强震区断裂活动与大型滑坡关系研究
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摘要
活动断裂带与大型滑坡之间的关系一直是人们关注的热点问题。通过汶川Ms8.0级地震活动断裂和大型滑坡调查,阐述龙门山活动断裂带大型滑坡形成的地质背景,总结活动断裂带大型地震滑坡的分布特征、形态特征、启动特征和分段特征及其相关影响因素。基于野外调查资料,以龙门山中央断裂带谢家店子滑坡为例,采用离散元方法模拟分析滑坡的启动和快速运移过程,提出高速远程滑坡的致灾后果决定于启动方式、飞行路径和堆积特征3个方面。本项研究对于认识断裂活动与大型滑坡之间的关系以及滑坡成灾后果预测具有重要的指导作用。
The relationship between active fault zone and large-scale landslides is a major issue on which people always concern.Based on field investigation of active fault zones and large-scale landslides induced by Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake,the geological setting for large-scale landslides initiation in the Longmenshan active fault zones is documented,and the characteristics of distribution,shape,initiation and segmentation,as well as their influential factors,are summarized.Taking the Xiejiadianzi landslide-debris flow near the central Longmenshan fault zone as an example,simulations of the processes of landslide starting and fast slipping have been carried out by the discrete element method(DEM).It is thought that the disaster result of a rapid and long run-out landslide are dominated by the starting style,debris flying route and dumpling features.This research provides important information for the realization of the relationship between the fault movement and the formation of large-scale landslides,as well as prediction of the disaster result caused by earthquake landslides.
The relationship between active fault zone and large-scale landslides is a major issue on which people always concern.Based on field investigation of active fault zones and large-scale landslides induced by Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake,the geological setting for large-scale landslides initiation in the Longmenshan active fault zones is documented,and the characteristics of distribution,shape,initiation and segmentation,as well as their influential factors,are summarized.Taking the Xiejiadianzi landslide-debris flow near the central Longmenshan fault zone as an example,simulations of the processes of landslide starting and fast slipping have been carried out by the discrete element method(DEM).It is thought that the disaster result of a rapid and long run-out landslide are dominated by the starting style,debris flying route and dumpling features.This research provides important information for the realization of the relationship between the fault movement and the formation of large-scale landslides,as well as prediction of the disaster result caused by earthquake landslides.
引文
[1]王思敬.地球内外动力耦合作用与重大地质灾害的成因初探[J].工程地质学报,2002,10(2):115–117.(WANG Sijing.Coupling of earth′s endogenic and exogenic geological processes and origins on serious geological disasters[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2002,10(2):115–117.(in Chinese))
[2]黄润秋,李为乐.5.12汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2 585–2 592.(HUANG Runqiu,LI Weile.Research on development and distribution rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan earthquake on 12nd May,第30卷增2张永双等:强震区断裂活动与大型滑坡关系研究?3513?2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(12):2 585–2 592.(in Chinese))
[3]李晓,李守定,陈剑,等.地质灾害形成的内外动力耦合作用机制[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(9):1 792–1 806.(LI Xiao,LI Shouding,CHEN Jian,et al.Coupling effect mechanism of endogenic and exogenic geological processes of geological hazards evolution[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(9):1 792–1 806.(in Chinese))
[4]LINA C W,SHIEN C L,YUAN B D,et al.Impact of Chi-Chi earthquake on the occurrence of landslides and debris flows:example from the Chenyulan River watershed,Nantou,Taiwan[J].Engineering Geology,2004,71(1/2):49–61.
[5]MARTEL S J.Mechanics of landslide initiation as a shear fracture phenomenon[J].Marine Geology,2004,203(3/4):319–339.
[6]黄润秋.中国西部地区典型岩质滑坡机制研究[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(3):443–450.(HUANG Runqiu.Mechanism of large-scale landslides in western China[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,2004,19(3):443–450.(in Chinese))
[7]许强,黄润秋.5.12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):721–729.(XU Qiang,HUANG Runqiu.Kinetics characteristics of large landslides triggered by Wenchuan Earthquake on 12nd May,2008[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):721–729.(in Chinese))
[8]张永双,石菊松,孙萍,等.汶川地震内外动力耦合及灾害实例[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):131–141.(ZHANG Yongshuang,SHI Jusong,SUN Ping,et al.Coupling between endogenic and exogenic geological processes in Wenchuan earthquake and example analysis of geo-hazards[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):131–141.(in Chinese))
[9]吴树仁,王涛,石玲,等.2008汶川大地震极端滑坡事件初步研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(2):145–159.(WU Shuren,WANG Tao,SHI Ling,et al.Study on catastrophic landslides triggered by 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(2):145–159.(in Chinese))
[10]苏生瑞.构造断裂对地应力场的影响及其工程应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:15–30.(SU Shengrui.Impacts of tectonic faults on geostress field and engineering application[M].Beijing:Science Press,2002:15–30.(in Chinese))
[11]SEPULVEDA S A,MURPHY W,JIBSON R W,et al.Seismically induced rock slope failures resulting from topographic amplification of strong ground motions:the case of Pacoima Canyon,California[J].Engineering Geology,2005,80(3/4):336–348.
