地震海啸的激发与传播
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摘要
本文围绕海啸的激发和传播两个方面简述了有限矩形源产生的地表形变场、浅水波浪理论和Boussinesq方程等基本理论,讨论了震源参数对海啸传播的影响,比较分析了海啸的数值模拟方法,介绍了我国地震海啸的研究进展等。
In this paper,we give a brief description of basic theory of the earthquake tsunami in terms of generation and propagation,which includes the displacement field caused by a finite rectangular source,the effect of earthquake source parameters on tsunami propagation,shallowwater wave theory and Boussinesq equations.We also analyze and compare kinds of numerical simulation methods and introduce the research progress of earthquake tsunami in China.
In this paper,we give a brief description of basic theory of the earthquake tsunami in terms of generation and propagation,which includes the displacement field caused by a finite rectangular source,the effect of earthquake source parameters on tsunami propagation,shallowwater wave theory and Boussinesq equations.We also analyze and compare kinds of numerical simulation methods and introduce the research progress of earthquake tsunami in China.
引文
包澄澜,2005,海啸灾害及预警系统,国际地震动态,313(1),14～18。
陈颙、陈棋福、张尉,2007,中国的海啸灾害,自然灾害学报,16(2),1～6。
陈运泰、杨智娴、许力生,2005,海啸、地震海啸与海啸地震,物理,34(12),864～872。
高焕臣、闵庆芳,1994,渤海地震海啸发生的可能性分析,海洋预报,11(1),63～66。
环文林,1989,渤海地震活动特征,地震研究,12(1),1～9。
蒋德才,1992,海洋波动力学,352～387,青岛:青岛大学出版社。
李善邦,1981,中国地震,北京:地震出版社。
刘双庆,2008,海啸近场特征与海啸触发源之间的定性定量关系分析,硕士学位论文,兰州:兰州中国地震局兰州地震研究所。
刘迎春,2007,中国沿海地区潜在地震海啸灾害评估,博士学位论文,北京:中国科学院研究生院。
任鲁川、薛艳,2006,我国沿海地区地震海啸危险性的初步估计,中国地震趋势预测研究(2007年度),640～647,北京:地震出版社。
任鲁川、薛艳、简春林,冯蔚.2009,南海北缘海啸波高对潜在海啸源震级偏差的敏感性,中国地震,25(2):186～192。
王本龙,2005,基于高阶Boussinesq方程的海岸破波带数学模型研究,博士论文,上海:上海交通大学。
王峰、刘昌森、章振栓,2000,中国古籍中的地震海啸记录,中国地震,21(3),431～443。
王晓青、吕金霞、丁香,2006,我国地震海啸危险性初步探讨,华南地震,26(1),76～80。
温艳林、朱元清、宋治平,等,2008,东海海域潜在海啸的数值模拟初步研究,地震学报,30(5),1～8。
徐明同,1981,海啸及引起之灾害,北京:气象出版社。
杨马陵,2005,广东省地震海啸危险分析与监测预警系统构想,华南地震,25(4),25～33。
杨马陵、魏柏林,2005,南海海域地震海啸潜在危险的探析,灾害学,20(3),41～47。
叶琳、于福江、吴玮,2005,我国海啸灾害及预警现状与建议,海洋预报,22(增刊),148～157。
于福江、叶林、王喜年,2001,1994年发生在台湾海峡的一次地震海啸的数值模拟,海洋学报,23(6),32～39。
张廷芳,2007,计算流体力学(第二版),大连:大连理工大学出版社。
朱建荣,2003,海洋数值计算方法和数值模式,北京:海洋出版社。
朱元清、宋治平、王本龙,等,2008,非线性海啸传播方程的数值分析,中国地震预报探索,508～519,北京:地震出版社。
邹志利,2005,水波理论及其应用,北京:科学出版社。
Assier S.P.,Mariotti C.and Heinrich P.,1997,Numerical Simulation of Submaring Landslides and their hydraulic effects.Journal of waterway,port,coastal and ocean engineering.123(4),149～157.
