噪声层析成像在壳幔结构研究中的现状与展望
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摘要
噪声层析成像是一门最近发展起来的新技术,用环境噪声为数据研究地球结构,摆脱了对震源信号的依赖。由于噪声资料含有丰富的短周期信息,噪声层析成像技术的应用,大大提高了对地壳浅层结构的分辨能力,并可有效用于城市地下结构的研究。本文通过对噪声成像的发展现状、计算方法和研究进展等几个方面的综述,分析了噪声层析成像的优缺点,对噪声层析成像技术的发展方向进行了展望。噪声资料结合地震面波和体波反演的各向异性研究,有助于更准确地揭示壳幔结构和深部动力特征。综合运用噪声分析技术与其它有源信号的分析技术,将会促进对壳幔地震学参数动态变化和地震前后的物性变化的研究探索。
Ambient noise tomography is a rapidly emerging field of seismological research.Applying ambient noise to earth structure research can avoid dependence of earthquake signals effectively,meanwhile,ambient noise method can obtain upper crust structure with higher resolution as well as the structure beneath urban area because ambient noise contains abundant short period information.This paper aims to analysis advantages and disadvantages using ambient noise tomography by showing its present state,process method and progress.Anisotropy inverted by a combination of ambient noise data,surface and body waves can accurately reveal crust-mantle structure and geodynamic characteristics of deep structure.Combining noise analysis and other active signal analysis techniques can further study variations of seismological parameter and physical properties before and after earthquake.
Ambient noise tomography is a rapidly emerging field of seismological research.Applying ambient noise to earth structure research can avoid dependence of earthquake signals effectively,meanwhile,ambient noise method can obtain upper crust structure with higher resolution as well as the structure beneath urban area because ambient noise contains abundant short period information.This paper aims to analysis advantages and disadvantages using ambient noise tomography by showing its present state,process method and progress.Anisotropy inverted by a combination of ambient noise data,surface and body waves can accurately reveal crust-mantle structure and geodynamic characteristics of deep structure.Combining noise analysis and other active signal analysis techniques can further study variations of seismological parameter and physical properties before and after earthquake.
引文
[1]Weaver R L,Lobkis O I.On the emergence of the Green′s function in the correlations of a diffusefield[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2001,109:2 410-2 410.
[2]Campillo M,Paul A.Long-range correlations in the diffuse seismic coda[J].Science,2003,299(5 606):547-549.
[3]Snieder R.Extracting the Green′s function from the correlation of coda waves:A derivation based onstationary phase[J].Physical Review E,2004,69(4):46 610.
[4]Shapiro N M,Campillo M.Emergence of broadband Rayleigh waves from correlations of the ambientseismic noise[J].Geophys Res Lett,2004,31(7):1-5.
[5]Shapiro N M,Campillo M,Stehly L,et al.High-resolution surface-wave tomography from ambientseismic noise[J].Science,2005,307(5 715):1 615-1 618.
[6]Yang Y,Ritzwoller M H,Lin F C,et al.Structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath thewestern United States revealed by ambient noise and earthquake tomography[J].J Geophys Res,2008,113(B12):1-9.
[7]Roux P,Sabra K G,Kuperman W A,et al.Ambient noise cross correlation in free space:Theoreti-cal approach[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2005,117:79-84.
[8]Wapenaar K,Thorbecke J,Draganov D.Relations between reflection and transmission responses ofthree-dimensional inhomogeneous media[J].Geophysical Journal International,2004,156(2):179-194.
[9]Derode A,Larose E,Campillo M,et al.How to estimate the Green′s function of a heterogeneousmedium between two passive sensors?Application to acoustic waves[J].Applied Physics Letters,2003,83:3 054-3 056.
[10]Lobkis O I,Weaver R L.On the emergence of the Green′s function in the correlations of a diffusefield[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2001,110:3 011-3 017.
