结构实验学的发展
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摘要
简要回顾了结构工程领域实验科学发展,在对主要试验手段进行评价的同时,也介绍了国内外在开发实验方法方面的研究热点。结构实验的发展与重大科学发现、技术突破密切相关,而在土木工程生产实践的体系中对结构实验研究的目的和作用进行定位,可以揭示结构实验学不同于其他实验科学的特色。结构实验学作为物理学(力学)的一个分支,其根本的研究目的是要定义和描述工程结构及工程材料的非线性性能,从而指导结构设计。对结构实验学的主要进展进行归纳和评价,讨论了结构实验学的一些主要研究问题,并对今后的发展和挑战及相关课题作了展望。最后强调结构实验学应遵循第一原理,尽可能地从基本力学原理出发探讨工程结构的关键科学问题。
A critical review is given for the development of modern experimental testing of engineering structures.Main achievements in this area are introduced along with comments on recent topics.The evolution of structural experimentation is closely related to scientific breakthroughs and major technological development.The vital importance of structural experimentation is recognized within the framework of physics for defining the nonlinear characteristics of structures under various complicated loading and environmental conditions.Progresses,problems and future challenges related to structural experimentation are discussed.The authors emphasize that methodology of structural experimentation should follow the approach of first-principle.
A critical review is given for the development of modern experimental testing of engineering structures.Main achievements in this area are introduced along with comments on recent topics.The evolution of structural experimentation is closely related to scientific breakthroughs and major technological development.The vital importance of structural experimentation is recognized within the framework of physics for defining the nonlinear characteristics of structures under various complicated loading and environmental conditions.Progresses,problems and future challenges related to structural experimentation are discussed.The authors emphasize that methodology of structural experimentation should follow the approach of first-principle.
引文
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[2]Dowling N E.Mechanical behavior of materials[M].2nd ed.New Jersey:Englewood Prentice Hall,1999.
[3]Reitherman R.The importance of the development ofinstruments in the history of earthquake engineering[R].Oakland:Earthquake Engineering ResearchInstitute,2004.
[4]Xiao Y,Kunnath S,Yi W J.International symposiumon confined concrete[M].Farmington Hills:AmericanConcrete Institute,ACI SP-238,2006.
[5]Richart F E,Brantzaeg A,Brown R L.The failure ofplain and spirally reinforced concrete in compression[R].Urbana:Engineering Experiment Station,College of Engineering,University of Illinois,1929.
[6]Mander J B,Priestley M J N,Park R.Theoreticalstress-strain model for confined concrete[J].Journalof Structural Engineering,ASCE,1988,114(8):1804-1826.
[7]Mander J B,Priestley M J N,Park R.Observed tress-strain behavior of confined concrete[J].Journal ofStructural Engineering,ASCE,1988,114(8):1827-1849.
[8]Sakai K,Sheikh S A.What do we know aboutconfinement in reinforced concrete columns[J].ACIJournal,1989,86(2):192-207.
[9]Kupfer H B,Hilsdorf H K,Rusch H.Behavior ofconcrete under biaxial stresses[J].ACI Journal,1969,66(8):565-666.
[10]Gerstle K H,Zimmerman R M,Winkler H.Behavior ofconcrete under multiaxial stress states[J].Journal ofthe Engineering Mechanics Division,ASCE,1980,106(6):1383-1403.
[11]Wang C Z,Guo Z H,Zhang X Q.Experimentalinvestigation of biaxial and triaxial compressive concretestrength[J].ACI Journal,1987,84(2):92-100.
[12]Vecchio F J,Collins MP.Stress-strain characteristic ofreinforced concrete in pure shear[R].Switzerland:International Association of Bridge and StructuralEngineering,1982:221-225.
[13]Vecchio F J,Collins M P.The modified compressionfield theory for reinforced concrete elements subjected toshear[J].ACI Journal,1986,83(2):219-231.
[14]Hsu T T C,Belarbi A,Pang X.A universal paneltester[J].Journal of Testing and Evaluations,ASTM,1995,23(1):41-49.
[15]Richards W C.Engineering materials science[M].Belmont:Wadsworth Publishing Company,1961.
[16]Hopkinson B.The effects of momentary stresses inmetals[J].Proceedings of Royal Society,1905,74:498-506.
[17]Hopkinson B.A method of measuring the pressureproduced in the detonation of high explosives or by theimpact of bullets[J].Proceedings of the Royal Societyof London,1914,612(89):411-413.
