热应力作用下的岩石破裂过程分析
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摘要
热应力引起的岩石破裂称为岩石的热破裂,它是热和力之间相互耦合作用的结果。岩石热破裂研究的工程意义重大。根据岩体介质变形及其热力学的理论基础,充分考虑岩石的非均匀性和热固耦合作用,在原有的岩石破裂过程分析系统的基础上,建立了具有热固耦合作用的岩石热破裂分析模型。数值模型再现岩石的热破裂过程,并反映岩石热破裂的规律。运用数值模型,对含有单个内嵌颗粒的岩石试件在温度变化过程中的热开裂进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明:在温度升高过程中,如果内嵌颗粒的热膨胀系数大于基质的热膨胀系数,在基质内产生径向裂纹;如果内嵌颗粒的热膨胀系数小于基质热膨胀系数,便在基质内产生环向裂纹。数值模拟结果与试验结果有较好的一致性。RFPA2D-thermal模型为从细观力学角度上分析岩石的热破裂过程和机制提供了一种新的方法。
Rock failure induced by thermal stress is called thermal cracking.It is the result of thermal and mechanical coupling.Based on the basic theory of rock deformation and thermodynamics,considering the heterogeneity and the coupling of thermal and mechanics,a numerical model,RFPA2D-thermal code,is proposed.With this modelt,he temperature and stress fields can be determined.The most important is that the failure process of rock induced by thermal or external stress can be simulated.Using this numerical model,the failure progresses of a rock sample with an inlaid grain was modelled during the change of temperature.It turns out that during temperature increment,if the thermal expansion coefficient of the inlaid grain is larger than that of the surrounding media,radial-cracks will be generated in the surrounding media,and theta-cracks emerge if the thermal expansion coefficient of inlaid grain is smaller than that of the surrounding media.The results agree well with the experimental results.The RFPA2D-thermal model provides a new method for analyzing the thermal cracking of rock samples in microscopic view.
Rock failure induced by thermal stress is called thermal cracking.It is the result of thermal and mechanical coupling.Based on the basic theory of rock deformation and thermodynamics,considering the heterogeneity and the coupling of thermal and mechanics,a numerical model,RFPA2D-thermal code,is proposed.With this modelt,he temperature and stress fields can be determined.The most important is that the failure process of rock induced by thermal or external stress can be simulated.Using this numerical model,the failure progresses of a rock sample with an inlaid grain was modelled during the change of temperature.It turns out that during temperature increment,if the thermal expansion coefficient of the inlaid grain is larger than that of the surrounding media,radial-cracks will be generated in the surrounding media,and theta-cracks emerge if the thermal expansion coefficient of inlaid grain is smaller than that of the surrounding media.The results agree well with the experimental results.The RFPA2D-thermal model provides a new method for analyzing the thermal cracking of rock samples in microscopic view.
引文
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[9]赵阳升.高温岩体地热开发导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.(Zhao Yangsheng.Heat Extraction in HDR[M].Beijing:Science Press,2004.(in Chinese))
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[14]Hueckel T,Peano A,Pellegrini R.A constitutive law for thermo-plastic behaviour of rocks:an analogy with clays[J].Surveys in Geophysics,1994,15(4):643–671.
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[16]刘泉声,许锡昌.温度作用下脆性岩石的损伤分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(4):408–411.(Liu Quansheng,Xu Xichang.Damage analysis of brittle rock at high temperature[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2000,19(4):408–411.(in Chinese))
[17]杨更社,张全胜,蒲毅彬.冻融条件下岩石损伤扩展特性研究[J].岩土工程学报,2004,26(6):838–842.(Yang Gengshe,Zhang Quansheng,Pu Yibin.A Study of the damage propagation characteristics of rock under the frost and thaw condition[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2004,26(6):838–842.(in Chinese))
[18]杨更社,张全胜,蒲毅彬.冻结温度对岩石细观损伤扩展特性影响研究初探[J].岩土力学,2004,25(9):1 409–1 412.(Yang Gengshe,Zhang Quansheng,Pu Yibin.Preliminary study on meso-damage propagation characteristics of rock under condition of freezing temperature[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2004,25(9):1 409–1 412.(in Chinese))
[19]孙军红.可压缩核废料污染问题的变网格特征有限元法[J].山东大学学报,2002,38(4):7–12.(Sun Junhong.Characteristic finite element methods with moving mesh of contamination by compressible nuclear waste in porous media[J].Journal of Shandong University,2002,38(4):7–12(in Chinese))
[20]吕古贤,王红才,罗元华.构造岩带热源体热传导及其温度蛮化研究[J].地球学报,1998,19(2):138–143.(Lu Guxian,Wang Hongcai,Luo Yuanhua.The finite element simulation for heat conduction in tectonite belts[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,1998,19(2):138–143.(in Chinese))
[21]康健.随机介质固热耦合数学模型与岩石热破裂数值试验[博士学位论文][D].阜新:辽宁工程技术大学,2004.(Kang Jian.Random media solid-heat coupled mathematics model and numerical tests on hot cracking of rock[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Fuxin:Liaoning Technical University,2004.(in Chinese))
[22]Kingery W D.Factors affecting thermal stress resistance of ceramic materials[J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society,38:3–17.
