新疆公路自然灾害及对策
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摘要
新疆地域辽阔,有“三山两盆”,自然环境复杂。公路分布具有翻山越岭,穿越沙漠,在山麓平原连续跨沟,绿洲区公路密度大等主要特点。公路自然灾害是伴随公路工程行为而产生的,因此,其具有沿公路呈带状分布的规律。由以环境退化为主引起的自然灾害发生地点多且较频繁,对公路交通影响大。区内公路自然灾害类型多,成因复杂。影响公路交通安全的自然灾害类型主要有滑坡、崩塌、山洪、泥石流及其二级类共16种,其形成与地貌条件复杂,干旱、寒冷、缺水、风沙活跃、土壤盐渍化重、暴雨时有发生等自然因素和公路工程行为有关。纵观公路自然灾害的分布、成因,与有关因素变化趋势,预测其有3种发展趋势,宜采取有针对性的防治原则和措施。
Xinjiang is vast with a morphological patter that the two large basins are between the three high mountains,and the natural environment is complicated.The road distribution has such main characteristics as going over hill and dale,passing through the desert,cross ditches in the piedmont plain,highway density being continuously big in oasis district and so on.The road natural disaster,always going with the highway engineering behavior,consequently,assumes the rule of beltshaped distribution along the road.Caused mainly by the degradation of ecological environment,natural disasters occur frequently along the highways in Xinjiang,and they impact seriously the highway traffic.These natural disasters impacting the highway traffic in Xinjiang include mainly 16 kinds,such as the landslides,rock avalanches,floods and debris flows.Their formation is related to the natural factors,such as the aridity, shortage in water resources,frequent occurrence of sand drift disasters,coldness,serious soil salinization or alkalization and vulnerable ecological environment as well as the behaviors of highway construction.To make a comprehensive view on the spatial distribution and the formation causes of the natural disasters along the highways as well as the factors affecting the occurrence of these natural disasters in Xinjiang,it is predicted that there will be 4 change trends of the natural disasters along the highways in Xinjiang,and some suitable principles and measures of preventing and controlling the natural disasters should be taken.
Xinjiang is vast with a morphological patter that the two large basins are between the three high mountains,and the natural environment is complicated.The road distribution has such main characteristics as going over hill and dale,passing through the desert,cross ditches in the piedmont plain,highway density being continuously big in oasis district and so on.The road natural disaster,always going with the highway engineering behavior,consequently,assumes the rule of beltshaped distribution along the road.Caused mainly by the degradation of ecological environment,natural disasters occur frequently along the highways in Xinjiang,and they impact seriously the highway traffic.These natural disasters impacting the highway traffic in Xinjiang include mainly 16 kinds,such as the landslides,rock avalanches,floods and debris flows.Their formation is related to the natural factors,such as the aridity, shortage in water resources,frequent occurrence of sand drift disasters,coldness,serious soil salinization or alkalization and vulnerable ecological environment as well as the behaviors of highway construction.To make a comprehensive view on the spatial distribution and the formation causes of the natural disasters along the highways as well as the factors affecting the occurrence of these natural disasters in Xinjiang,it is predicted that there will be 4 change trends of the natural disasters along the highways in Xinjiang,and some suitable principles and measures of preventing and controlling the natural disasters should be taken.