[18]Hopkinson J.Original papers edited by Hopkinson B[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1904:316-324.
[19]Kolsky H.An investigation of the mechanical propertiesof materials at very high rates of strain[J].Proceedingsof Royal Physics Society,1949,B62:676-700.
[20]Hirosawa M,Ozaki M,Wakabayashi M.Experimentalstudy on large models of reinforced concrete columns[C]//Proceedings of the 5th WCEE.Roma:International Association for Earthquake Engineering,1974,815-824.
[21]Xiao Y,Yun H W.Full-scale experimental studies onhigh-strength concrete columns[J].ACI Journal,2002,99(2):199-207.
[22]Nishiyama I.Seismic test facility for three dimensionalbeam-to-column sub-assemblages[R].Ibaraki:Building Research Institute,2000.
[23]朱伯龙.结构抗震实验[M].北京:地震出版社,1989.(Zhu Bolong.Seismic testing of structure.Beijing:Seismological Press,1989.(in Chinese))
[24]National institute of earth science and disasterprevention.3-D full scale earthquake testing facility[EB/OL].2003.10.01.http://www.bosai.go.jp/sougou/sanjigen/3De/index.htm.
[25]Hakuno M,Shidowara M,Hara T.Dynamic destructivetest of a cantilever beam controlled by an analogcomputer[J].Transactions of Japan Society of CivilEngineering,1969,171:1-9.
[26]Mahin S A,Shing P B.Pseudo-dynamic method forseismic testing[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1985,111(7):1482-1503.
[27]Takanashi K.Japanese activities on on-line testing[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,1987,113(7):1014-1032.
[28]Mahin S A,Shing P B,Thewalt R C,et al.Pseudo-dynamic test method-current status and future directions[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1989,115(8):2113-2128.
[29]Nakashima M,Kato H,Takaoka E.Development ofreal-time pseudo dynamic testing[J].EarthquakeEngineering and Structural Dynamics,1992,21:79-92.
[30]Kausal E.Newseismic testing method.I:Fundamentalconcepts[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,1998,124(5):565-570.
[31]Kausal E.New seismic testing method.II:Proof forMDOF systems[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,1998,124(5):571-575.
[32]American Society of Civil Engineers,Research Council.A comparative study of structural response to explosion-induced ground motions[R].NewYork:ASCE,1974.
[33]Negmatullaev S K,Todoravska M I,Trifunac M D.Simulation of strong earthquake motion by explosionsexperiments at the Lyaur testing range in Tajikistan[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,1999,18(3):189-207.
[34]Nagata K,Watanabe E,Sugiura K,et al.Developmentof remote parallel pseudo-dynamic testing system byusing internet[C]//Proceeding of Fifth PacificStructural Steel Conference.Seoul:Korean Society ofSteel Construction,1998:589-594.
[35]Pauschke J,Anderson T L,Goldstein S N,et al.Construction status of the George E.Brown,Jr.network for earthquake engineering simulation[C]//Proceedings of the Seventh U.S.Boston:NationalConference on Earthquake Engineering,2002.
[36]Yang Y S,Wang S J,Wang KJ,et al.ISEE:Internet-based simulations for earthquake engineering.Part I:The database approach[C]//Proceedings of theInternational Workshop on Steel and ConcreteComposite Construction.Taipei:National Center forResearch on Earthquake Engineering,2003:301-310.
[37]Wang KJ,Wang S J,Yang Y S,et al.ISEE:Internet-based simulations for earthquake engineering.Part II:The application protocol approach[C]//Proceedingsof the International Workshop on Steel and ConcreteComposite Construction.Taipei:National Center forResearch on Earthquake Engineering,2003:311-320.
[38]茹继平,肖岩.地震工程模拟网系统NEES计划及在我国实现远程协同结构试验的设想[J].建筑结构学报,2002,23(6):91-94.(RU Jiping,XIAO Yan.Analysis of US NSF NEES program and criticalevaluation of remote collaborations of structural testingin China[J].Journal of Building Structures,2002,23(6):91-94.(in Chinese))
[39]Xiao Y,Hu Q,Guo Y R,et al.Development of anetwork platform for remote hybrid dynamic testing[C]//13th World Conference on EarthquakeEngineering.Vancouver:International Association forEarthquake Engineering,2004.
