砂岩侵入体——岩性油气藏勘探开发中值得注意的一个新领域
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摘要
砂岩侵入体是由沉积后的砂岩再活动并侵入到周围地层中形成的一种特殊砂体。从20世纪80年代开始,人们对砂岩侵入体的重视程度日益增加,目前业已发现砂岩侵入体岩性油气藏。文中介绍了国际上有关砂岩侵入体的研究现状,概括了砂岩侵入体的结构模式、露头特征以及岩心、测井与地震识别标志,总结了砂岩侵入体的触发机制和流动机理,并对砂岩侵入体的石油地质意义进行了讨论。砂岩侵入体对油气藏的形成和油气勘探开发都具有重要的影响,是岩性油气藏勘探开发中应当注意的一个新领域。
Sand injectite is a special kind of sand bodies which are formed by the remobilization of the original depositional sand. More attentions have been paid on sand injectites after 1980s by the discovering of series hydrocarbon reservoirs. The research status of sand injectites is introduced. The 3D architectural model, the outcrop characters and the recognization cretials of sandstone injectite in cores, well logging and seismic responses are summarized. The trigger mechanism and flow regime of sand injectites are concluded, and its geological significance is discussed. Sand injectites have important impaction for petroleum exploration and development, and it may be a new kind of lithological stratigraphic traps in exploration and development in China.
Sand injectite is a special kind of sand bodies which are formed by the remobilization of the original depositional sand. More attentions have been paid on sand injectites after 1980s by the discovering of series hydrocarbon reservoirs. The research status of sand injectites is introduced. The 3D architectural model, the outcrop characters and the recognization cretials of sandstone injectite in cores, well logging and seismic responses are summarized. The trigger mechanism and flow regime of sand injectites are concluded, and its geological significance is discussed. Sand injectites have important impaction for petroleum exploration and development, and it may be a new kind of lithological stratigraphic traps in exploration and development in China.
引文
[1]Jonk R,Hurst A,Duranti D,et al.Origin and timing of sand inje-ction,petroleum migration,and diagenesis in Tertiary reservoirs,south Viking Graben,North Sea[J].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89(3):329-357.
[2]Shanmugam G,Shrivastava S K,Das B.Sandy debrites and tidalites of pliocene reservoir sands in upper-slope canyon environments,offshore Krishna-Godavari Basin(India):implications[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2009,79(9):736-756.
[3]Chi Guoxiang,Xue Chunji,Lai Jianqing,et al.Sand injection and Liquefaction structures in the Jinding Zn-Pb deposit,Yunnan,China:indicators of an overpressured fluid system and implications for mineralization[J].Economic Geology,2007,102(4):739-743.
[4]Hurst A,Cartwright J.Relevance of sand injectites to hydrocarbon exploration and production[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:1-19.
[5]Van Rensbergen P,Hillis R R,Maltman A J,et al.Subsurface Sedi-ment Mobilization[M].Geological Society,London:Special Publi-cations,2003.
[6]Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production[M].AAPG Memoir87,Tulsa:AAPG,2007.
[7]Huuse M,Cartwright J,Hurst A,et al.Seismic characterization of large-scale sandstone intrusions[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:21-35.
[8]Jackson C A-L.The geometry,distribution,and development of clastic injections in slope systems:Seismic examples from the Upper Cretaceous Kyrre Formation,Maloy slope,Norwegian margin[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:37-48.
[9]Frey-Martinez J,Cartwright J,Hall B,et al.Clastic intrusion at the base of deep-water sands:A trap-forming mechanism in the eastern Mediterranean[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Impli-cations for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:49-63.
[10]De Boer W,Rawlinson P B,Hurst A.Successful exploration of a sand injectite complex:Hamsun prospect,Norway Block24/9[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:65-68.
[11]Hamberg L,Jepsen A M,Ter Borch N,et al.Mounded structures of injected sandstones in deep-marine Paleocene reservoirs,Cecilie field,Denmark[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Impli-cations for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:69-79.
[12]Briedis N A,Bergslien D,Hjellbakk A,et al.Recognition criteria,significance to field performance,and reservoir modeling of sand injections in the Balder field,North Sea[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarborbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:91-102.
[13]Lonergan L,Borlandelli C,Taylor A,et al.The three-dimensional geometry of sandstone injection complexes in the Gryphon Field,United Kingdom North Sea[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand inje-ctites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:103-112.
[14]Satur N,Hurst A.Sand-injection structures in deep-water sand-stones from the Ty formation(Paleocene),Sleipner Ost field,Norwe-gian North Sea[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Impli-cations for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:113-117.
