的陆源碎屑岩。古流向、沉积相带分布研究表明,当时的古坡向向南。岌岌槽子群中首次发现大量软沉积物变形构造,包括链环层理、水塑性褶皱、液化沙脉、沙侵蘑菇、碟状泄水构造、球枕构造、流化砾岩、底辟流化砾岩坨、滑混层、同沉积断层等,均是与地震驱动相适配的变形构造。这些变形构造常沿限定的岩层发育,上、下均为未变形的岩层,显示事件变形特征。大量滑混层褶皱枢纽和球枕构造轴面实测结果显示,它们既没有优势方位,其位态也与古坡向无关,进一步证实最有可能的驱动机制是地震。由于古地震活动直接与东天山造山活动密切相关,因此,研究软沉积物变形构造的时、空发育特征能够成为认识天山造山过程和相关盆地发育的一个新视角。
The Lower Jijicaozi group of early Permian age consists predominantly of mudstone and siltstone interbedded with sandstone. It was deposited in the distal slope of the Bogda retroarc collisional foreland basin, which developed along with the north Tianshan orogenic belt. Study of palaeocurrents and facies distribution patterns suggest that the slope was then facing south. More abundant and more varied soft-sediment structures than previously recognized in the lower Jijicaozi group were found during this study. They include loop beddings, hydroplastic folds, sand dikes, mushroom-like intrusions of sand or silt, dish-like water-escape, ball-and-pillow structures, fluidization conglomerate, pockets of fluidization conglomerate associated with diapirs, mixed layers, and syndepositional faults, all of which are consistent with seismogenic origin. They were formed in constrained horizons bounded by undeformed strata, suggesting that they are syndepositional. Field survey and statistical analysis of the fold hinges in the mixed layers and the axial planes of the pillow structures indicate that they are randomly distributed without any preferential direction. This observation demonstrates that all are earthquake-induced. As paleo-earthquakes in the Bogda retroarc collisional foreland basin originated during collision of the Tarim and Junggar blocks, our research on seismogenic soft-sediment structures may provide important clues toward understanding Permian formation of the Paleozoic north Tianshan orogenic belt and its related basins.
The Lower Jijicaozi group of early Permian age consists predominantly of mudstone and siltstone interbedded with sandstone. It was deposited in the distal slope of the Bogda retroarc collisional foreland basin, which developed along with the north Tianshan orogenic belt. Study of palaeocurrents and facies distribution patterns suggest that the slope was then facing south. More abundant and more varied soft-sediment structures than previously recognized in the lower Jijicaozi group were found during this study. They include loop beddings, hydroplastic folds, sand dikes, mushroom-like intrusions of sand or silt, dish-like water-escape, ball-and-pillow structures, fluidization conglomerate, pockets of fluidization conglomerate associated with diapirs, mixed layers, and syndepositional faults, all of which are consistent with seismogenic origin. They were formed in constrained horizons bounded by undeformed strata, suggesting that they are syndepositional. Field survey and statistical analysis of the fold hinges in the mixed layers and the axial planes of the pillow structures indicate that they are randomly distributed without any preferential direction. This observation demonstrates that all are earthquake-induced. As paleo-earthquakes in the Bogda retroarc collisional foreland basin originated during collision of the Tarim and Junggar blocks, our research on seismogenic soft-sediment structures may provide important clues toward understanding Permian formation of the Paleozoic north Tianshan orogenic belt and its related basins.
引文
[1]ETTENSOHN F R,STEWART A K.Middle andlate Ordovi-cian seismites from central Kentucky.ETTENSOHN F R.Guidebook for geology field trips in Kentucky and adjacent are-as.2002:129-150.
[2]余海洋.新疆博格达地区晚海西期原型盆地发育及其对成藏的控制.北京:中国地质大学,2005.
[1]新疆地质局地质科学研究所,新疆地质局第五地质大队.1∶50万乌鲁木齐幅地质图及说明书.1977.
[1]SEILACHER A.Fault-graded beds interpreted as seismites[J].Sedi mentology,1969,13:155-159.
[2]ALLENJ R L.Earthquake magnitude-frequency,epicentral distance,and soft-sedi ment deformation in sedi mentary ba-sins[J].Sedi mentary Geology,1982,46:67-75.