[40]肖岩,胡庆,郭玉荣,等.结构拟动力远程协同试验网络平台的开发研究[J].建筑结构学报,2005,26(3):122-129.(XIAO Yan,HU Qing,GUO Yurong,et al.A network platform for remote hybrid dynamictesting[J].Journal of Building Structures,2005,26(3):122-129.(in Chinese))
[41]Xiao Y,Hu Q,Guo Y R,et al.Network platform forremote structural testing and shared use of laboratories[J].Progress in Natural Science,2005,15(12):1135-1142.
[42]Foster I,Kesselman C.The Grid:Blueprint for a newcomputing infrastructure[M].San Francisco:MorganKaufmann Publishers,1999.
[43]Tomii M,Sakino K,Xiao Y,Watanabe K.Earthquakeresisting hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete shortcolumns confined by steel tube[C]//Proceedings ofthe International Speciality Conference on ConcreteFilled Steel Tubular Structures.Harbin:HarbinInstitute of Technology,1985:119-125.
[2]Dowling N E.Mechanical behavior of materials[M].2nd ed.New Jersey:Englewood Prentice Hall,1999.
[3]Reitherman R.The importance of the development ofinstruments in the history of earthquake engineering[R].Oakland:Earthquake Engineering ResearchInstitute,2004.
[4]Xiao Y,Kunnath S,Yi W J.International symposiumon confined concrete[M].Farmington Hills:AmericanConcrete Institute,ACI SP-238,2006.
[5]Richart F E,Brantzaeg A,Brown R L.The failure ofplain and spirally reinforced concrete in compression[R].Urbana:Engineering Experiment Station,College of Engineering,University of Illinois,1929.
[6]Mander J B,Priestley M J N,Park R.Theoreticalstress-strain model for confined concrete[J].Journalof Structural Engineering,ASCE,1988,114(8):1804-1826.
[7]Mander J B,Priestley M J N,Park R.Observed tress-strain behavior of confined concrete[J].Journal ofStructural Engineering,ASCE,1988,114(8):1827-1849.
[8]Sakai K,Sheikh S A.What do we know aboutconfinement in reinforced concrete columns[J].ACIJournal,1989,86(2):192-207.
[9]Kupfer H B,Hilsdorf H K,Rusch H.Behavior ofconcrete under biaxial stresses[J].ACI Journal,1969,66(8):565-666.
[10]Gerstle K H,Zimmerman R M,Winkler H.Behavior ofconcrete under multiaxial stress states[J].Journal ofthe Engineering Mechanics Division,ASCE,1980,106(6):1383-1403.
[11]Wang C Z,Guo Z H,Zhang X Q.Experimentalinvestigation of biaxial and triaxial compressive concretestrength[J].ACI Journal,1987,84(2):92-100.
[12]Vecchio F J,Collins MP.Stress-strain characteristic ofreinforced concrete in pure shear[R].Switzerland:International Association of Bridge and StructuralEngineering,1982:221-225.
[13]Vecchio F J,Collins M P.The modified compressionfield theory for reinforced concrete elements subjected toshear[J].ACI Journal,1986,83(2):219-231.
[14]Hsu T T C,Belarbi A,Pang X.A universal paneltester[J].Journal of Testing and Evaluations,ASTM,1995,23(1):41-49.
[15]Richards W C.Engineering materials science[M].Belmont:Wadsworth Publishing Company,1961.
[16]Hopkinson B.The effects of momentary stresses inmetals[J].Proceedings of Royal Society,1905,74:498-506.
[17]Hopkinson B.A method of measuring the pressureproduced in the detonation of high explosives or by theimpact of bullets[J].Proceedings of the Royal Societyof London,1914,612(89):411-413.
[18]Hopkinson J.Original papers edited by Hopkinson B[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1904:316-324.
[19]Kolsky H.An investigation of the mechanical propertiesof materials at very high rates of strain[J].Proceedingsof Royal Physics Society,1949,B62:676-700.
[20]Hirosawa M,Ozaki M,Wakabayashi M.Experimentalstudy on large models of reinforced concrete columns[C]//Proceedings of the 5th WCEE.Roma:International Association for Earthquake Engineering,1974,815-824.
[21]Xiao Y,Yun H W.Full-scale experimental studies onhigh-strength concrete columns[J].ACI Journal,2002,99(2):199-207.
[22]Nishiyama I.Seismic test facility for three dimensionalbeam-to-column sub-assemblages[R].Ibaraki:Building Research Institute,2000.