[23]唐春安.岩石破裂过程中的灾变[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1993.(Tang Chun′an.Catastrophe in Rock Unstable Failure[M].Beijing:China Coal Industry Publishing House,1993.(in Chinese))
[24]Tang C A.Numerical simulation on progressive failure leading to collapse and associated seismicity[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science,1997,34(2):249–261.
[25]夏蒙棼,韩闻生,柯孚久,等.统计细观损伤力学和损伤演化诱致突变[J].力学进展,1995,25(1):1–40.(Xia Mengfen,Han Wensheng,Ke Fujiu,et al.Statistical meso-scopic damage mechanics and damage evolution induced catastrophe[J].Advances in Mechanics,1995,25(1):1–40.(in Chinese))
[26]Mier V,Jan G M.Fracture Processes of Concrete:Assessment of Material Parameters for Fracture Models[M].Boca Raton:CRC Press,1997.
[27]Goltermann P.Mechanical predictions on concrete deterioration,Part 2:Classification of crack patterns[J].ACI Mater J,1995,92(1):58–63.
[28]Zhou Y C,Song S G,Duan Z P,et al Thermal damage in particular-reinforced metal matrix composites[J].Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology,2001,123(3):251–260.
[29]Cruz C R,Gillen M.Thermal expansion of Portland cement paste,mortar and concrete at high temperatures[J].Fire Mater,1980,4(2):66–70.
[2]王贤能,黄润秋.引水隧洞工程中热应力对围岩表层稳定性的影响分析[J].地质灾害与环境保护,1998,9(1):43–48.(Wang Xianneng,Huang Runqiu.Influence of thermal stress on the surface stability of surrounding rock in a diversion tunnel[J].Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation,1998,9(1):43–48.(in Chinese))
[3]Merrill G P.A Treatise on Rocks,Rock Weathering and Soils[M].New York:Macmillan Company,1906.
[4]韩学辉,楚泽涵,张元中.岩石热开裂及其在工程学上的意义[J].石油试验地质,2005,27(1):99–101.(Han Xuehui,Chu Zehan,Zhang Yuanzhong.Thermal-induced rock cracking and its significance in engineering[J].Petroleum Geology and Experiment,2005,27(1):99–101.(in Chinese))
[5]张元中,楚泽涵,陈颙.岩石热开裂研究现状及其应用前景[J].特种油气藏,1999,6(2):1–5.(Zhang Yuanzhong,Chu Zehan,Chen Yong.Status and prospective application of study on rock thermal fracturing[J].Special Oil and Gas Reservoirs,1999,6(2):1–5.(in Chinese))
[6]陈颙,吴晓东,张福勤.岩石热开裂的试验研究[J].科学通报,1999,44(8):880–883.(Chen Yong,Wu Xiaodong,Zhang Fuqin.Experimental research on thermal cracking[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1999,44(8):880–883.(in Chinese))
[7]吴晓东,刘均荣.岩石热开裂影响因素分析[J].石油钻探技术,2003,31(5):24–27.(Wu Xiaodong,Liu Junrong.Factors on thermal cracking of rocks[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2003,31(5):24–27.(in Chinese))
[8]刘均荣,吴晓东.岩石热增渗机制初探[J].石油钻采工艺,2003,25(5):43–46.(Liu Junrong,Wu Xiaodong.Discussion of the Permeability increasing mechanism of thermal treated rock[J].Oil Drilling and Production Technology,2003,25(5):43–46.(in Chinese))
[9]赵阳升.高温岩体地热开发导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.(Zhao Yangsheng.Heat Extraction in HDR[M].Beijing:Science Press,2004.(in Chinese))
[10]林德余,牛京考,马万昌.火钻扩孔爆破[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1997.(Lin Deyu,Niu Jingkao,Ma Wanchang.Piercing Reaming Blasting[M].Beijing:China Metallurgical Industry Press,1997.(in Chinese))
[11]Fredich J T,Wong T F.Micromechanics of thermally induced cracking in three crustal rocks[J].Journal of Geophysics Research,1986,91:12 743–12 764.