Boussinesq J.,1872,Théorie des ondes et des remous qui se propagent le long d’un cannal rectangulaire horizontal,encommuniquant au liquid contenu dans ce candal des vitesses sensiblement pareilles de la surface au fond.Hournal Math.Pureset Appl.2nd Series.,17,55～108.
Chinnery M.,1963,The stress changes that accompany strike-slip faulting,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,53,921～932.
Frédéric D.,Denys D.,2005,Dynamics of tsunami waves,Extreme Man-Made and Natural Hazards in Dynamics of Structures,Springer Netherlands,10.1007/978-1-4020-5656-78,201～224.
Fujima K.,Masamura K.,Goto C.,2002,Development of the2D/3D hybrid model for tsunami numerical simulation,CoastalEngineering Journal,44(4),373～393.
Geist,E.L.,1999,Local tsunamis and earthquake source parameters,Adv.Geophys.,39,117～209.
Grilli S.,Watts P.,2001,Modeling of tsunami generation by an underwater landslide in a3D-NWT.Proc.11th Offshore andPolar Engng.Conf.(ISOPE01,Stavanger,Norway),3,132～139.
Gutenberg B.,1939,Tsunamis and earthquakes,Bull Seismic Soc Amer,29(4),517～526.
Hayir A.,2003,The effects of variable speeds of a submarine block slide on near-field tsunami amplitudes,Ocean Engineering,30,2329～2342.
Hayir A.2004.Ocean depth effects on tsunami amplitudes used in source models in linearized shallow-water wave theory.OceanEngineering,31,353～361.
Heirich Ph.,Guibourg S.,Roche R.,1996,Numerical modeling of the1960Chilean tsunami,Impact on French Polynesia,Phys.Chem.Earth,21(12),19～25.
Isozaki S.U.,1964,The numerical computation of the tsunami in Tokyo bay caused by the Chilean earthquake in May,1960,Studies on Oceanogr.Dedicated to Prof.Hidaka in commemoration of his Sixtieth Birthday,389～396.
Iwasaki T.,Sato R.,1979,Strain field in a semi-infinite medium due to an inclined rectangular fault,J.PHYS.Earth,27,285～314.
Kirby J.T.,Wei G.,Chen Q.,et al,1998,Funwave1.0fully nonlinear Boussinesq wave model documentation and user’s manual.Research Report,No.CACR-98-06,8-14.
Kowalik Z.,Knight W.,Whitmore P.,2007,The Tsunami of December2004:Numerical Modeling and Engergy Considerations,Pure and Applied Geophysics,164,379～393.
Liu Y.C.,Santos A.,Wang S.M.,et al.,2007,Stunami hazards along Chinese coast from potential earthquakes in SouthChina Sea,Phys Earth Planet Interi,163,233～244.
Maruyama T.,1964,Statical elastic dislocation in an infinite and semi-infinite medium,Bull.Earthquake Res.,Inst.,TokyoUniv.42,289～368.
Masamura K.,Fujima K.,1996,Three-dimensional analysis of long wave runup on a conical island by using the MAC method,Long-wave runup models,world scientific publishing,321～331.
Okada,Y.,1985,Surface defomation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.75,1135～1154.
Okada,Y.,1992,Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.82,1018～1040.
Oritz M.,Gómez-Reyes E.,Vélez-Muńoz H.S.,2001,A fast preliminary estimation model for transoceanic tsunamipropagation.,ITS2001Proceedings,7(3),723～739.
Philip W.,Mansour I.,Stéphan G.,et al.,2005,Numerical Simulation of the December26,2004Indian Ocean Tsunami usinga Higher-order Boussinesq Model.Ocean Waves Measurement and Analysis,Fifth International Symposium WAVES2005,3rd-7th,July,2005,Madrid,Spain.
Philip L.-F.Liu,Wang X M,Andrew John Salisbury,2007,Tsunami hazard and forecast study in South China Sea,http://ceeserver.cee.cornell.edu/pll-group/comcot.htm.
Piatanesi A.,Tinti S.,Bortolucci E.,1996,The Wave Propagator in Finite-Element Modeling of Tsunamis.Phys.Chem.Earth,21(12),33～38.
Press F.,1965,Displacements,strains and tilts at tele-seismic distances,J.Geogpys.Res.,70,2395～2412.