[11]Claerbout J F.Synthesis of a layered medium from its acoustic transmission response[J].Geophys-ics,1968,33:264-269.
[12]Shapiro N M,Ritzwoller M H,Bensen G D.Locating the Source of the Twenty-six-second Micro-seism by Cross-correlating Records of Ambient Seismic Noise[M].Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52):Fall Meet.Suppl.
[13]Sabra K G,Gerstoft P,Roux P,et al.Surface wave tomography from microseisms in Southern Cali-fornia[J].Geophys Res Lett,2005,32,L14311,doi:10.1029/2005GL023155.
[14]Yao H,Van Der Hilst R D,De Hoop M V.Surface-wave array tomography in SE Tibet from ambi-ent seismic noise and two-station analysis—Ⅰ.Phase velocity maps[J].Geophysical Journal Inter-national,2006,166(2):732-744.
[15]Bensen G D,Ritzwoller M H,Barmin M P,et al.Processing seismic ambient noise data to obtainreliable broad-band surface wave dispersion measurements[J].Geophysical Journal International,2007,169(3):1 239-1 260.
[16]Shapiro N M,Ritzwoller M H,Bensen G D.Source location of the 26sec microseism from cross-correlations of ambient seismic noise[J].Geophys Res Lett,2006,33,L18310,doi:10.1029/2006GL027010.
[17]Yang Y,Ritzwoller M H,Levshin A L,et al.Ambient noise Rayleigh wave tomography across Eu-rope[J].Geophysical Journal International,2007,168(1):259-274.
[18]Bensen G D,Ritzwoller M H,Shapiro N M,et al.Extending ambient noise surface wave tomo-graphy to continental scales:application across the United States[M].Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meeting Suppl,Abstract S31A-0274.
[19]Sabra K G,Gerstoft P,Roux P,et al.Extracting time-domain Green′s function estimates from am-bient seismic noise[J].Geophys Res Lett,2005,32,L03310,doi:10.1029/2004GL021862.
[20]Paul A,Campillo M,Margerin L,et al.Empirical synthesis of time-asymmetrical Green functionsfrom the correlation of coda waves[J].J geophys Res,2005,110,B08302,doi:10.1029/2004JB003521.
[21]Ke Lis-Borok V I,Levshin A L.Seismic surface waves in a laterally inhomogeneous Earth[M].Kluwer Academic Pub,1989.
[22]Liang C,Langston C A.Ambient seismic noise tomography and structure of eastern North America[J].J geophys Res,2008,113,B03309,doi:10.1029/2007JB005350.
[23]Larose E,Derode A,Clorennec D,et al.Passive retrieval of Rayleigh waves in disordered elasticmedia[J].Physical Review E,2005,72(4):46 607,doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.72.046607.
[24]Weaver R L,Lobkis O I.Diffuse fields in open systems and the emergence of the Green′s function(L)[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2004,116:2 731-2 734.
[25]Yao H,Van der Hilst R D,P M J.Heterogeneity and anisotropy of the lithosphere of SE Tibetfrom surface wave array tomography[J].J Geophys Res,2010,115,B12307,doi:10.1029/2009JB007142.
[26]Weaver R L.GEOPHYSICS:Information from Seismic Noise[J].Science,2005,307(5 715):1 568-1 569.
[27]Stehly L,Campillo M,Shapiro N M.Traveltime measurements from noise correlation:stability anddetection of instrumental time-shifts[J].Geophysical Journal International,2007,171(1):223-230.
[28]Lin F C,Moschetti M P,Ritzwoller M H.Surface wave tomography of the western United Statesfrom ambient seismic noise:Rayleigh and Love wave phase velocity maps[J].Geophysical JournalInternational,2008,173(1):281-298.
[29]Yao H,van der Hilst R D,de Hoop M D.High Resolution Surface-Wave Tomography in SE Tibetfrom Ambient Seismic Noise and a Two-station Method[M].Eos Trans,AGU,2005,86(52),FallMeet.Suppl.