[15]Fretwell P N,Gordon Canning W,Hegre J,et al.A new approach to3-D geological modeling of complex sand injectite reservoirs:The Alba field,United Kingdom central North Sea[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon explor-ation and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:119-127.
[16]Duranti D.Large-scale sand injection in the Paleogene of the North Sea:Modeling of energy and flow velocities[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon explor-ation and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:129-139.
[17]Surlyk F,Gjelberg J,Noe-Nygaard N.The Upper Jurassic Hareelv Formation of East Greenland:A giant sedimentary injection complex[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydro-°carbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:141-149.
[18]Thompson B J,Garrison R E,Moore J C.A reservoir-scale Mio-cene Injectite near Santa Cruz,California[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production:AAPG Memoir87,2007:151-162.
[19]Parize O,Beaudoin B,Eckert S,et al.The Vocontian Aptian and Albian syndepositional clastic sills and dikes:A field-based mechan-ical approach to predict and model the early fracturing of marly-limy sediments[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Impli-cations for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:163-172.
[20]Parize O,Bernard B,Champanhet J M,et al.A methodological approach to clastic injectites:From field analysis to seismic mode-ling-Examples of the Vocontian Aptian and Albian injectites(southeast France)[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:173-183.
[21]Minisini D,Schwartz H.An early Paleocene cold seep system in the Panoche and Tumey Hills,Central California(United States)[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydro-carbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:185-197.
[22]Hubbard S M,Romans B W,Graham S A.An outcrop example of large-scale conglomeratic intrusions sourced from deep-water cha-nnel deposits,Cerro Toro Formation,Magallanes basin,southern Chile[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:199-207.
[23]Diggs T N.An outcrop study of clastic injection structures in the Carboniferous Tesnus Formation,Marathon basin,Trans-Pecos Texas[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:209-219.
[24]Jonk R,Cronin B T,Hurst A.Variations in sediment extrusion in basin-floor,slope,and delta-front settings:Sand volcanoes andextruded sand sheets from the Namurian of County Clare,Ireland[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implication for hydro-carbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:221-226.
[25]Pringle J K,Westerman A R,Stanbrook D A,et al.Sand volcanoes of the Carboniferous Ross Formation,County Clare,western Ireland:3-D internal sedimentary structure and formation[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon explo-ration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:227-231.
[26]Chan M,Netoff D,Blakey R,et al.Clastic-injection pipes and syndepositional deformation structures in Jurassic eolian deposits:Examples from the Colorado Plateau[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:233-244.
[27]Glennie K,Hurst A.Fluidization and associated soft-sediment defor-mation in eolian sandstones:Hopeman Sandstone(Permian),Sco-tland,and Rotliegend,North Sea[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:245-252.
[28]Macdonald D,Flecker R.Injected sand sills in a strike-slip fault zone:A case study from the Pil’sk Suite(Miocene),Southeast Sch-midt Peninsula,Sakhalin[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injec-tites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:253-263.
[29]Jonk R,Duranti D,Hurst A,et al.Aqueous and petroleum fluids associated with sand injectites hosted by lacustrine shales from the oil-shale group(Dinantian),Midland Valley,Scotland[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:265-274.
[30]Scott A,Vigorito M,Hurst A.The process of sand injection:inter-nal structures and relationships with host strata(Yellowbank creek injectite complex,California,U.S.A.)[J].Journal of Sedi-mentary Research,2009,79:568-583.
[2]Shanmugam G,Shrivastava S K,Das B.Sandy debrites and tidalites of pliocene reservoir sands in upper-slope canyon environments,offshore Krishna-Godavari Basin(India):implications[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2009,79(9):736-756.
[3]Chi Guoxiang,Xue Chunji,Lai Jianqing,et al.Sand injection and Liquefaction structures in the Jinding Zn-Pb deposit,Yunnan,China:indicators of an overpressured fluid system and implications for mineralization[J].Economic Geology,2007,102(4):739-743.
[4]Hurst A,Cartwright J.Relevance of sand injectites to hydrocarbon exploration and production[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:1-19.
[5]Van Rensbergen P,Hillis R R,Maltman A J,et al.Subsurface Sedi-ment Mobilization[M].Geological Society,London:Special Publi-cations,2003.
[6]Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production[M].AAPG Memoir87,Tulsa:AAPG,2007.
[7]Huuse M,Cartwright J,Hurst A,et al.Seismic characterization of large-scale sandstone intrusions[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:21-35.
[8]Jackson C A-L.The geometry,distribution,and development of clastic injections in slope systems:Seismic examples from the Upper Cretaceous Kyrre Formation,Maloy slope,Norwegian margin[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:37-48.