Robert G.D.,Robet A.D.,1984,Water wave mechanics for engineers and scientists,Prentice-Hall Inc.,Englewood Cliffs,133～138.
Robert W.,Kai Wünnemann,Heinrich B.,2006,Numerical modelling of generation,propagation and run-up of tsunamis causedby ocean impacts:model strategy and technical solutions,Geophys.J.Int.,167,77～88.
Sato R.,Matsu’ura M.,1974,Strains and tilts on the surface of a semi-infinite medium,J.Phys.Earth.,22,213～221.
Sato S.,1996,Numerical simulation of1993Southwest Hokkaido earthquake tsunami around Okushiri Island,Journal ofwaterway,port,coastal,and ocean engineering,122(5),209～215.
Sokolnikoff I.,Specht R.,1946,Mathematical theory of elasticity,McGraw-Hill,New York.
Steketee J.,1958,On Volterra’s dislocation in a semi-infinite elastic medium.Can.J.Phys.36,192～205.
Takaoka K.,Ban K.,Yamaki S.,2001,Possibility for transoceanic tsunami forecast by numerical simulation—Example of1960Chilean tsunami by numerical simulation.ITS2001Proceedings,session7,Number7-17,849～859.
Tinti S.,Tonini R.,2005,Analytical evolution of tsunamis induced by near-shore earthquakes on a constant-slope ocean,J.Fluid Mech.,535,33～64.
Tinti S.,Piatanesi A.,1996,The Finite-Element Wave Propagator Approach and the Tsunami Inversion Problem,Phys.Chem.Earth,21(12),27～32.
Ueno T.,1965,Numerical computations for the Chilean earthquake tsunami,Oceanographical Magazine,17(1),87～94.
Voit S.S.,1987,Tsunami.Ann.Rev.Fluid Mech,19,217～236.
Volterra,1907,Sur l’équlibre des corpsélastiques multiplement connexes,Annales Sctentifiques de l’Ecole NormaleSupérueyre,24,401～517.
Wu T.Y.2001.A unified theory for modeling water waves.Advances in Applied Mechanics,37,1～88.
Yamashita T.,Sato R.,1974,Generation of tsunami by a fault model,J.Phys.Earth,22,415～440.
Yong-sik Cho,Lee J I,Kim Y T,2004,Safety analysis of Ulchin Nuclear Power Plant against Nihonkai-Chubu earthquaketsunami.Nuclear Engineering and Design,228,393～400.
Zelt J.A.,1991,The runup of nonbreaking and breaking soiltary waves,Coastal Engineering,15,205～246.
陈颙、陈棋福、张尉,2007,中国的海啸灾害,自然灾害学报,16(2),1～6。
陈运泰、杨智娴、许力生,2005,海啸、地震海啸与海啸地震,物理,34(12),864～872。
高焕臣、闵庆芳,1994,渤海地震海啸发生的可能性分析,海洋预报,11(1),63～66。
环文林,1989,渤海地震活动特征,地震研究,12(1),1～9。
蒋德才,1992,海洋波动力学,352～387,青岛:青岛大学出版社。
李善邦,1981,中国地震,北京:地震出版社。
刘双庆,2008,海啸近场特征与海啸触发源之间的定性定量关系分析,硕士学位论文,兰州:兰州中国地震局兰州地震研究所。
刘迎春,2007,中国沿海地区潜在地震海啸灾害评估,博士学位论文,北京:中国科学院研究生院。
任鲁川、薛艳,2006,我国沿海地区地震海啸危险性的初步估计,中国地震趋势预测研究(2007年度),640～647,北京:地震出版社。
任鲁川、薛艳、简春林,冯蔚.2009,南海北缘海啸波高对潜在海啸源震级偏差的敏感性,中国地震,25(2):186～192。
王本龙,2005,基于高阶Boussinesq方程的海岸破波带数学模型研究,博士论文,上海:上海交通大学。
王峰、刘昌森、章振栓,2000,中国古籍中的地震海啸记录,中国地震,21(3),431～443。
王晓青、吕金霞、丁香,2006,我国地震海啸危险性初步探讨,华南地震,26(1),76～80。
温艳林、朱元清、宋治平,等,2008,东海海域潜在海啸的数值模拟初步研究,地震学报,30(5),1～8。
徐明同,1981,海啸及引起之灾害,北京:气象出版社。
杨马陵,2005,广东省地震海啸危险分析与监测预警系统构想,华南地震,25(4),25～33。