[3]POTTER P E,PETTIJOHN F J.Palaeocurrents and basin analysis[M].Berlin:Springer,1963:1-296.
[4]DAVENPORT C A,RI NGROSE P S.Deformation of Scot-tish Quaternary sedi ment sequences by strong earthquake motions[M]∥JONES ME,PRESTON R MF.Deformation of sedi ments and sedi mentary rocks.Oxford:Blackwell,Ge-ol Soc Spec Publ29,1983:299-314.
[5]RAST N,MOSHIER S O.Convoluted bedsin the Lexington li mestone—seismites(talk and unpublished abstract)[J]?Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Sciences,1990,51:91.
[6]SCHUMACHER G A.Lithostratigraphy,cyclic sedi menta-tion,and event stratigraphy of the Maysville,Kentucky area[R]∥ETTENSOHN F R.Changing interpretations of Ken-tucky geology-layer-cake,facies,flexure,and eustasy.State of Ohio,Depart ment of Natural Resources Miscellaneous Re-port5,1992:165-172.
[7]POPE MC,READJ F,BAMBACHR,et al.Late middle to late Ordovician seismites of Kentucky,southwest Ohio and Virginia:sedi mentary recorders of earthquakes in the Appa-lachian basin[J].GSA Bulletin,1997,109:489-503.
[8]ROSSETTI D F,GOES A M.Deciphering the sedi mentolog-ical i mprint of paleoseismic events:an example fromthe Ap-tian Codo Formation,Northern Brazil[J].Sedi mentary Geol-ogy,2000,135:137-156.
[9]ZHANG Chuanheng,WU Zhenjie,GAO Linzhi,et al.Earthquake-induced soft-sedi ment deformation structure in the Wumishan Formation and their geological i mplications[J].Science in China:Series D,2006(in press).
[10]OBERMEIER S F,JACOBSON R B,SMOOT J P,et al.Earthquake-induced liquefactionfeaturesinthe coastal setting of South Carolina andinthe fluvial setting of the New Madrid seismic zone[C].U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper1504,1990:1-44.
[11]MORETTI M.Soft-sedi ment deformation structures inter-preted as seismitesin middle-late Pleistocene Aeolian deposits(Apulian foreland,southern Italy)[J].Sedi mentary Geolo-gy,2000,35:167-179.
[12]RODRIGUEZ-PASCUA M A,CALVO J P,VICENTE G D,et al.Soft-sedi ment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in lacustrine sedi ments of the Prebetic Zone,SE Spain,and their potential use as indicators of earthquake magnitudes during the late Miocene[J].Sedi mentary Geolo-gy,2000,135:117-135.
[13]HEMPTON M R,DEWEY J S.Earthquake-induced defor-mational structures in young lacustrine sedi ments,east Ana-tolian fault,southeast Turkey[J].Tectonophysics,1983,98:14-17.
[14]PLAZI ATJ C,PRUSER B H,PHILOBBOS E.Seismic de-formation structure(seismites)in the syn-rift sedi ments of NWRed Sea(Egypt)[J].Bull Soc Geol France,1990,8:419-439.
[15]QI AO Xiufu.Intraplate seismic belt and basin framework of Sino-Korean plate in Proterozoic[J].Earth Science Fron-tiers,2002,9:141-149(in Chinese).
[16]LI ANG Dingyi,NIE Zetong,SONG Zhi min.Are-study on seismite and seismo-unconformity:taking western Sichuan and western Yunnan as an example[J].Earth Science,1994,19:845-850(in Chinese).
[17]LOWE D R.Water escape structures in coarse-grained sedi-ments[J].Sedi mentology,1975,22:157-204.
[18]OBERMEIER S F.Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis—an overview of how seismic liquefac-tion features can be distinguished from other features and howtheir regional distribution and properties of source sedi-ment can be used to infer the location and strength of Hol-ocene paleo-earthquakes[J].Engineering Geology,1996,44:1-74.
[19]MARCOS,AGNON A.Prehistoric earthquake deformations near Masada,Dead Sea graben[J].Geology,1995,23:695-698.