引文
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[11]X ie Hong,W ang Sh ige,Zhou lin,et a.l Prevention and control ofdebris flow in dry valley of the upperM in jiang R iver:A case study ofLongdong Gu lly[J].Journal ofNatural D isaster,s 2004,23(5):20~25.[谢洪,王士革,周麟,等.岷江上游干旱河谷区龙洞沟泥石流及其防治[J].自然灾害学报,2004,23(5):20~25]
[12]X ie M inggen,Cheng Jiangang,Fan Bo.The cause of m eteorologicalformation and mon itoring on landslide and debris flow d isasters inYunnan[J].Journal ofM ountain Science,2005,23(5):571~578[解明思,程建刚,范菠.云南滑坡泥石流灾害的气象成因与监测[J].山地学报,2005,23(5):571~578]
[2]X iong Heigang,L iu Gengn ian,Cu i Zh ijiu.The charateristics andvertical zone spectrum of natural d isasters in the Tianshan mountains,X in jiang[J].Geogrphcal Symposium,1998,18(3):227~233[熊黑钢,刘耕年,崔之久.新疆天山山地自然灾害垂直带谱及其特征[J].地理科学,1998,18(3):227~233]
[3]W ang Zhan li,Peng Keshan.On type,cause and d istrbution of maind isaster in Ch ina[J].Journal of Gulin institute of Technology,1999,(4):354~360[王占礼,彭珂珊.中国主要灾害类型、成因及分布[J].桂林工学院学报,1999,(4):354~360]
[4]The program《Research on X in jiang natural hazards.》Research onX in jiang NaturalHazards[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,1994.234~239[《新疆自然灾害研究》课题组编著.新疆自然灾害研究[M].北京:地震出版社,1994.234~239]
[5]Ma Dongtao,Zhang Jinshan,W angM eng.Characteristics and hazardsof permafrost along the X in jiang-Tibetan h ighway,X in jiang[J].Jour-nal ofM ountain Science,2004,22(5):554~561[马东涛,张金山,王蒙,等.新藏公路新疆段多年冻土特征及灾害初探[J].山地学报,2004,22(5):554~561]
[6]Cu i Peng,Yang Kun,Zhu Y ingyan.D ebris flow hazards along the traf-fic lines in mountain areas ofwestern ch ina[J].Journal ofM ountainScience,2004,22(5):326~331[崔鹏,杨坤,朱颖彦.西部山区交通线路的泥石流灾害及减灾对策[J].山地学报,2004,22(3):326~331]
[7]Sh i Yafeng.An Assessm ent of the Issues ofC limatic Sh ift from W arm-dry to W arm-wet in Northwest Ch ina[M].Beijing:M eteorologicaPress,2003.17~29[施雅风.中国西北气候由暖干向暖湿转型问题评估[M].北京:气象出版社,2003.17~29]
[8]Ma Dongtao,Cu i Peng,Yang Kun,et a.l The roadbed hazards andtheir formational causes along the X in jiang-tibetan h ighway in X in-jiang[J].Journal ofNatural D isaster,s 2003,21(3):93~98[马东涛,崔鹏,杨坤,等.新藏公路(新疆段)沿线道路病害及成因分析[J].自然灾害学报,2003,21(3):93~98]
[9]Yang Faxiang,Mu Gu ijin,Chen Yan ing,et al.The classification ofdangerous degrees of debris flow of A la creek,Tianshan Mountains[J].Arid Land Geography,1991,14(Suppl.):90~99[杨发相,穆桂金,陈亚宁,等.天山阿拉沟泥石流危险度的划分研究[J].干旱区地理,1991,14(增刊):90~99]
[10]Mu Gu ijin,Yang Faxiang,Jelili.A d iscussion on the m ethod ofmud-flow-hazard protection and control on the Bad land[J].Arid Zone Re-search,1993,10(3):61~66[穆桂金,杨发相,吉力力.阿布都万里.干燥剥蚀山地泥石流灾害防治措施探讨[J].干旱区研究,1993,10(3):61~66]
[11]X ie Hong,W ang Sh ige,Zhou lin,et a.l Prevention and control ofdebris flow in dry valley of the upperM in jiang R iver:A case study ofLongdong Gu lly[J].Journal ofNatural D isaster,s 2004,23(5):20~25.[谢洪,王士革,周麟,等.岷江上游干旱河谷区龙洞沟泥石流及其防治[J].自然灾害学报,2004,23(5):20~25]
[12]X ie M inggen,Cheng Jiangang,Fan Bo.The cause of m eteorologicalformation and mon itoring on landslide and debris flow d isasters inYunnan[J].Journal ofM ountain Science,2005,23(5):571~578[解明思,程建刚,范菠.云南滑坡泥石流灾害的气象成因与监测[J].山地学报,2005,23(5):571~578]
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