海底浅层圈闭与浅层气地震反射特征对比
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摘要
海底浅层圈闭条件是决定浅层气反射特征的重要因素,根据海底浅层圈闭条件的分析、国内外浅层气分布区反射特征与底质类型对比分析和南黄海西部地区浅部断层分析,得出结论:(1)浅层气的圈闭条件主要受海底底质类型与浅部断层控制,常见圈闭类型为岩性圈闭和断层圈闭;(2)底质类型是决定浅层气反射特征的重要因素。分析认为海底表层沉积物的泥砂含量决定了圈闭中盖层封闭能力,进而决定了浅层气聚集能力和储集量,形成不同浅层气地震反射特征;(3)某些现代三角洲地区,受潮流或河流与海洋共同作用影响,表层底质经常与整个浅层的物质组成差别较大。由于其内部一般含有较厚的细颗粒黏土质粉砂和粉砂质黏土,封闭能力较强,可封闭较多浅层气,能形成大规模的声学空白反射,但常观察到浅层气反射顶界面局部突起呈旗舰状;(4)浅部断层既可形成断层圈闭,也可充当浅层气的运移通道。断层圈闭通常较少见且难以识别,浅部断层在第四纪松散地层中更多地充当了浅层气运移的通道;(5)浅部地层存在多套含泥较多的地层且形成圈闭时,浅层气被多次圈闭,会在不同深度形成"楼层式"的多个强反射界面、声学扰动。
Trap conditions at shallow subbottom depths are important and decisive to seismic reflection of shallow gas.Based on analysis of the trap conditions,we conclude that there are two kinds of traps normally:lithologic trap and fault trap.According to the seismic reflection features of shallow gas,subbottom sediment,and shallow faults in the western South Yellow Sea,we conclude that:(1)The traps of shallow gas at the shallow depths are mainly controlled by the bottom sediment and shallow faults,and the traps are usually lithologic and fault ones.(2)The bottom sediment is normally important and decisive to the seismic reflection features of shallow gas.(3)Under the actions of tidal current,river and ocean,bottom sediments in modern deltas are greatly different from the shallow strata beneath them.As the sediments of modern delta have thick muddy silt and silty muddy layers,their trap ability is strong,and they can trap enough shallow gas to form large scale of acoustic blanket,but projecting flag shape at its top boundary is often observed.(4)Shallow faults can form fault trap,and also can be the passway for shallow gas to migrate upward.(5)If mud cencenrtation is high in some strata,shallow gas will be trapped several times,and reflection boundary and acoustic turbidity showed as stairs can be observed.
Trap conditions at shallow subbottom depths are important and decisive to seismic reflection of shallow gas.Based on analysis of the trap conditions,we conclude that there are two kinds of traps normally:lithologic trap and fault trap.According to the seismic reflection features of shallow gas,subbottom sediment,and shallow faults in the western South Yellow Sea,we conclude that:(1)The traps of shallow gas at the shallow depths are mainly controlled by the bottom sediment and shallow faults,and the traps are usually lithologic and fault ones.(2)The bottom sediment is normally important and decisive to the seismic reflection features of shallow gas.(3)Under the actions of tidal current,river and ocean,bottom sediments in modern deltas are greatly different from the shallow strata beneath them.As the sediments of modern delta have thick muddy silt and silty muddy layers,their trap ability is strong,and they can trap enough shallow gas to form large scale of acoustic blanket,but projecting flag shape at its top boundary is often observed.(4)Shallow faults can form fault trap,and also can be the passway for shallow gas to migrate upward.(5)If mud cencenrtation is high in some strata,shallow gas will be trapped several times,and reflection boundary and acoustic turbidity showed as stairs can be observed.
引文
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[27]顾兆峰,张志,刘怀山,等.南黄海西部地区浅层气的浅部埋藏地质背景[J].海洋科学,2008,32(7):46-51.[GU Zha-ofeng,ZHANG Zhixun,LIU Huaishan,et al.Shallow geo-logical background of shallow gas in the western SouthYellow Sea[J].Marine Sciences,2008,32(7):46-51.]
