全球地震、火山分布及其变化特征
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摘要
地震和火山都反映了地球表层的构造活动,因而地震活动区往往也是火山活动区。根据全球大震、火山活动目录,分析研究了全球地震、火山分布的特征。描述了各区的地震、火山活动分布,总结了地震、火山活动强度的时、空分布特征。全球地震、火山活动可以分为碰撞带、大陆区和大洋区。大陆地震以其片状的分散分布而不同于板块边缘的带状分布,大陆火山活动比大洋火山更受应力场的影响。大洋区地震活动相对较弱,岩浆活动主要是平静的岩浆溢出与洋中脊的扩张,往往没有形成火山喷发。有记录的火山喷发主要来自深部地幔的热柱。俯冲-碰撞活动区地震活动与火山喷发最强烈,大角度俯冲的弧后火山活动最强,当板块运动方向与板块边缘走向成小角度相交时,缺少正面俯冲的动力,火山活动相对平静。>500km深震的地段,火山活动较弱。火山与地震强烈活动的大多在大地水准面(Geoid)异常高的区域。地震与火山平均纬度随时间表现出同步的变化外,火山和大震活动也显示了大致同步的变化。
Volcano and earthquake,both are significant phenomena and subsequences of plate motion. Great importance has been attached to the connection between volcano and earthquake in recent years.Global partitioning of earthquake and volcano is an important prerequisite for the study of the spatial and temporal distributions of global earthquakes and volcanoes,as well as global tectonic and contemporary geodynamics. On the basis of statistic analysis on Earthquake Catalogs of USGS National Earthquake Information Center and Volcano Catalog of Smithsonian Institution,and applications of the concept of three tectonic systems(Ma et al.,2003),the correlation study between volcano and earthquake distributions was made in this paper.Based on the statistics of subareas,the global modern tectonics can be divided into three systems:continent,ocean,and collision zone. Continental earthquakes are widely spaced,differing from strap-like distribution in the plate boundaries.The major distinction of continental volcanoes from oceanic one is the existence of continental lithosphere with various crust thicknesses and ages.The continental volcanoes are more sensitive to tectonic stress field,e.g.the continent rifts are induced by lithospheric extension. Oceanic crust is young,thin and relative homogeneous,with weak seismicity.Magmatism is dominanted by smooth extrusion of lava and expansion of ridges in mid-ocean.Most records of volcano eruptions are related to hot plume from deep mantle in islands. Subduction-collision zone has the maximum severity of earthquakes and volcano eruptions.The seismicty is caused by extrusion from plate collision,and the volcanism is related with dehydration,decline of solidus,and uplift of arcs.The tremendous energy from plate collision is the fundamental cause of earthquake and volcano. The violent seismic and eruption activities are mostly correlated with geoid highs.The deep subduction zones with focal depth greater than 500km have weak eruptions,lacking historic records,or large eruptions with VEI≥4. The average latitude of earthquakes behaves in a synchrony way with that of volcanoes,and their spatial distribution changes in synchronous phases.In the first half period of last century(1902- 1953),the great eruptions with VEI greater than 5 were in eastern Pacific,such as the 1902 eruption of Santa Maria in Guatemala,the 1912 Trident eruption in Alaska,the 1932 eruption of Azul in Chile. And the seismicity were the most violent in Eurasia continent.In the middle period(1956-1980), the eruptions were concentrated in north Pacific,such as the 1956 eruption of Bezymianny in Kamchatka, the 1976 eruption of Augustine in Alaska,and the 1980 eruption of St.Helens In USA.The large earthquakes migrated from northern Pacific(1954-1965),Japan Arc(1966-1972) to Phillippine Arc(1973-1981).