[20]LOWE D R.Subaqueous liquefied and fluidized sedi ment flows and their deposits[J].Sedi mentology,1976,23:285-308.
[21]GUIRAUD M,PLAZI ATJ C.Seismites in the fluviatile Bi-ma sandstones:identification of paleoseisms and discussion of their magnitudes in a Cretaceous synsedi mentary strike-slip basin(Upper Benue,Nigeria)[J].Tectonophysics,1993,225:493-522.
[22]SONG Tianrui.A probable earthquake tsunami sequence in Precambrian carbonate strata of the Ming Tombs District,Beijing[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1988,33(8):1121-1124(in Chinese).
[23]OWEN G.Soft-sedi ment deformation in upper Proterozoic Torridonian sandstones(Applecross Formation)at Torridon,northwest Scotland[J].J Sedi ment Res,1995,A65:495-504.
[24]VANNESTE K,MEGHRAOUI M,CAMELBEECK T.Late Quaternary earthquake-related soft-sedi ment deforma-tion along the Belgian portion of the Feldbiss Fault,Lower Rhine Graben system[J].Tectonophysics,1999,309:57-79.
[25]QI AO Xiufu,GAO Linzhi,PENG Yang.Proterozoic in Pa-leo-Tanlu fault zone—catastrophe,sequences and biostratig-raphy[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2001:108-121(in Chinese).
[26]TUTTLE M P,DYER-WILLI AMS K,BARSTOW N L.Paleoliquefaction study of the Clarendon-Lindenfault system,western New York State[J].Tectonophysics,2002,353:263-286.
[27]JEWELL H E,ETTENSOHN F R.An ancient seismite re-sponse to Taconianfar-fieldforces:the Cane Run Bed,upper Ordovician(Trenton)Lexingtonli mestone,central Kentucky[J].Journal of Geodynamics,2004,37:487-511.
[28]MOHI NDRA R,BAGATI T N.Seismically induced soft-sedi ment deformation structures(seismites)around Sumdoin the lower Spiti valley(Tethys Hi malaya)[J].Sedi mentary Geology,1996,101:69-83.
[29]UPADHYAY R.Seismically-induced soft-sedi ment deforma-tional structures around Khalsar in the Shyok Valley,north-ern Ladakh and eastern Karakoram,India[J].Current Sci-ences,2001,81:600-604.
[30]BOWMAN D,KORJENKOV A,PORAT N.Late-Pleisto-cene seismites from Lake Issyk-Kul,the Tian Shan range,Kyrghyzstan[J].Sedi mentary Geology,2004,163:211-228.
[31]ALLEN M B,WI NDLEY B F,ZHANG C.Paleozoic colli-sional tectonics and magmatism of the Chinese Tian Shan central Asia[J].Tectonophysics,1992,220:89-115.
[32]CARROLL A R,GRAHAM S A,HENDRIX M S,et al.Late Paleozoic tectonic amalgation of northwestern China:sedi mentary record of the northern Tari m,northwestern Turpan,and southern Junggar basins[J].GSA Bulletin,1995,107:571-594.
[33]LI U Benpei,WANG Ziqiang,ZHANG Chuanheng,et al.Tectonic framework and evolution of southwest Tianshan mountains[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1996:1-128(in Chinese).
[34]MA Ruishi,WANG Ciyin,YE Shangfu,et al.Tectonic framework and crustal evolution of eastern Tianshan mountains[M].Nanjing:Nanjing University Press,1993:1-225(in Chinese).
[35]DICKI NSON W R.Plate tectonic evolution of sedi mentary basins[M]∥American Association of Petroleum Geologists Continuing Education Course,1900,1:1-62.
[36]CALVO J P,RODRI NGGUEZ-PASCUA M A,MARTI N-VELAZQUEZ S,et al.Microdeformation of lacustrine laminite sequences fromlate Miocene formations of SE Spain:aninterpretation of loop bedding[J].Sedi mentology,1998,45:279-292.
[37]COLE R D,PICARD MD.Pri mary and secondary structures in oil shale and other fine grained rocks,Green River Forma-tion(Eocene),Utah and Colorado[J].Utah Geology,1975,2:49-67.