[30]房立华,吴建平,吕作勇.华北地区基于噪声的瑞利面波群速度层析成像[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(3):663-671.
[31]Zheng S,Sun X,Song X,et al.Surface wave tomography of China from ambient seismic noise cor-relation[J].Geochem Geophys Geosyst,2008,9(5):1-8.
[32]王伟君,刘澜波,陈棋福,等.应用微动H/V谱比法和台阵技术探测场地响应和浅层速度结构[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(6):1 515-1 525.
[33]陈棋福,刘澜波,王伟君.利用地脉动探测北京城区的地震动场地响应[J].科学通报,2008,53(18):2 229-2 235.
[34]Huang H,Yao H,van der Hilst R D.Radial anisotropy in the crust of SE Tibet and SW China fromambient noise interferometry[J].Geophys Res Lett,2010,37(21):L21310,doi:10.1029/2010GL044981.
[35]Yang Y,Zheng Y,Ritzwoller M H.Surface wave phase velocities and azimuthal anisotropy in Tibetand surrounding regions from ambient noise tomography[M].Eos Trans AGU,2009,90(52),FallMeet.Suppl,Abstract T14C-03.
[36]Brenguier F,Shapiro N M,Campillo M,et al.Towards forecasting volcanic eruptions using seismicnoise[J].Nature Geoscience,2008,1(2):126-130.
[37]Brenguier F,Campillo M,Hadziioannou C,et al.Postseismic relaxation along the San AndreasFault at Parkfield from continuous seismological observations[J].Science,2008,321(5 895):1 478-1 481.
[38]Xu Z J,Song X.Temporal changes of surface wave velocity associated with major Sumatra earth-quakes from ambient noise correlation[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2009,106(34):14 207-14 212.
[39]刘志坤,黄金莉.利用背景噪声互相关研究汶川地震震源区地震波速度变化[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(4):853-863.
[40]Harmon N,Forsyth D,Webb S.Using ambient seismic noise to determine short-period phase veloc-ities and shallow shear velocities in young oceanic lithosphere[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Socie-ty of America,2007,97(6):2 009-2 023.
[41]Yao H,Beghein C,Van Der Hilst R D.Surface wave array tomography in SE Tibet from ambientseismic noise and two-station analysis—Ⅱ.Crustal and upper-mantle structure[J].GeophysicalJournal International,2008,173(1):205-219.
[42]高原,石玉涛,梁维,等.剪切波分裂分析系统SAM(2007)——软件系统[J].中国地震,2008,24(4):345-353.
[43]高原,滕吉文.中国大陆地壳与上地幔地震各向异性研究[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(1):180-185.
[44]Liu K H,Gao S S,Gao Y,et al.Shear wave splitting and mantle flow associated with the deflectedPacific slab beneath northeast Asia[J].J Geophys Res,2008,113(B1):1-15.
[45]高原,吴晶,易桂喜,等.从壳幔地震各向异性初探华北地区壳幔耦合关系[J].科学通报,2010,55(29):2 837-2 843.
[2]Campillo M,Paul A.Long-range correlations in the diffuse seismic coda[J].Science,2003,299(5 606):547-549.
[3]Snieder R.Extracting the Green′s function from the correlation of coda waves:A derivation based onstationary phase[J].Physical Review E,2004,69(4):46 610.
[4]Shapiro N M,Campillo M.Emergence of broadband Rayleigh waves from correlations of the ambientseismic noise[J].Geophys Res Lett,2004,31(7):1-5.
[5]Shapiro N M,Campillo M,Stehly L,et al.High-resolution surface-wave tomography from ambientseismic noise[J].Science,2005,307(5 715):1 615-1 618.
[6]Yang Y,Ritzwoller M H,Lin F C,et al.Structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath thewestern United States revealed by ambient noise and earthquake tomography[J].J Geophys Res,2008,113(B12):1-9.