Volcano and earthquake,both are significant phenomena and subsequences of plate motion. Great importance has been attached to the connection between volcano and earthquake in recent years.Global partitioning of earthquake and volcano is an important prerequisite for the study of the spatial and temporal distributions of global earthquakes and volcanoes,as well as global tectonic and contemporary geodynamics. On the basis of statistic analysis on Earthquake Catalogs of USGS National Earthquake Information Center and Volcano Catalog of Smithsonian Institution,and applications of the concept of three tectonic systems(Ma et al.,2003),the correlation study between volcano and earthquake distributions was made in this paper.Based on the statistics of subareas,the global modern tectonics can be divided into three systems:continent,ocean,and collision zone. Continental earthquakes are widely spaced,differing from strap-like distribution in the plate boundaries.The major distinction of continental volcanoes from oceanic one is the existence of continental lithosphere with various crust thicknesses and ages.The continental volcanoes are more sensitive to tectonic stress field,e.g.the continent rifts are induced by lithospheric extension. Oceanic crust is young,thin and relative homogeneous,with weak seismicity.Magmatism is dominanted by smooth extrusion of lava and expansion of ridges in mid-ocean.Most records of volcano eruptions are related to hot plume from deep mantle in islands. Subduction-collision zone has the maximum severity of earthquakes and volcano eruptions.The seismicty is caused by extrusion from plate collision,and the volcanism is related with dehydration,decline of solidus,and uplift of arcs.The tremendous energy from plate collision is the fundamental cause of earthquake and volcano. The violent seismic and eruption activities are mostly correlated with geoid highs.The deep subduction zones with focal depth greater than 500km have weak eruptions,lacking historic records,or large eruptions with VEI≥4. The average latitude of earthquakes behaves in a synchrony way with that of volcanoes,and their spatial distribution changes in synchronous phases.In the first half period of last century(1902- 1953),the great eruptions with VEI greater than 5 were in eastern Pacific,such as the 1902 eruption of Santa Maria in Guatemala,the 1912 Trident eruption in Alaska,the 1932 eruption of Azul in Chile. And the seismicity were the most violent in Eurasia continent.In the middle period(1956-1980), the eruptions were concentrated in north Pacific,such as the 1956 eruption of Bezymianny in Kamchatka, the 1976 eruption of Augustine in Alaska,and the 1980 eruption of St.Helens In USA.The large earthquakes migrated from northern Pacific(1954-1965),Japan Arc(1966-1972) to Phillippine Arc(1973-1981).
引文
[1]U.S.Geological Survey,Department of the Interior/USGS,http://www.earthquake.usgs.gov.
陈培善,陈海通,黎向东.1994.全球地震地理分区[J].地震地磁观测与研究,15(1):6-20.
CHEN Pei-shan,CHEN Hai-tong,LI Xiang-dong.1994.Global seismic and geographical zoning[J].Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,15(1):6-20(in Chinese).
洪汉净,于泳,郑秀珍,等.2003.全球火山活动分布特征[J].地学前缘,10(特刊):11-16.
HONG Han-jing,YU Yong,ZHENG Xiu-zhen,et al.2003.Global volcano distribution:Pattern and variation[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,10(Suppl):11-16(in Chinese).
马瑾.1989.地震成因与地震区划工作中构造物理研究的一些进展[A].见:国家地震局地质研究所编.现代地壳运动研究(4).北京:地震出版社.1-9.
MA Jin.1989.Some development of tectonophysics concerning earthquake research in China[A].In:Institute of Geology, SSB(ed).Research on Recent Crustal Movement(4 ).Seismological Press,Beijing.1-9(in Chinese).
马宗晋,张德成.1986.板块构造与地震[A].见:李春昱等主编.板块构造基本原理.北京:地震出版社.
MA Zong-jin,ZHANG De-cheng.1986.Plate tectonic and earthquake[A].In:LI Chun-yu etal.(eds).Fundamentals of Plate Tectonics.Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
马宗晋,杜品仁,洪汉净.2003.地球构造与动力学[M].广州:广东科技出版社.
MA Zong-ji,DU Pin-ren,HONG Han-jing.2003.Structure and Dynamics of the Earth[M].Guangdong Science and Technology Press,Guangzhou(in Chinese).
Ahern J L.2004.EGM96.http://geophysics.ou.edu/solid_earth/notes/geoid/egm 96_geoid.jpg.