[38]OWEN G.Deformation processes in unconsolidated sands[M]∥JONES M,PRESTON R M F.Deformation of sedi-ments and sedi mentary rocks.Geol Soc London,Spec Publ,1987,29:11-24.
[39]ETTENSOHN F R,KULP M A,RAST N.Interpreting ancient marine seismites and apparent epicentral areas for pa-leo-earthquakes,middle Ordovician Lexington li mestone,central Kentucky[C]∥ETTENSOHN F R,RAST N,BRETT C E.Ancient Seismites:Boulder,Colorado.Geol Soc America Spec Paper359,2002:177-190.
[40]ELLIOTT C G,WILLI AMS P F.Sedi ment slump struc-tures:a reviewof diagnostic criteria and application to an ex-ample from Newfoundland[J].Journal of Structural Geolo-gy,1988,10:71-182.
[41]BRENCHLEY PJ,NEWALL G.The significance of contor-ted beddingin upper Ordovician sedi ments of the Oslo region,Norway[J].Journal of Sedi mentary Petrology,1977,47:819-833.
[15]乔秀夫.中朝板块元古宙板内地震带与盆地格局[J].地学前缘,2002,9:141-149.
[16]梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏.再论震积岩及震积不整合[J].地球科学,1994,19:845-850.
[22]宋天锐.北京十三陵前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中的一套可能的地震-海啸序列[J].科学通报,1988,33(8):1121-1124.
[25]乔秀夫,高林志,彭阳.古郯庐带新元古界———灾变.层序.生物[M].北京:地质出版社,2001:108-121.
[33]刘本培,王自强,张传恒,等.西南天山构造格局与演化[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1996:1-128.
[34]马瑞士,王赐银,叶尚夫,等.东天山构造格局与地壳演化[M].南京:南京大学出版社,1993:1-225.
[2]余海洋.新疆博格达地区晚海西期原型盆地发育及其对成藏的控制.北京:中国地质大学,2005.
[1]新疆地质局地质科学研究所,新疆地质局第五地质大队.1∶50万乌鲁木齐幅地质图及说明书.1977.
[1]SEILACHER A.Fault-graded beds interpreted as seismites[J].Sedi mentology,1969,13:155-159.
[2]ALLENJ R L.Earthquake magnitude-frequency,epicentral distance,and soft-sedi ment deformation in sedi mentary ba-sins[J].Sedi mentary Geology,1982,46:67-75.
[3]POTTER P E,PETTIJOHN F J.Palaeocurrents and basin analysis[M].Berlin:Springer,1963:1-296.
[4]DAVENPORT C A,RI NGROSE P S.Deformation of Scot-tish Quaternary sedi ment sequences by strong earthquake motions[M]∥JONES ME,PRESTON R MF.Deformation of sedi ments and sedi mentary rocks.Oxford:Blackwell,Ge-ol Soc Spec Publ29,1983:299-314.
[5]RAST N,MOSHIER S O.Convoluted bedsin the Lexington li mestone—seismites(talk and unpublished abstract)[J]?Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Sciences,1990,51:91.
[6]SCHUMACHER G A.Lithostratigraphy,cyclic sedi menta-tion,and event stratigraphy of the Maysville,Kentucky area[R]∥ETTENSOHN F R.Changing interpretations of Ken-tucky geology-layer-cake,facies,flexure,and eustasy.State of Ohio,Depart ment of Natural Resources Miscellaneous Re-port5,1992:165-172.
[7]POPE MC,READJ F,BAMBACHR,et al.Late middle to late Ordovician seismites of Kentucky,southwest Ohio and Virginia:sedi mentary recorders of earthquakes in the Appa-lachian basin[J].GSA Bulletin,1997,109:489-503.
[8]ROSSETTI D F,GOES A M.Deciphering the sedi mentolog-ical i mprint of paleoseismic events:an example fromthe Ap-tian Codo Formation,Northern Brazil[J].Sedi mentary Geol-ogy,2000,135:137-156.
[9]ZHANG Chuanheng,WU Zhenjie,GAO Linzhi,et al.Earthquake-induced soft-sedi ment deformation structure in the Wumishan Formation and their geological i mplications[J].Science in China:Series D,2006(in press).