[23]朱伯龙.结构抗震实验[M].北京:地震出版社,1989.(Zhu Bolong.Seismic testing of structure.Beijing:Seismological Press,1989.(in Chinese))
[24]National institute of earth science and disasterprevention.3-D full scale earthquake testing facility[EB/OL].2003.10.01.http://www.bosai.go.jp/sougou/sanjigen/3De/index.htm.
[25]Hakuno M,Shidowara M,Hara T.Dynamic destructivetest of a cantilever beam controlled by an analogcomputer[J].Transactions of Japan Society of CivilEngineering,1969,171:1-9.
[26]Mahin S A,Shing P B.Pseudo-dynamic method forseismic testing[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1985,111(7):1482-1503.
[27]Takanashi K.Japanese activities on on-line testing[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,1987,113(7):1014-1032.
[28]Mahin S A,Shing P B,Thewalt R C,et al.Pseudo-dynamic test method-current status and future directions[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1989,115(8):2113-2128.
[29]Nakashima M,Kato H,Takaoka E.Development ofreal-time pseudo dynamic testing[J].EarthquakeEngineering and Structural Dynamics,1992,21:79-92.
[30]Kausal E.Newseismic testing method.I:Fundamentalconcepts[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,1998,124(5):565-570.
[31]Kausal E.New seismic testing method.II:Proof forMDOF systems[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,1998,124(5):571-575.
[32]American Society of Civil Engineers,Research Council.A comparative study of structural response to explosion-induced ground motions[R].NewYork:ASCE,1974.
[33]Negmatullaev S K,Todoravska M I,Trifunac M D.Simulation of strong earthquake motion by explosionsexperiments at the Lyaur testing range in Tajikistan[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,1999,18(3):189-207.
[34]Nagata K,Watanabe E,Sugiura K,et al.Developmentof remote parallel pseudo-dynamic testing system byusing internet[C]//Proceeding of Fifth PacificStructural Steel Conference.Seoul:Korean Society ofSteel Construction,1998:589-594.
[35]Pauschke J,Anderson T L,Goldstein S N,et al.Construction status of the George E.Brown,Jr.network for earthquake engineering simulation[C]//Proceedings of the Seventh U.S.Boston:NationalConference on Earthquake Engineering,2002.
[36]Yang Y S,Wang S J,Wang KJ,et al.ISEE:Internet-based simulations for earthquake engineering.Part I:The database approach[C]//Proceedings of theInternational Workshop on Steel and ConcreteComposite Construction.Taipei:National Center forResearch on Earthquake Engineering,2003:301-310.
[37]Wang KJ,Wang S J,Yang Y S,et al.ISEE:Internet-based simulations for earthquake engineering.Part II:The application protocol approach[C]//Proceedingsof the International Workshop on Steel and ConcreteComposite Construction.Taipei:National Center forResearch on Earthquake Engineering,2003:311-320.
[38]茹继平,肖岩.地震工程模拟网系统NEES计划及在我国实现远程协同结构试验的设想[J].建筑结构学报,2002,23(6):91-94.(RU Jiping,XIAO Yan.Analysis of US NSF NEES program and criticalevaluation of remote collaborations of structural testingin China[J].Journal of Building Structures,2002,23(6):91-94.(in Chinese))
[39]Xiao Y,Hu Q,Guo Y R,et al.Development of anetwork platform for remote hybrid dynamic testing[C]//13th World Conference on EarthquakeEngineering.Vancouver:International Association forEarthquake Engineering,2004.
[40]肖岩,胡庆,郭玉荣,等.结构拟动力远程协同试验网络平台的开发研究[J].建筑结构学报,2005,26(3):122-129.(XIAO Yan,HU Qing,GUO Yurong,et al.A network platform for remote hybrid dynamictesting[J].Journal of Building Structures,2005,26(3):122-129.(in Chinese))
[41]Xiao Y,Hu Q,Guo Y R,et al.Network platform forremote structural testing and shared use of laboratories[J].Progress in Natural Science,2005,15(12):1135-1142.
[42]Foster I,Kesselman C.The Grid:Blueprint for a newcomputing infrastructure[M].San Francisco:MorganKaufmann Publishers,1999.
[43]Tomii M,Sakino K,Xiao Y,Watanabe K.Earthquakeresisting hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete shortcolumns confined by steel tube[C]//Proceedings ofthe International Speciality Conference on ConcreteFilled Steel Tubular Structures.Harbin:HarbinInstitute of Technology,1985:119-125.
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