Berryman K,Villamor P,Dissen R Van.2006.Volcano-tectonic interactions in a rhyolite domain:the Taupo volcanic zone,New Zealand[J].Geophysical Research Abstracts,8:05376.
Bird P.2003.An updated digital model of plate boundaries[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,4(3):1027. doi:10.102 9/2001 GC000252,2003.
Calais E,Ebinger C,Hartnady C,et al.2006.Kinematics of the East African Rift from GPS and earthquake slip vector data[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publications,259:9-22.
Chorowicz J.2005.The East African rift system[J].Journal of African Earth Sciences,43(l-3):379-410.
Colley H,Hindle W H.1984.Volcano-tectonic evolution of Fiji and adjoining marginal basins[J].Geological Society, London,Special Publications,16:151- 162.
DeMets C.2001.A new estimate for present-day Cocos-Caribbean plate motion:Implications for slip along the Central American volcanic arc[J].G R L,28(21):4043-4046.
Fisher R V and Schmincke H U.1984.Pyroclastic Rocks[M].Springer-Verlag,New York.409p.
Geirsson H,Arnadottir T,VolksenC,et al.2006.Current plate movements across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge determined from 5 years of continuous GPS measurements in Iceland[J].J G R,111,B09407.doi: 10.1029/2005JB003717.
Hager B H,Clayton R W,Richards M A,et al.1985.Lower mantle heterogeneity,dynamic topography and the geoid [J].Nature,313:541-545(14 February 1985).doi:10.1038/313541a 0.
Karig D E.1971.Structural history of the Mariana Island Arc system[J].Geol Soc Amer Bull,8:323-344.
Kyung J B,Oike K,Hori T.1996.Temporal variations in seismic and volcanic activity and relationship with stress field in East Asia[J].Tectonophysics,267:331-342.
Martin P,Hunen J,Parman S,et al.2008.Why does plate tectonics occur only on Earth?[J].Phys Educ,43:144- 150.doi:10.1088/0031-9120/43/2/002.
McKenzie D P.1969.Speculations on the cause and sequences of the plate motion[J].Geoph J Roy Astr Soc,18: 1-32.
Menzies M A,Kyle P.1990.Continental volcanism:A crust-mantle probe[A].In:Menzies M A(ed).The Continental Mantle.Clarendon Press,Oxford.157-177.
Newhall C G,Punongbayan R S(eds).1996.Eruptive history of Mount Pinatubo[M].Quezon City,Philippines:Philippine Inst Volc Seism,and Seattle:Univ Wash Press.1126p.
Papazachos B C.1973.Distribution of seismic foci in the Mediterranean and surrounding area and its tectonic implica- tion[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,33(4):421-430.
Pares J M,Moore T C.2005.New evidence for the Hawaiian hotspot plume motion since the Eocene[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,237(3-4 ):951-959.
Pilger R H Jr.1984.Cenozoic plate kinematics,subduction and magmatism:South American Andes[J].Journal of the Geological Society,141(5):793-802.doi:10.1144/gsjgs.141.5.0793.
Press F,Siever R.1986.Earth(4th edition)[M].Freeman and Co,New York.626pp.
Siebert L,Simkin T.2002.Volcanoes of the world:An illustrated catalog of Holocene volcanoes and their eruptions [J].Smithsonian Institution,Global Volcanism Program Digital Information Series,GVP-3,(http:// www.volcano.si.edu/world/).
Spence W.1977.The Aleutian arc:tectonic blocks,episodic subduction,strain diffusion,and magma generation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,82(B2 ):213-230.
Stauder W,Mualchin L.1976.Fault motion in the larger earthquakes of the Kurile-Kamechatka arc and of the Kurile-Hokkaido corner[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,81(B2 ):297-308.
Stern R J.2007.When and how did plate tectonics begin? Theoretical and empirical considerations[J].Chin Sci Bull, 52(5):578-591.
Turcotte D L,Schubert.1982.Geodynamics[M].John Willy & Sons,New York.
Underwood M B,Shelton K L,McLaughlin R J,et al.1999.Middle Miocene paleotemperature anomalies within the Franciscan Complex of northern California:Thermo-tectonic responses near the Mendocino triple junction[J]. GSA Bulletin,111(10):1448-1467.