[7]Roux P,Sabra K G,Kuperman W A,et al.Ambient noise cross correlation in free space:Theoreti-cal approach[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2005,117:79-84.
[8]Wapenaar K,Thorbecke J,Draganov D.Relations between reflection and transmission responses ofthree-dimensional inhomogeneous media[J].Geophysical Journal International,2004,156(2):179-194.
[9]Derode A,Larose E,Campillo M,et al.How to estimate the Green′s function of a heterogeneousmedium between two passive sensors?Application to acoustic waves[J].Applied Physics Letters,2003,83:3 054-3 056.
[10]Lobkis O I,Weaver R L.On the emergence of the Green′s function in the correlations of a diffusefield[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2001,110:3 011-3 017.
[11]Claerbout J F.Synthesis of a layered medium from its acoustic transmission response[J].Geophys-ics,1968,33:264-269.
[12]Shapiro N M,Ritzwoller M H,Bensen G D.Locating the Source of the Twenty-six-second Micro-seism by Cross-correlating Records of Ambient Seismic Noise[M].Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52):Fall Meet.Suppl.
[13]Sabra K G,Gerstoft P,Roux P,et al.Surface wave tomography from microseisms in Southern Cali-fornia[J].Geophys Res Lett,2005,32,L14311,doi:10.1029/2005GL023155.
[14]Yao H,Van Der Hilst R D,De Hoop M V.Surface-wave array tomography in SE Tibet from ambi-ent seismic noise and two-station analysis—Ⅰ.Phase velocity maps[J].Geophysical Journal Inter-national,2006,166(2):732-744.
[15]Bensen G D,Ritzwoller M H,Barmin M P,et al.Processing seismic ambient noise data to obtainreliable broad-band surface wave dispersion measurements[J].Geophysical Journal International,2007,169(3):1 239-1 260.
[16]Shapiro N M,Ritzwoller M H,Bensen G D.Source location of the 26sec microseism from cross-correlations of ambient seismic noise[J].Geophys Res Lett,2006,33,L18310,doi:10.1029/2006GL027010.
[17]Yang Y,Ritzwoller M H,Levshin A L,et al.Ambient noise Rayleigh wave tomography across Eu-rope[J].Geophysical Journal International,2007,168(1):259-274.
[18]Bensen G D,Ritzwoller M H,Shapiro N M,et al.Extending ambient noise surface wave tomo-graphy to continental scales:application across the United States[M].Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meeting Suppl,Abstract S31A-0274.
[19]Sabra K G,Gerstoft P,Roux P,et al.Extracting time-domain Green′s function estimates from am-bient seismic noise[J].Geophys Res Lett,2005,32,L03310,doi:10.1029/2004GL021862.
[20]Paul A,Campillo M,Margerin L,et al.Empirical synthesis of time-asymmetrical Green functionsfrom the correlation of coda waves[J].J geophys Res,2005,110,B08302,doi:10.1029/2004JB003521.
[21]Ke Lis-Borok V I,Levshin A L.Seismic surface waves in a laterally inhomogeneous Earth[M].Kluwer Academic Pub,1989.
[22]Liang C,Langston C A.Ambient seismic noise tomography and structure of eastern North America[J].J geophys Res,2008,113,B03309,doi:10.1029/2007JB005350.
[23]Larose E,Derode A,Clorennec D,et al.Passive retrieval of Rayleigh waves in disordered elasticmedia[J].Physical Review E,2005,72(4):46 607,doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.72.046607.
[24]Weaver R L,Lobkis O I.Diffuse fields in open systems and the emergence of the Green′s function(L)[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2004,116:2 731-2 734.
[25]Yao H,Van der Hilst R D,P M J.Heterogeneity and anisotropy of the lithosphere of SE Tibetfrom surface wave array tomography[J].J Geophys Res,2010,115,B12307,doi:10.1029/2009JB007142.