[12]罗先启,葛修润.滑坡模型试验理论及其应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008:1–8.(LUO Xianqi,GE Xiurun.Theory and practice of landslide model test[M].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2008:1–8.(in Chinese))
[13]BURCHFIEL B C,ROYDEN L H,VAN DER HILST R D,et al.A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008,Sichuan,People′s Republic of China[J].GSA Today,2008,18(7):4–11.
[14]殷跃平.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(4):433–444.(YIN Yueping.Researches on the geohazards triggered by 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake,Sichuan[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(4):433–444.(in Chinese))
[15]俞言祥,高孟潭.台湾集集地震近场地震动的上盘效应[J].地震学报,2001,23(6):615–621.(YU Yanxiang,GAO Mengtan.Effects of the hanging wall and footwall on peak acceleration during the Chi-Chi earthquake,Taiwan[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2001,23(6):615–621.(in Chinese))
[16]刘启方,袁一凡,金星,等.近断层地震动的基本特征[J].地震工程与工程振动,2006,26(1):1–10.(LIU Qifang,YUAN Yifan,JIN Xing,et al.Basic characteristics of near-fault ground motion[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2006,26(1):1–10.(in Chinese))
[17]ABRAHAMSON N A,SOMERVILLE P G.Effects of the hanging wall and foot wall on ground motions recorded during the Northridge earthquake[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of American,1996,86(18):93–99.
[18]CAMPBELL K W.Empirical near-source attenuation relationships for horizontal and vertical components of peak ground acceleration,peak ground velocity,and pseudo-absolute acceleration response spectra[J].Seismological Research Letters,1997,68(1):154–179.
[19]殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):29–38.(YIN Yueping.Features of landslides triggered by the 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):29–38.(in Chinese))
[20]王运生,徐鸿彪,罗永红,等.地震高位滑坡形成条件及抛射运动程式研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(11):2 360–2 368.(WANG Yunsheng,XU Hongbiao,LUO Yonghong,et al.Study of formation conditions and toss motion program of high landslides induced by earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(11):2 360–2 368.(in Chinese))
[21]ASHORD S A,SITAR N,LYSMER J,et al.Topographic effects on the seismic response of steep slopes[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1997,87(3):701–709.
[22]PENG W F,WANG C L,CHEN S T,et al.Incorporating the effects of topographic amplification and sliding areas in the modeling of earthquake-induced landslide hazards,using the cumulative displacement method[J].Computers and Geosciences,2009,35(5):946–966.
[23]许强,裴先军,黄润秋.汶川地震大型滑坡研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:407–422.(XU Qiang,PEI Xianjun,HUANG Runqiu.Large-scale landslides induced by Wenchuan earthquake[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010:407–422.(in Chinese))
[24]刘红岩,王明.节理岩质边坡稳定性的离散元分析[J].金属矿山,2008,(9):15–18.(LIU Hongyan,WANG Ming.Stability analysis of jointed rock slope by discrete element method[J].Metal Mine,2008,(9):15–18.(in Chinese))
[25]毛彦龙,胡广韬,毛新虎,等.地震滑坡启程剧动的机制研究及离散元模拟[J].工程地质学报,2001,9(1):74–80.(MAO Yanlong,HU Guangtao,MAO Xinhu,et al.Mechanism of set-out violent-slide of slope mass during earthquake and its simulation by using discrete element method[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2001,9(1):74–80.(in Chinese))
[2]黄润秋,李为乐.5.12汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2 585–2 592.(HUANG Runqiu,LI Weile.Research on development and distribution rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan earthquake on 12nd May,第30卷增2张永双等:强震区断裂活动与大型滑坡关系研究?3513?2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(12):2 585–2 592.(in Chinese))
[3]李晓,李守定,陈剑,等.地质灾害形成的内外动力耦合作用机制[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(9):1 792–1 806.(LI Xiao,LI Shouding,CHEN Jian,et al.Coupling effect mechanism of endogenic and exogenic geological processes of geological hazards evolution[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(9):1 792–1 806.(in Chinese))
[4]LINA C W,SHIEN C L,YUAN B D,et al.Impact of Chi-Chi earthquake on the occurrence of landslides and debris flows:example from the Chenyulan River watershed,Nantou,Taiwan[J].Engineering Geology,2004,71(1/2):49–61.
[5]MARTEL S J.Mechanics of landslide initiation as a shear fracture phenomenon[J].Marine Geology,2004,203(3/4):319–339.