[28]廖先贵,栾作峰,张相君,等.南黄海北部沉积物某些有机地球化学特征[C]//黄东海地质.北京:科学出版社,1982:160-173.[LIAO Xiangui,LUAN Zuofeng,ZHANG Xiangjun,etal.Some Organic Geochemical Features of Northern SouthYellow Sea Sediments[C]//Geology of Yellow Sea and EastChina Sea.Beijing:Science Press,1982:160-173.]
[29]栾作峰.南黄海北部沉积物的有机地球化学特征[J].海洋与湖沼,1985,16(1):93-100.[LUAN Zuofeng.The organic geo-chemical features of sediments in the northern South YellowSea[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,1985,16(1):93-100.]
[2]Davis A M.Shallow gas:an overview[J].Continental ShelfResearch,1992,12(10):1077-1079.
[3]叶银灿,陈俊仁,潘国富,等.海底浅层气的成因、赋存特征及其对工程的危害[J].东海海洋,2003,21(1):27-36.[YE Yincan,CHEN Junren,PAN Guofu,et al.A study of formation cause,existing characteristics of the shallow gas and its danger to en-gineering[J].Donghai Marine Science,2003,21(1):27-36.]
[4]马宝林,彭作林,史基安,等.天然气形成的地质基础条件[M].北京:科学出版社,2000:163.[MA Baolin,PENG Zuolin,SHIJian,et al.Basic Geology Conditions of Natrual Gas Formation[M].Beijing:Science Press,2000:163.]
[5]郝石生,黄志龙,扬家崎.天然气运聚动平衡及其应用[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1994:54-55.[HAO Shisheng,HUANGZhilong,YANG Jiaqi.Balance of Accumulation-migration andApplication of Natrual Gas[M].Beijing:Petroleum IndustryPress,1994:54-55.]
[6]Aubrey L Anderson,Loyd D Hampton.Acoustics of gas-bear-ing sediments[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of Ameri-ca,1980,67(6):1865-1889.
[7]Troels Laier,Niels Qluf Jφrgensen,Bjφrn Buchardt,et al.Ac-cumulation and seepages of biogenic gas in Northern Denmark[J].Continental Shelf Research,1992,12(10):1173-1186.
[8]西北大学地质系石油地质教研室.石油地质[M].北京:地质出版社,1979:155,167-168,188.[Teaching and ResarchingGroup of Geology Department of Northwest University.Geolo-gy of Petroleum[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1979:155,167-168,188.]
[9]郑光膺.黄海第四纪地质[M].北京:科学出版社,1991:31.[ZHENG Guangying.Quaternary Geology of Yellow Sea[M].Beijing:Science Press,1991:31.]
[10]何起祥.中国海洋沉积地质学[M].北京:海洋出版社,2006:44.[HE Qixiang.Marine Sedimentary Geology of China[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,2006:44.]
[11]Wever Th F,Abegg F,Fiedler H M,et al.Shallow gas in themuddy sediments of Eckernf rde Bay,Germany[J].Conti-nental Shelf Research,1998,18:1735-1739.
[12]Thomas J Gorgas,Gil Y Kim,Soo C Park,et al.Evidence forgassy sediments on the inner shelf of SE Korea from geo-acoustic Properties[J].Continental Shelf Research,2003,23:821-834.
[13]Emeis K-C,Brüchert V,Currie B,et al.Shallow gas in shelfsediments of the Namibian coastal upwelling ecosystem[J].Continental Shelf Research,2004,24:627-642.
[14]Taylor D I.Nearshore shallow gas around the U.K.coast[J].Continental Shelf Research,1992,12:1135-1144.
[15]Garcia-Gil S,Vilas F,Garcia-Garcia A.Shallow gas featuresin incised-valley fills(Ría de Vigo,NW Spain):a case study[J].Continental Shelf Research,2002,22:2303-2315.