[9]Frey-Martinez J,Cartwright J,Hall B,et al.Clastic intrusion at the base of deep-water sands:A trap-forming mechanism in the eastern Mediterranean[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Impli-cations for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:49-63.
[10]De Boer W,Rawlinson P B,Hurst A.Successful exploration of a sand injectite complex:Hamsun prospect,Norway Block24/9[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:65-68.
[11]Hamberg L,Jepsen A M,Ter Borch N,et al.Mounded structures of injected sandstones in deep-marine Paleocene reservoirs,Cecilie field,Denmark[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Impli-cations for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:69-79.
[12]Briedis N A,Bergslien D,Hjellbakk A,et al.Recognition criteria,significance to field performance,and reservoir modeling of sand injections in the Balder field,North Sea[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarborbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:91-102.
[13]Lonergan L,Borlandelli C,Taylor A,et al.The three-dimensional geometry of sandstone injection complexes in the Gryphon Field,United Kingdom North Sea[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand inje-ctites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:103-112.
[14]Satur N,Hurst A.Sand-injection structures in deep-water sand-stones from the Ty formation(Paleocene),Sleipner Ost field,Norwe-gian North Sea[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Impli-cations for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:113-117.
[15]Fretwell P N,Gordon Canning W,Hegre J,et al.A new approach to3-D geological modeling of complex sand injectite reservoirs:The Alba field,United Kingdom central North Sea[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon explor-ation and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:119-127.
[16]Duranti D.Large-scale sand injection in the Paleogene of the North Sea:Modeling of energy and flow velocities[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon explor-ation and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:129-139.
[17]Surlyk F,Gjelberg J,Noe-Nygaard N.The Upper Jurassic Hareelv Formation of East Greenland:A giant sedimentary injection complex[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydro-°carbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:141-149.
[18]Thompson B J,Garrison R E,Moore J C.A reservoir-scale Mio-cene Injectite near Santa Cruz,California[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production:AAPG Memoir87,2007:151-162.
[19]Parize O,Beaudoin B,Eckert S,et al.The Vocontian Aptian and Albian syndepositional clastic sills and dikes:A field-based mechan-ical approach to predict and model the early fracturing of marly-limy sediments[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Impli-cations for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:163-172.
[20]Parize O,Bernard B,Champanhet J M,et al.A methodological approach to clastic injectites:From field analysis to seismic mode-ling-Examples of the Vocontian Aptian and Albian injectites(southeast France)[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:173-183.
[21]Minisini D,Schwartz H.An early Paleocene cold seep system in the Panoche and Tumey Hills,Central California(United States)[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydro-carbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:185-197.
[22]Hubbard S M,Romans B W,Graham S A.An outcrop example of large-scale conglomeratic intrusions sourced from deep-water cha-nnel deposits,Cerro Toro Formation,Magallanes basin,southern Chile[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:199-207.
[23]Diggs T N.An outcrop study of clastic injection structures in the Carboniferous Tesnus Formation,Marathon basin,Trans-Pecos Texas[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:209-219.
[24]Jonk R,Cronin B T,Hurst A.Variations in sediment extrusion in basin-floor,slope,and delta-front settings:Sand volcanoes andextruded sand sheets from the Namurian of County Clare,Ireland[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implication for hydro-carbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:221-226.
[25]Pringle J K,Westerman A R,Stanbrook D A,et al.Sand volcanoes of the Carboniferous Ross Formation,County Clare,western Ireland:3-D internal sedimentary structure and formation[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon explo-ration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:227-231.
[26]Chan M,Netoff D,Blakey R,et al.Clastic-injection pipes and syndepositional deformation structures in Jurassic eolian deposits:Examples from the Colorado Plateau[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:233-244.
[27]Glennie K,Hurst A.Fluidization and associated soft-sediment defor-mation in eolian sandstones:Hopeman Sandstone(Permian),Sco-tland,and Rotliegend,North Sea[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:245-252.
[28]Macdonald D,Flecker R.Injected sand sills in a strike-slip fault zone:A case study from the Pil’sk Suite(Miocene),Southeast Sch-midt Peninsula,Sakhalin[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injec-tites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:253-263.
[29]Jonk R,Duranti D,Hurst A,et al.Aqueous and petroleum fluids associated with sand injectites hosted by lacustrine shales from the oil-shale group(Dinantian),Midland Valley,Scotland[G]∥Hurst A,Cartwright J.Sand injectites:Implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.AAPG Memoir87,2007:265-274.
[30]Scott A,Vigorito M,Hurst A.The process of sand injection:inter-nal structures and relationships with host strata(Yellowbank creek injectite complex,California,U.S.A.)[J].Journal of Sedi-mentary Research,2009,79:568-583.
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