杨马陵、魏柏林,2005,南海海域地震海啸潜在危险的探析,灾害学,20(3),41～47。
叶琳、于福江、吴玮,2005,我国海啸灾害及预警现状与建议,海洋预报,22(增刊),148～157。
于福江、叶林、王喜年,2001,1994年发生在台湾海峡的一次地震海啸的数值模拟,海洋学报,23(6),32～39。
张廷芳,2007,计算流体力学(第二版),大连:大连理工大学出版社。
朱建荣,2003,海洋数值计算方法和数值模式,北京:海洋出版社。
朱元清、宋治平、王本龙,等,2008,非线性海啸传播方程的数值分析,中国地震预报探索,508～519,北京:地震出版社。
邹志利,2005,水波理论及其应用,北京:科学出版社。
Assier S.P.,Mariotti C.and Heinrich P.,1997,Numerical Simulation of Submaring Landslides and their hydraulic effects.Journal of waterway,port,coastal and ocean engineering.123(4),149～157.
Boussinesq J.,1872,Théorie des ondes et des remous qui se propagent le long d’un cannal rectangulaire horizontal,encommuniquant au liquid contenu dans ce candal des vitesses sensiblement pareilles de la surface au fond.Hournal Math.Pureset Appl.2nd Series.,17,55～108.
Chinnery M.,1963,The stress changes that accompany strike-slip faulting,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,53,921～932.
Frédéric D.,Denys D.,2005,Dynamics of tsunami waves,Extreme Man-Made and Natural Hazards in Dynamics of Structures,Springer Netherlands,10.1007/978-1-4020-5656-78,201～224.
Fujima K.,Masamura K.,Goto C.,2002,Development of the2D/3D hybrid model for tsunami numerical simulation,CoastalEngineering Journal,44(4),373～393.
Geist,E.L.,1999,Local tsunamis and earthquake source parameters,Adv.Geophys.,39,117～209.
Grilli S.,Watts P.,2001,Modeling of tsunami generation by an underwater landslide in a3D-NWT.Proc.11th Offshore andPolar Engng.Conf.(ISOPE01,Stavanger,Norway),3,132～139.
Gutenberg B.,1939,Tsunamis and earthquakes,Bull Seismic Soc Amer,29(4),517～526.
Hayir A.,2003,The effects of variable speeds of a submarine block slide on near-field tsunami amplitudes,Ocean Engineering,30,2329～2342.
Hayir A.2004.Ocean depth effects on tsunami amplitudes used in source models in linearized shallow-water wave theory.OceanEngineering,31,353～361.
Heirich Ph.,Guibourg S.,Roche R.,1996,Numerical modeling of the1960Chilean tsunami,Impact on French Polynesia,Phys.Chem.Earth,21(12),19～25.
Isozaki S.U.,1964,The numerical computation of the tsunami in Tokyo bay caused by the Chilean earthquake in May,1960,Studies on Oceanogr.Dedicated to Prof.Hidaka in commemoration of his Sixtieth Birthday,389～396.
Iwasaki T.,Sato R.,1979,Strain field in a semi-infinite medium due to an inclined rectangular fault,J.PHYS.Earth,27,285～314.
Kirby J.T.,Wei G.,Chen Q.,et al,1998,Funwave1.0fully nonlinear Boussinesq wave model documentation and user’s manual.Research Report,No.CACR-98-06,8-14.
Kowalik Z.,Knight W.,Whitmore P.,2007,The Tsunami of December2004:Numerical Modeling and Engergy Considerations,Pure and Applied Geophysics,164,379～393.
Liu Y.C.,Santos A.,Wang S.M.,et al.,2007,Stunami hazards along Chinese coast from potential earthquakes in SouthChina Sea,Phys Earth Planet Interi,163,233～244.