Uyeda S,Miyashiro A.1974.Plate tectonics and the Japanese Islands:A synthesis[J].Geol Soc Am Bull,5:1159- 1170.
Vermeersen B L,Schotman H H.2006.High-harmonic geoid signatures related to glacial isostatic adjustment and their detectability by GOCE[R].AGU,Fall Meeting 2006,abstract #G23C-07.
Walter T R,Amelung F.2007.Volcanic eruptions following M≥9 megathrust earthquakes:Implications for the Sumatra -Andaman volcanoes[J].Geology,35(6):539-542.
Wiedicke M,Sahling H,Delisle G,et al.2002.Characteristics of an active vent in the fore-arc basin of the Sunda Arc [J].Indonesia,Marine Geology,184:121-141.
Wood C,Kienle J.1993.Volcanoes of North America:United States and Canada[M].Cambridge University Press.
Zoback M L.1992.First-and second-order patterns of stress in the lithosphere:The world stress map project[J].J G R,97:11703-11728.
陈培善,陈海通,黎向东.1994.全球地震地理分区[J].地震地磁观测与研究,15(1):6-20.
CHEN Pei-shan,CHEN Hai-tong,LI Xiang-dong.1994.Global seismic and geographical zoning[J].Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,15(1):6-20(in Chinese).
洪汉净,于泳,郑秀珍,等.2003.全球火山活动分布特征[J].地学前缘,10(特刊):11-16.
HONG Han-jing,YU Yong,ZHENG Xiu-zhen,et al.2003.Global volcano distribution:Pattern and variation[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,10(Suppl):11-16(in Chinese).
马瑾.1989.地震成因与地震区划工作中构造物理研究的一些进展[A].见:国家地震局地质研究所编.现代地壳运动研究(4).北京:地震出版社.1-9.
MA Jin.1989.Some development of tectonophysics concerning earthquake research in China[A].In:Institute of Geology, SSB(ed).Research on Recent Crustal Movement(4 ).Seismological Press,Beijing.1-9(in Chinese).
马宗晋,张德成.1986.板块构造与地震[A].见:李春昱等主编.板块构造基本原理.北京:地震出版社.
MA Zong-jin,ZHANG De-cheng.1986.Plate tectonic and earthquake[A].In:LI Chun-yu etal.(eds).Fundamentals of Plate Tectonics.Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
马宗晋,杜品仁,洪汉净.2003.地球构造与动力学[M].广州:广东科技出版社.
MA Zong-ji,DU Pin-ren,HONG Han-jing.2003.Structure and Dynamics of the Earth[M].Guangdong Science and Technology Press,Guangzhou(in Chinese).
Ahern J L.2004.EGM96.http://geophysics.ou.edu/solid_earth/notes/geoid/egm 96_geoid.jpg.
Berryman K,Villamor P,Dissen R Van.2006.Volcano-tectonic interactions in a rhyolite domain:the Taupo volcanic zone,New Zealand[J].Geophysical Research Abstracts,8:05376.
Bird P.2003.An updated digital model of plate boundaries[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,4(3):1027. doi:10.102 9/2001 GC000252,2003.
Calais E,Ebinger C,Hartnady C,et al.2006.Kinematics of the East African Rift from GPS and earthquake slip vector data[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publications,259:9-22.
Chorowicz J.2005.The East African rift system[J].Journal of African Earth Sciences,43(l-3):379-410.
Colley H,Hindle W H.1984.Volcano-tectonic evolution of Fiji and adjoining marginal basins[J].Geological Society, London,Special Publications,16:151- 162.
DeMets C.2001.A new estimate for present-day Cocos-Caribbean plate motion:Implications for slip along the Central American volcanic arc[J].G R L,28(21):4043-4046.
Fisher R V and Schmincke H U.1984.Pyroclastic Rocks[M].Springer-Verlag,New York.409p.