[6]黄润秋.中国西部地区典型岩质滑坡机制研究[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(3):443–450.(HUANG Runqiu.Mechanism of large-scale landslides in western China[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,2004,19(3):443–450.(in Chinese))
[7]许强,黄润秋.5.12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):721–729.(XU Qiang,HUANG Runqiu.Kinetics characteristics of large landslides triggered by Wenchuan Earthquake on 12nd May,2008[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):721–729.(in Chinese))
[8]张永双,石菊松,孙萍,等.汶川地震内外动力耦合及灾害实例[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):131–141.(ZHANG Yongshuang,SHI Jusong,SUN Ping,et al.Coupling between endogenic and exogenic geological processes in Wenchuan earthquake and example analysis of geo-hazards[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):131–141.(in Chinese))
[9]吴树仁,王涛,石玲,等.2008汶川大地震极端滑坡事件初步研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(2):145–159.(WU Shuren,WANG Tao,SHI Ling,et al.Study on catastrophic landslides triggered by 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(2):145–159.(in Chinese))
[10]苏生瑞.构造断裂对地应力场的影响及其工程应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:15–30.(SU Shengrui.Impacts of tectonic faults on geostress field and engineering application[M].Beijing:Science Press,2002:15–30.(in Chinese))
[11]SEPULVEDA S A,MURPHY W,JIBSON R W,et al.Seismically induced rock slope failures resulting from topographic amplification of strong ground motions:the case of Pacoima Canyon,California[J].Engineering Geology,2005,80(3/4):336–348.
[12]罗先启,葛修润.滑坡模型试验理论及其应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008:1–8.(LUO Xianqi,GE Xiurun.Theory and practice of landslide model test[M].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2008:1–8.(in Chinese))
[13]BURCHFIEL B C,ROYDEN L H,VAN DER HILST R D,et al.A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008,Sichuan,People′s Republic of China[J].GSA Today,2008,18(7):4–11.
[14]殷跃平.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(4):433–444.(YIN Yueping.Researches on the geohazards triggered by 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake,Sichuan[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(4):433–444.(in Chinese))
[15]俞言祥,高孟潭.台湾集集地震近场地震动的上盘效应[J].地震学报,2001,23(6):615–621.(YU Yanxiang,GAO Mengtan.Effects of the hanging wall and footwall on peak acceleration during the Chi-Chi earthquake,Taiwan[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2001,23(6):615–621.(in Chinese))
[16]刘启方,袁一凡,金星,等.近断层地震动的基本特征[J].地震工程与工程振动,2006,26(1):1–10.(LIU Qifang,YUAN Yifan,JIN Xing,et al.Basic characteristics of near-fault ground motion[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2006,26(1):1–10.(in Chinese))
[17]ABRAHAMSON N A,SOMERVILLE P G.Effects of the hanging wall and foot wall on ground motions recorded during the Northridge earthquake[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of American,1996,86(18):93–99.
[18]CAMPBELL K W.Empirical near-source attenuation relationships for horizontal and vertical components of peak ground acceleration,peak ground velocity,and pseudo-absolute acceleration response spectra[J].Seismological Research Letters,1997,68(1):154–179.
[19]殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):29–38.(YIN Yueping.Features of landslides triggered by the 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):29–38.(in Chinese))
[20]王运生,徐鸿彪,罗永红,等.地震高位滑坡形成条件及抛射运动程式研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(11):2 360–2 368.(WANG Yunsheng,XU Hongbiao,LUO Yonghong,et al.Study of formation conditions and toss motion program of high landslides induced by earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(11):2 360–2 368.(in Chinese))
[21]ASHORD S A,SITAR N,LYSMER J,et al.Topographic effects on the seismic response of steep slopes[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1997,87(3):701–709.
[22]PENG W F,WANG C L,CHEN S T,et al.Incorporating the effects of topographic amplification and sliding areas in the modeling of earthquake-induced landslide hazards,using the cumulative displacement method[J].Computers and Geosciences,2009,35(5):946–966.
[23]许强,裴先军,黄润秋.汶川地震大型滑坡研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:407–422.(XU Qiang,PEI Xianjun,HUANG Runqiu.Large-scale landslides induced by Wenchuan earthquake[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010:407–422.(in Chinese))
[24]刘红岩,王明.节理岩质边坡稳定性的离散元分析[J].金属矿山,2008,(9):15–18.(LIU Hongyan,WANG Ming.Stability analysis of jointed rock slope by discrete element method[J].Metal Mine,2008,(9):15–18.(in Chinese))
[25]毛彦龙,胡广韬,毛新虎,等.地震滑坡启程剧动的机制研究及离散元模拟[J].工程地质学报,2001,9(1):74–80.(MAO Yanlong,HU Guangtao,MAO Xinhu,et al.Mechanism of set-out violent-slide of slope mass during earthquake and its simulation by using discrete element method[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2001,9(1):74–80.(in Chinese))
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