[10]OBERMEIER S F,JACOBSON R B,SMOOT J P,et al.Earthquake-induced liquefactionfeaturesinthe coastal setting of South Carolina andinthe fluvial setting of the New Madrid seismic zone[C].U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper1504,1990:1-44.
[11]MORETTI M.Soft-sedi ment deformation structures inter-preted as seismitesin middle-late Pleistocene Aeolian deposits(Apulian foreland,southern Italy)[J].Sedi mentary Geolo-gy,2000,35:167-179.
[12]RODRIGUEZ-PASCUA M A,CALVO J P,VICENTE G D,et al.Soft-sedi ment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in lacustrine sedi ments of the Prebetic Zone,SE Spain,and their potential use as indicators of earthquake magnitudes during the late Miocene[J].Sedi mentary Geolo-gy,2000,135:117-135.
[13]HEMPTON M R,DEWEY J S.Earthquake-induced defor-mational structures in young lacustrine sedi ments,east Ana-tolian fault,southeast Turkey[J].Tectonophysics,1983,98:14-17.
[14]PLAZI ATJ C,PRUSER B H,PHILOBBOS E.Seismic de-formation structure(seismites)in the syn-rift sedi ments of NWRed Sea(Egypt)[J].Bull Soc Geol France,1990,8:419-439.
[15]QI AO Xiufu.Intraplate seismic belt and basin framework of Sino-Korean plate in Proterozoic[J].Earth Science Fron-tiers,2002,9:141-149(in Chinese).
[16]LI ANG Dingyi,NIE Zetong,SONG Zhi min.Are-study on seismite and seismo-unconformity:taking western Sichuan and western Yunnan as an example[J].Earth Science,1994,19:845-850(in Chinese).
[17]LOWE D R.Water escape structures in coarse-grained sedi-ments[J].Sedi mentology,1975,22:157-204.
[18]OBERMEIER S F.Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis—an overview of how seismic liquefac-tion features can be distinguished from other features and howtheir regional distribution and properties of source sedi-ment can be used to infer the location and strength of Hol-ocene paleo-earthquakes[J].Engineering Geology,1996,44:1-74.
[19]MARCOS,AGNON A.Prehistoric earthquake deformations near Masada,Dead Sea graben[J].Geology,1995,23:695-698.
[20]LOWE D R.Subaqueous liquefied and fluidized sedi ment flows and their deposits[J].Sedi mentology,1976,23:285-308.
[21]GUIRAUD M,PLAZI ATJ C.Seismites in the fluviatile Bi-ma sandstones:identification of paleoseisms and discussion of their magnitudes in a Cretaceous synsedi mentary strike-slip basin(Upper Benue,Nigeria)[J].Tectonophysics,1993,225:493-522.
[22]SONG Tianrui.A probable earthquake tsunami sequence in Precambrian carbonate strata of the Ming Tombs District,Beijing[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1988,33(8):1121-1124(in Chinese).
[23]OWEN G.Soft-sedi ment deformation in upper Proterozoic Torridonian sandstones(Applecross Formation)at Torridon,northwest Scotland[J].J Sedi ment Res,1995,A65:495-504.
[24]VANNESTE K,MEGHRAOUI M,CAMELBEECK T.Late Quaternary earthquake-related soft-sedi ment deforma-tion along the Belgian portion of the Feldbiss Fault,Lower Rhine Graben system[J].Tectonophysics,1999,309:57-79.
[25]QI AO Xiufu,GAO Linzhi,PENG Yang.Proterozoic in Pa-leo-Tanlu fault zone—catastrophe,sequences and biostratig-raphy[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2001:108-121(in Chinese).
[26]TUTTLE M P,DYER-WILLI AMS K,BARSTOW N L.Paleoliquefaction study of the Clarendon-Lindenfault system,western New York State[J].Tectonophysics,2002,353:263-286.
[27]JEWELL H E,ETTENSOHN F R.An ancient seismite re-sponse to Taconianfar-fieldforces:the Cane Run Bed,upper Ordovician(Trenton)Lexingtonli mestone,central Kentucky[J].Journal of Geodynamics,2004,37:487-511.