[12]Darot M.Permeability of thermally cracked granite[J].Geophysics Research Letters,1992,19:869–872.
[13]周克群,楚泽涵,张元中,等.岩石热开裂与检测方法研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(4):412–416.(Zhou Kequn,Chu Zehan,Zhang Yuanzhong,et al.Research on the detection method and thermal cracking of rock[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2000,19(4):412–416.(in Chinese))
[14]Hueckel T,Peano A,Pellegrini R.A constitutive law for thermo-plastic behaviour of rocks:an analogy with clays[J].Surveys in Geophysics,1994,15(4):643–671.
[15]王崇革,刘泉声,刘双跃,等.单轴应力下岩石的热–黏弹塑性模型研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(增2):2 341–2 344.(Wang Chongge,Liu Quansheng,Liu Shuangyue,et al.Study on Thermo-visco-elasto-plastic rock model under the condition of uniaxial compression[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2000,21(Supp.2):2 341–2 344.(in Chinese))
[16]刘泉声,许锡昌.温度作用下脆性岩石的损伤分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(4):408–411.(Liu Quansheng,Xu Xichang.Damage analysis of brittle rock at high temperature[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2000,19(4):408–411.(in Chinese))
[17]杨更社,张全胜,蒲毅彬.冻融条件下岩石损伤扩展特性研究[J].岩土工程学报,2004,26(6):838–842.(Yang Gengshe,Zhang Quansheng,Pu Yibin.A Study of the damage propagation characteristics of rock under the frost and thaw condition[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2004,26(6):838–842.(in Chinese))
[18]杨更社,张全胜,蒲毅彬.冻结温度对岩石细观损伤扩展特性影响研究初探[J].岩土力学,2004,25(9):1 409–1 412.(Yang Gengshe,Zhang Quansheng,Pu Yibin.Preliminary study on meso-damage propagation characteristics of rock under condition of freezing temperature[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2004,25(9):1 409–1 412.(in Chinese))
[19]孙军红.可压缩核废料污染问题的变网格特征有限元法[J].山东大学学报,2002,38(4):7–12.(Sun Junhong.Characteristic finite element methods with moving mesh of contamination by compressible nuclear waste in porous media[J].Journal of Shandong University,2002,38(4):7–12(in Chinese))
[20]吕古贤,王红才,罗元华.构造岩带热源体热传导及其温度蛮化研究[J].地球学报,1998,19(2):138–143.(Lu Guxian,Wang Hongcai,Luo Yuanhua.The finite element simulation for heat conduction in tectonite belts[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,1998,19(2):138–143.(in Chinese))
[21]康健.随机介质固热耦合数学模型与岩石热破裂数值试验[博士学位论文][D].阜新:辽宁工程技术大学,2004.(Kang Jian.Random media solid-heat coupled mathematics model and numerical tests on hot cracking of rock[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Fuxin:Liaoning Technical University,2004.(in Chinese))
[22]Kingery W D.Factors affecting thermal stress resistance of ceramic materials[J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society,38:3–17.
[23]唐春安.岩石破裂过程中的灾变[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1993.(Tang Chun′an.Catastrophe in Rock Unstable Failure[M].Beijing:China Coal Industry Publishing House,1993.(in Chinese))
[24]Tang C A.Numerical simulation on progressive failure leading to collapse and associated seismicity[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science,1997,34(2):249–261.
[25]夏蒙棼,韩闻生,柯孚久,等.统计细观损伤力学和损伤演化诱致突变[J].力学进展,1995,25(1):1–40.(Xia Mengfen,Han Wensheng,Ke Fujiu,et al.Statistical meso-scopic damage mechanics and damage evolution induced catastrophe[J].Advances in Mechanics,1995,25(1):1–40.(in Chinese))
[26]Mier V,Jan G M.Fracture Processes of Concrete:Assessment of Material Parameters for Fracture Models[M].Boca Raton:CRC Press,1997.
[27]Goltermann P.Mechanical predictions on concrete deterioration,Part 2:Classification of crack patterns[J].ACI Mater J,1995,92(1):58–63.
[28]Zhou Y C,Song S G,Duan Z P,et al Thermal damage in particular-reinforced metal matrix composites[J].Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology,2001,123(3):251–260.
[29]Cruz C R,Gillen M.Thermal expansion of Portland cement paste,mortar and concrete at high temperatures[J].Fire Mater,1980,4(2):66–70.
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