[16]Anna Conti,Antonio Stefanon,Gian Maria Zuppi.Gas seepsand rock formation in the northern Adriatic Sea[J].Conti-nental Shelf Research,2002,22:2333-2344.
[17]Missiaen T,Murphy S,Loncke L,et al.Very high-resolutionseismic mapping of shallow gas in the Belgian coastal zone[J].Continental Shelf Research,2002,22:2291-2301.
[18]许东禹,刘锡清,张训华,等.中国近海地质[M].北京:地质出版社,1997:11,44-45,223-239.[XU Dongyu,LIU Xiqing,ZHANG Xunhua,et al.China Offshore Geology[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1997:11,44-45,223-239.]
[19]Hori Kazuaki,Saito Yoshiki,ZHAO Quanhong,et al.Progra-dation of the Changjiang River delta since the mid-Holocene[J].Science in China(Series B),2001,44:87-91.
[20]顾兆峰,张志,刘怀山.南黄海西部地区浅层气地震特征[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(3):65-73.[GU Zha-ofeng,ZHANG Zhixun,LIU Huaishan.Seismic features ofshallow gas in the western area of the Yellow Seas[J].MarineGeology and Quaternary Geology,2006,26(3):65-73.]
[21]成国栋,薛春汀.黄河三角洲沉积地质学[M].北京:地质出版社,1997:73-84,91-105,124-139.[CHENG Guodong,XUEChunting.Sediment Geology of Yellow River Delta[M].Bei-jing:Geological Publishing House 1997:73-84,91-105,124-139.]
[22]黄慧珍,唐保根,杨文达,等.长江三角洲沉积地质学[M].北京:地质出版社,1997:103-142,204-217.[HUANG Huizhen,TANG Baogen,YANG Wenda,et al.Sediment Geology ofYangtze River Delta[M].Beijing:Geological PublishingHouse,1996:103-142,204-217.]
[23]Rick A Hagen,Peter R Vogt.Seasonal variability of shallowbiogenic gas in Chespeake Bay[J].Marine Geology,1999,(158):75-88.
[24]ZHANG Zhixun,GU Zhaofeng,YANG Jinyu,et al.Distribu-tion and Characteristics of Shallow Gas in the North OffshoreArea of the Bohai Bay:Offshore Geology of China[M].Bei-jing:China Ocean Press,2003:91-105.
[25]刘德来,王永兴,薛良清,等译.油气圈闭勘探[M].北京:石油出版社,2002:403.[Edward A Beaumont,Norman H Foster.Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps[M].Beijing:PetroleumPress,2002:403.]
[26]王嘹亮,易海,姚永坚,等.南黄海海域沉积特征[C]//南黄海海域油气地质.北京:海洋出版社,2003:90-99.[WANG Lia-oliang,YI Hai,YAO Yongjian,et al.The sedimentary fea-tures of the South Yellow Sea[C]//Geology of Oil and Gas inthe South Yellow Sea.Beijing:China Ocean Press,2003:90-99.]
[27]顾兆峰,张志,刘怀山,等.南黄海西部地区浅层气的浅部埋藏地质背景[J].海洋科学,2008,32(7):46-51.[GU Zha-ofeng,ZHANG Zhixun,LIU Huaishan,et al.Shallow geo-logical background of shallow gas in the western SouthYellow Sea[J].Marine Sciences,2008,32(7):46-51.]
[28]廖先贵,栾作峰,张相君,等.南黄海北部沉积物某些有机地球化学特征[C]//黄东海地质.北京:科学出版社,1982:160-173.[LIAO Xiangui,LUAN Zuofeng,ZHANG Xiangjun,etal.Some Organic Geochemical Features of Northern SouthYellow Sea Sediments[C]//Geology of Yellow Sea and EastChina Sea.Beijing:Science Press,1982:160-173.]
[29]栾作峰.南黄海北部沉积物的有机地球化学特征[J].海洋与湖沼,1985,16(1):93-100.[LUAN Zuofeng.The organic geo-chemical features of sediments in the northern South YellowSea[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,1985,16(1):93-100.]
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