[28]MOHI NDRA R,BAGATI T N.Seismically induced soft-sedi ment deformation structures(seismites)around Sumdoin the lower Spiti valley(Tethys Hi malaya)[J].Sedi mentary Geology,1996,101:69-83.
[29]UPADHYAY R.Seismically-induced soft-sedi ment deforma-tional structures around Khalsar in the Shyok Valley,north-ern Ladakh and eastern Karakoram,India[J].Current Sci-ences,2001,81:600-604.
[30]BOWMAN D,KORJENKOV A,PORAT N.Late-Pleisto-cene seismites from Lake Issyk-Kul,the Tian Shan range,Kyrghyzstan[J].Sedi mentary Geology,2004,163:211-228.
[31]ALLEN M B,WI NDLEY B F,ZHANG C.Paleozoic colli-sional tectonics and magmatism of the Chinese Tian Shan central Asia[J].Tectonophysics,1992,220:89-115.
[32]CARROLL A R,GRAHAM S A,HENDRIX M S,et al.Late Paleozoic tectonic amalgation of northwestern China:sedi mentary record of the northern Tari m,northwestern Turpan,and southern Junggar basins[J].GSA Bulletin,1995,107:571-594.
[33]LI U Benpei,WANG Ziqiang,ZHANG Chuanheng,et al.Tectonic framework and evolution of southwest Tianshan mountains[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1996:1-128(in Chinese).
[34]MA Ruishi,WANG Ciyin,YE Shangfu,et al.Tectonic framework and crustal evolution of eastern Tianshan mountains[M].Nanjing:Nanjing University Press,1993:1-225(in Chinese).
[35]DICKI NSON W R.Plate tectonic evolution of sedi mentary basins[M]∥American Association of Petroleum Geologists Continuing Education Course,1900,1:1-62.
[36]CALVO J P,RODRI NGGUEZ-PASCUA M A,MARTI N-VELAZQUEZ S,et al.Microdeformation of lacustrine laminite sequences fromlate Miocene formations of SE Spain:aninterpretation of loop bedding[J].Sedi mentology,1998,45:279-292.
[37]COLE R D,PICARD MD.Pri mary and secondary structures in oil shale and other fine grained rocks,Green River Forma-tion(Eocene),Utah and Colorado[J].Utah Geology,1975,2:49-67.
[38]OWEN G.Deformation processes in unconsolidated sands[M]∥JONES M,PRESTON R M F.Deformation of sedi-ments and sedi mentary rocks.Geol Soc London,Spec Publ,1987,29:11-24.
[39]ETTENSOHN F R,KULP M A,RAST N.Interpreting ancient marine seismites and apparent epicentral areas for pa-leo-earthquakes,middle Ordovician Lexington li mestone,central Kentucky[C]∥ETTENSOHN F R,RAST N,BRETT C E.Ancient Seismites:Boulder,Colorado.Geol Soc America Spec Paper359,2002:177-190.
[40]ELLIOTT C G,WILLI AMS P F.Sedi ment slump struc-tures:a reviewof diagnostic criteria and application to an ex-ample from Newfoundland[J].Journal of Structural Geolo-gy,1988,10:71-182.
[41]BRENCHLEY PJ,NEWALL G.The significance of contor-ted beddingin upper Ordovician sedi ments of the Oslo region,Norway[J].Journal of Sedi mentary Petrology,1977,47:819-833.
[15]乔秀夫.中朝板块元古宙板内地震带与盆地格局[J].地学前缘,2002,9:141-149.
[16]梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏.再论震积岩及震积不整合[J].地球科学,1994,19:845-850.
[22]宋天锐.北京十三陵前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中的一套可能的地震-海啸序列[J].科学通报,1988,33(8):1121-1124.
[25]乔秀夫,高林志,彭阳.古郯庐带新元古界———灾变.层序.生物[M].北京:地质出版社,2001:108-121.
[33]刘本培,王自强,张传恒,等.西南天山构造格局与演化[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1996:1-128.
[34]马瑞士,王赐银,叶尚夫,等.东天山构造格局与地壳演化[M].南京:南京大学出版社,1993:1-225.
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