[26]Weaver R L.GEOPHYSICS:Information from Seismic Noise[J].Science,2005,307(5 715):1 568-1 569.
[27]Stehly L,Campillo M,Shapiro N M.Traveltime measurements from noise correlation:stability anddetection of instrumental time-shifts[J].Geophysical Journal International,2007,171(1):223-230.
[28]Lin F C,Moschetti M P,Ritzwoller M H.Surface wave tomography of the western United Statesfrom ambient seismic noise:Rayleigh and Love wave phase velocity maps[J].Geophysical JournalInternational,2008,173(1):281-298.
[29]Yao H,van der Hilst R D,de Hoop M D.High Resolution Surface-Wave Tomography in SE Tibetfrom Ambient Seismic Noise and a Two-station Method[M].Eos Trans,AGU,2005,86(52),FallMeet.Suppl.
[30]房立华,吴建平,吕作勇.华北地区基于噪声的瑞利面波群速度层析成像[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(3):663-671.
[31]Zheng S,Sun X,Song X,et al.Surface wave tomography of China from ambient seismic noise cor-relation[J].Geochem Geophys Geosyst,2008,9(5):1-8.
[32]王伟君,刘澜波,陈棋福,等.应用微动H/V谱比法和台阵技术探测场地响应和浅层速度结构[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(6):1 515-1 525.
[33]陈棋福,刘澜波,王伟君.利用地脉动探测北京城区的地震动场地响应[J].科学通报,2008,53(18):2 229-2 235.
[34]Huang H,Yao H,van der Hilst R D.Radial anisotropy in the crust of SE Tibet and SW China fromambient noise interferometry[J].Geophys Res Lett,2010,37(21):L21310,doi:10.1029/2010GL044981.
[35]Yang Y,Zheng Y,Ritzwoller M H.Surface wave phase velocities and azimuthal anisotropy in Tibetand surrounding regions from ambient noise tomography[M].Eos Trans AGU,2009,90(52),FallMeet.Suppl,Abstract T14C-03.
[36]Brenguier F,Shapiro N M,Campillo M,et al.Towards forecasting volcanic eruptions using seismicnoise[J].Nature Geoscience,2008,1(2):126-130.
[37]Brenguier F,Campillo M,Hadziioannou C,et al.Postseismic relaxation along the San AndreasFault at Parkfield from continuous seismological observations[J].Science,2008,321(5 895):1 478-1 481.
[38]Xu Z J,Song X.Temporal changes of surface wave velocity associated with major Sumatra earth-quakes from ambient noise correlation[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2009,106(34):14 207-14 212.
[39]刘志坤,黄金莉.利用背景噪声互相关研究汶川地震震源区地震波速度变化[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(4):853-863.
[40]Harmon N,Forsyth D,Webb S.Using ambient seismic noise to determine short-period phase veloc-ities and shallow shear velocities in young oceanic lithosphere[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Socie-ty of America,2007,97(6):2 009-2 023.
[41]Yao H,Beghein C,Van Der Hilst R D.Surface wave array tomography in SE Tibet from ambientseismic noise and two-station analysis—Ⅱ.Crustal and upper-mantle structure[J].GeophysicalJournal International,2008,173(1):205-219.
[42]高原,石玉涛,梁维,等.剪切波分裂分析系统SAM(2007)——软件系统[J].中国地震,2008,24(4):345-353.
[43]高原,滕吉文.中国大陆地壳与上地幔地震各向异性研究[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(1):180-185.
[44]Liu K H,Gao S S,Gao Y,et al.Shear wave splitting and mantle flow associated with the deflectedPacific slab beneath northeast Asia[J].J Geophys Res,2008,113(B1):1-15.
[45]高原,吴晶,易桂喜,等.从壳幔地震各向异性初探华北地区壳幔耦合关系[J].科学通报,2010,55(29):2 837-2 843.
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