Geirsson H,Arnadottir T,VolksenC,et al.2006.Current plate movements across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge determined from 5 years of continuous GPS measurements in Iceland[J].J G R,111,B09407.doi: 10.1029/2005JB003717.
Hager B H,Clayton R W,Richards M A,et al.1985.Lower mantle heterogeneity,dynamic topography and the geoid [J].Nature,313:541-545(14 February 1985).doi:10.1038/313541a 0.
Karig D E.1971.Structural history of the Mariana Island Arc system[J].Geol Soc Amer Bull,8:323-344.
Kyung J B,Oike K,Hori T.1996.Temporal variations in seismic and volcanic activity and relationship with stress field in East Asia[J].Tectonophysics,267:331-342.
Martin P,Hunen J,Parman S,et al.2008.Why does plate tectonics occur only on Earth?[J].Phys Educ,43:144- 150.doi:10.1088/0031-9120/43/2/002.
McKenzie D P.1969.Speculations on the cause and sequences of the plate motion[J].Geoph J Roy Astr Soc,18: 1-32.
Menzies M A,Kyle P.1990.Continental volcanism:A crust-mantle probe[A].In:Menzies M A(ed).The Continental Mantle.Clarendon Press,Oxford.157-177.
Newhall C G,Punongbayan R S(eds).1996.Eruptive history of Mount Pinatubo[M].Quezon City,Philippines:Philippine Inst Volc Seism,and Seattle:Univ Wash Press.1126p.
Papazachos B C.1973.Distribution of seismic foci in the Mediterranean and surrounding area and its tectonic implica- tion[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,33(4):421-430.
Pares J M,Moore T C.2005.New evidence for the Hawaiian hotspot plume motion since the Eocene[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,237(3-4 ):951-959.
Pilger R H Jr.1984.Cenozoic plate kinematics,subduction and magmatism:South American Andes[J].Journal of the Geological Society,141(5):793-802.doi:10.1144/gsjgs.141.5.0793.
Press F,Siever R.1986.Earth(4th edition)[M].Freeman and Co,New York.626pp.
Siebert L,Simkin T.2002.Volcanoes of the world:An illustrated catalog of Holocene volcanoes and their eruptions [J].Smithsonian Institution,Global Volcanism Program Digital Information Series,GVP-3,(http:// www.volcano.si.edu/world/).
Spence W.1977.The Aleutian arc:tectonic blocks,episodic subduction,strain diffusion,and magma generation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,82(B2 ):213-230.
Stauder W,Mualchin L.1976.Fault motion in the larger earthquakes of the Kurile-Kamechatka arc and of the Kurile-Hokkaido corner[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,81(B2 ):297-308.
Stern R J.2007.When and how did plate tectonics begin? Theoretical and empirical considerations[J].Chin Sci Bull, 52(5):578-591.
Turcotte D L,Schubert.1982.Geodynamics[M].John Willy & Sons,New York.
Underwood M B,Shelton K L,McLaughlin R J,et al.1999.Middle Miocene paleotemperature anomalies within the Franciscan Complex of northern California:Thermo-tectonic responses near the Mendocino triple junction[J]. GSA Bulletin,111(10):1448-1467.
Uyeda S,Miyashiro A.1974.Plate tectonics and the Japanese Islands:A synthesis[J].Geol Soc Am Bull,5:1159- 1170.
Vermeersen B L,Schotman H H.2006.High-harmonic geoid signatures related to glacial isostatic adjustment and their detectability by GOCE[R].AGU,Fall Meeting 2006,abstract #G23C-07.
Walter T R,Amelung F.2007.Volcanic eruptions following M≥9 megathrust earthquakes:Implications for the Sumatra -Andaman volcanoes[J].Geology,35(6):539-542.
Wiedicke M,Sahling H,Delisle G,et al.2002.Characteristics of an active vent in the fore-arc basin of the Sunda Arc [J].Indonesia,Marine Geology,184:121-141.
Wood C,Kienle J.1993.Volcanoes of North America:United States and Canada[M].Cambridge University Press.
Zoback M L.1992.First-and second-order patterns of stress in the lithosphere:The world stress map project[J].J G R,97:11703-11728.
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