基于遥感影像记录的新疆玛纳斯河下游冲积平原河道演变过程研究
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摘要
干旱区河流变迁与绿洲演变和沙漠进退密切相关,是近年来干旱区环境变化研究的焦点之一。玛纳斯河贯穿山地—绿洲—荒漠系统,是新疆准噶尔盆地环境演变的典型区域。文章利用遥感影像,结合实地测量的地貌与沉积记录、室内沉积分析和测年等资料,研究了玛纳斯河下游冲积平原河道演变过程,即近4 000多年来玛斯河在下游冲积平原发生了3次可识别的迁移事件及方向,河道变迁在空间上总体表现为一个自西南向东北迁移的过程。在此基础上,进一步讨论了玛纳斯河下游冲积平原河道的变迁原因及发展趋势,指出区域构造活动是影响玛纳斯河下游河道近4 000年来定向迁移的主要原因,并预测在没有异常气候波动和构造活动的影响下,今后一段时间内玛纳斯河不会发生大规模的迁移。
River change is closely related to oasis and desert evolvement,and therefore has been one of the focuses in the study of environmental change in arid regions in recent years.The Manas river runs through mountain, oasis and desert systems and is the largest river in the Junggar basin.Previously,many studies about the Manas river focused on changes in the runoff,but the evolution of its watercourse was neglected.This paper investigates the evolution of the lower reaches of the Manas river using interpretation of remote sensing images,field measurements and deposition analyses.The results showed that three migratory occurrences and directions could be identified in the lower reaches of the Manas river during the past 4 000 years.The lower reaches of the Manas river ran along the watercourse R1 4 000 years ago,migrated 6 km south to Xinzhuangzi and ran along watercourse R2 4 000-1 500 years ago,then changed its route again near Taipingqu and created the watercourse R3 1 500-500 years ago.The last migration of the Manas river occurred in the 16th century when the Manas river left its western watercourse and moved towards the north,near the Jiahezi reservoir,and flowed along the south side of the desert creating the watercourse R4 which is the current watercourse.As a whole,the spatial evolution of the lower reaches of the Manas river has experienced a migration from south-west to north-east.With this knowledge,this paper concludes that geology and tectonic movement are the main factors which have affected watercourse evolution, but the roles of climate and riverside's composition are not neglected.Finally,this paper forecasts that the Manas river will not move on a large scale in the future without preternatural tectonic movement and climate change.
River change is closely related to oasis and desert evolvement,and therefore has been one of the focuses in the study of environmental change in arid regions in recent years.The Manas river runs through mountain, oasis and desert systems and is the largest river in the Junggar basin.Previously,many studies about the Manas river focused on changes in the runoff,but the evolution of its watercourse was neglected.This paper investigates the evolution of the lower reaches of the Manas river using interpretation of remote sensing images,field measurements and deposition analyses.The results showed that three migratory occurrences and directions could be identified in the lower reaches of the Manas river during the past 4 000 years.The lower reaches of the Manas river ran along the watercourse R1 4 000 years ago,migrated 6 km south to Xinzhuangzi and ran along watercourse R2 4 000-1 500 years ago,then changed its route again near Taipingqu and created the watercourse R3 1 500-500 years ago.The last migration of the Manas river occurred in the 16th century when the Manas river left its western watercourse and moved towards the north,near the Jiahezi reservoir,and flowed along the south side of the desert creating the watercourse R4 which is the current watercourse.As a whole,the spatial evolution of the lower reaches of the Manas river has experienced a migration from south-west to north-east.With this knowledge,this paper concludes that geology and tectonic movement are the main factors which have affected watercourse evolution, but the roles of climate and riverside's composition are not neglected.Finally,this paper forecasts that the Manas river will not move on a large scale in the future without preternatural tectonic movement and climate change.
引文
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[12]Sein R S,Yeatts R S.Hidden earthquakes[J].Scientific Ameri-ca,1988,260:48-57.
[2]Zhou Hongfei,Zhang Jiebin.Analysis of the volume of availablewater resources and its carrying capacity in Xinjiang,China[J].Arid Land Research,2005,28(6):756-763.[周宏飞,张捷斌.新疆的水资源可利用量及其承载能力分析[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(6):756-763.]
[3]Fan Zili.A study on the formation and evolution of oases in Tarimbasin[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1993,48(5):421-427.[樊自立.塔里木盆地绿洲形成与演变[J].地理学报,1993,48(5):421-427.]
[4]Zhang Qiang,Hu Yinqiao.The geographical features and climaticeffects of oasis[J].Advances in Earth Science,2002,17(4):477-486.[张强.胡隐樵.绿洲地理特征及其气候效应[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(4):477-486.]
[5]Chang Zhaofeng,Han Fugui,Zhong Shengnian,et al.Naturaland artificial factors and their transfer on sandy desertification oflower reaches of Shiyang River Basin[J].Arid Land Geography,2005,28(2):150-155.[常兆丰,韩福贵,仲生年.石羊河下游沙漠化的自然因素和人为因素及其位移[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(2):150-155.]
[6]Yuan Yujiang,Yu Shulong,Mu Guijinet al.Reconstruction andanalysis of the 355 a runoff of the Manas river on the north slopesof Tianshan mountains[J].Journal ofGlaciology and Geocryolo-gy,2005,27(3):411-417.[袁玉江,喻树龙,穆桂金,等.天山北坡玛纳斯河355年来年径流量的重建与分析[J].冰川冻土,2005,27(3):411-417.]
[7]Xu Su'ning,Yang Jingchun,Li Youli.Fluctuations of dischargerate of manas river and its response to climatic changes during therecently 50 years[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2004,20(6):65-68.[徐素宁,杨景春,李有利.近50年来玛纳斯河流量变化及对气候变化的响应[J].地理与地理信息科学,2004,20(6):65-68.]
[8]Deng Qidong,Feng Xianyue,Zhang Peizhenet al.Active Struc-tures of Tianshan Mountains[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,2000:102-147.[邓起东,冯先岳,张培震,等.天山活动构造[M].北京:地震出版社,2000:102-147.]
[9]Xinjiang Institute of Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences.E-volution of Tianshan Mountains[M].Beijing:Science Press,1986.[中国科学院新疆地理研究所.天山山体演化[M].北京:科学出版社,1986.]
[10]Feng Xianyue,Deng Qidong,Shi Jianbang,et al.Active tecton-ics and evolution of premont of the northern and southern Tians-han mountains[J].Research on Active Fault,1991,(1):1-16.[冯先岳,邓起东,石监邦,等.天山南北缘活动构造及其演化[J].活动断裂研究,1991,(1):1-16.]
[11]Shi Xingmin,Yang Jingchun,Li Youliet al.Deformation fo ma-nas river terraces and neotectonics in northern front of the Tians-han mountains[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pe-kinensis,2004,40(6):971-978.[史兴民,杨景春,李有利,等.天山北麓玛纳斯河河流阶地变形与新构造运动[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2004,40(6):971-978.]
[12]Sein R S,Yeatts R S.Hidden earthquakes[J].Scientific Ameri-ca,1988,260:48-57.
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