Maruyama T.,1964,Statical elastic dislocation in an infinite and semi-infinite medium,Bull.Earthquake Res.,Inst.,TokyoUniv.42,289～368.
Masamura K.,Fujima K.,1996,Three-dimensional analysis of long wave runup on a conical island by using the MAC method,Long-wave runup models,world scientific publishing,321～331.
Okada,Y.,1985,Surface defomation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.75,1135～1154.
Okada,Y.,1992,Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.82,1018～1040.
Oritz M.,Gómez-Reyes E.,Vélez-Muńoz H.S.,2001,A fast preliminary estimation model for transoceanic tsunamipropagation.,ITS2001Proceedings,7(3),723～739.
Philip W.,Mansour I.,Stéphan G.,et al.,2005,Numerical Simulation of the December26,2004Indian Ocean Tsunami usinga Higher-order Boussinesq Model.Ocean Waves Measurement and Analysis,Fifth International Symposium WAVES2005,3rd-7th,July,2005,Madrid,Spain.
Philip L.-F.Liu,Wang X M,Andrew John Salisbury,2007,Tsunami hazard and forecast study in South China Sea,http://ceeserver.cee.cornell.edu/pll-group/comcot.htm.
Piatanesi A.,Tinti S.,Bortolucci E.,1996,The Wave Propagator in Finite-Element Modeling of Tsunamis.Phys.Chem.Earth,21(12),33～38.
Press F.,1965,Displacements,strains and tilts at tele-seismic distances,J.Geogpys.Res.,70,2395～2412.
Robert G.D.,Robet A.D.,1984,Water wave mechanics for engineers and scientists,Prentice-Hall Inc.,Englewood Cliffs,133～138.
Robert W.,Kai Wünnemann,Heinrich B.,2006,Numerical modelling of generation,propagation and run-up of tsunamis causedby ocean impacts:model strategy and technical solutions,Geophys.J.Int.,167,77～88.
Sato R.,Matsu’ura M.,1974,Strains and tilts on the surface of a semi-infinite medium,J.Phys.Earth.,22,213～221.
Sato S.,1996,Numerical simulation of1993Southwest Hokkaido earthquake tsunami around Okushiri Island,Journal ofwaterway,port,coastal,and ocean engineering,122(5),209～215.
Sokolnikoff I.,Specht R.,1946,Mathematical theory of elasticity,McGraw-Hill,New York.
Steketee J.,1958,On Volterra’s dislocation in a semi-infinite elastic medium.Can.J.Phys.36,192～205.
Takaoka K.,Ban K.,Yamaki S.,2001,Possibility for transoceanic tsunami forecast by numerical simulation—Example of1960Chilean tsunami by numerical simulation.ITS2001Proceedings,session7,Number7-17,849～859.
Tinti S.,Tonini R.,2005,Analytical evolution of tsunamis induced by near-shore earthquakes on a constant-slope ocean,J.Fluid Mech.,535,33～64.
Tinti S.,Piatanesi A.,1996,The Finite-Element Wave Propagator Approach and the Tsunami Inversion Problem,Phys.Chem.Earth,21(12),27～32.
Ueno T.,1965,Numerical computations for the Chilean earthquake tsunami,Oceanographical Magazine,17(1),87～94.
Voit S.S.,1987,Tsunami.Ann.Rev.Fluid Mech,19,217～236.
Volterra,1907,Sur l’équlibre des corpsélastiques multiplement connexes,Annales Sctentifiques de l’Ecole NormaleSupérueyre,24,401～517.
Wu T.Y.2001.A unified theory for modeling water waves.Advances in Applied Mechanics,37,1～88.
Yamashita T.,Sato R.,1974,Generation of tsunami by a fault model,J.Phys.Earth,22,415～440.
Yong-sik Cho,Lee J I,Kim Y T,2004,Safety analysis of Ulchin Nuclear Power Plant against Nihonkai-Chubu earthquaketsunami.Nuclear Engineering and Design,228,393～400.
Zelt J.A.,1991,The runup of nonbreaking and breaking soiltary waves,Coastal Engineering,15,205～246.
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