深水沉积物波及其在南海研究之现状
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摘要
深水沉积物波的研究始于20世纪50年代。根据成因和结构特征,可以将深水沉积物波划分为细粒底流、细粒浊流、粗粒底流和粗粒浊流等类型。不同类型的沉积物波具有不同的形态、物质组成及分布特征。已提出的深水沉积物波的形成模式主要有背流波模式、逆行沙波模式、内波模式及底形和斜坡失稳混合模式等。1994年太阳号95航次和1999年ODP184航次揭示并证实,南海北部东沙岸外1144站所处的深水陆坡区发育有一高速沉积物牵引体。根据最新的地震资料分析发现,该牵引体实际上由一系列逆陆坡向上倾方向迁移的沉积物波组成,这一发现对于南海北部大陆边缘古海洋、古环境和古气候研究,以及南海深水油气勘探具有重要意义。
Research on deep-water sediment waves was initiated in the 1950's.So far,significant progress has been achieved.It is been known that deep-water sediment waves are generated mainly by bottom currents or turbidity currents.Four main catalogues of deep-water sediment waves have been recognized according to their grain size of component sediments and formation processes: fine-grained bottom current sediment waves,coarse-grained bottom current sediment waves,fine-grained turbidity current sediment waves,and coarse-grained turbidity current sediment waves.Models presented for the formation of deepwater sediment waves include lee-wave model,antidune model,internal wave model and mixed bedform and failure model.Newly-acquired high-resolution seismic data revealed that the sediment drift with high deposition rates on the slope offshore Dongsha Islands,northern South China Sea was actually composed of a series of sediment waves migrated upslope.This finding is of great significance not only to the reconstruction of paleoceanography,paleoenvironment,paleo-tectonics,and paleoclimate,but also to deep-water petroleum exploration in the South China Sea.
Research on deep-water sediment waves was initiated in the 1950's.So far,significant progress has been achieved.It is been known that deep-water sediment waves are generated mainly by bottom currents or turbidity currents.Four main catalogues of deep-water sediment waves have been recognized according to their grain size of component sediments and formation processes: fine-grained bottom current sediment waves,coarse-grained bottom current sediment waves,fine-grained turbidity current sediment waves,and coarse-grained turbidity current sediment waves.Models presented for the formation of deepwater sediment waves include lee-wave model,antidune model,internal wave model and mixed bedform and failure model.Newly-acquired high-resolution seismic data revealed that the sediment drift with high deposition rates on the slope offshore Dongsha Islands,northern South China Sea was actually composed of a series of sediment waves migrated upslope.This finding is of great significance not only to the reconstruction of paleoceanography,paleoenvironment,paleo-tectonics,and paleoclimate,but also to deep-water petroleum exploration in the South China Sea.
引文
[1]Wynn R B,Stow D A V.Recognition and interpretation of deep-water sediment waves:Implications for palaeoceanography,hydro-carbon exploration and flow process interpretation[J].Marine Ge-ology,2002,192:1-3.
[2]Stow D A V,Mayall M.Deep-water sedimentary systems:Newmodels for the 21st century[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2000,17:125-135.
[3]Wynn R B,Masson D G,Stow D A V,et al.Turbidity currentsediment waves on the submarine slopes of the western CanaryIslands[J].Marine Geology,2000,163:185-198.
[4]Embley R W,Langseth MG.Sedimentation processes on the con-tinental rise of northeastern South America[J].Marine Geology,1977,25:279-297.
[5]Wynn R B,Weaver P P E,Ercilla G,et al.Sedimentary proces-ses in the Selvage sediment-wave field,NE Atlantic:Newinsightsinto the formation of sediment waves by turbidity currents[J].Sed-imentology,2000,47:1 181-1 197.
[6]Wynn R B,Stow D A V.Classification and characterisation ofdeep-water sediment waves[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:7-22.
[7]Normark W R,Hess G R,StowD AV,et al.Sediment waves onthe Monterey Fan levee:Apreliminary physical interpretation[J].Marine Geology,1980,37:1-18.
[8]Normark W R,Piper D J W,Posamentier H,et al.Variability inform and growth of sediment waves on turbidite channel levees[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:23-58.
[9]Nakajima T,Satoh M,Okamura Y.Channel-levee complexes,terminal deep-sea fan and sediment wave fields associated with theToyama deep-sea channel system in the Japan sea[J].Marine Ge-ology,1998,149:25-41.
[10]McHugh C M G,Ryan W B F.Sedimentary features associatedwith channel overbank flow:Examples from the Monterey Fan[J].Marine Geology,2000,163:199-215.
[11]Migeon S,Savoye B,Faugeres J-C.Quaternary development ofmigrating sediment waves in the Var deep-sea fan:Distribution,growth pattern,and implication for levee evolution[J].Sedimen-tary Geology,2000,133:265-293.
[12]Nakajima T,Satoh M.The formation of large mudwaves by tur-bidity currents on the levees of the Toyama deep-sea channel,Ja-pan sea[J].Sedimentology,2001,48:435-463.
[13]Damuth J E.Migrating sediment waves created by turbidity cur-rents in the northern south China basin[J].Geology,1979,7:520-523.
[14]Ercilla G,Alonso B,Wynn R B,et al.Turbidity current sedi-ment waves on irregular slopes:Observations from the Orinocosediment-wave field[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:171-187.
[15]Ercilla G,Wynn R B,Alonso B,et al.Initiation and evolutionof turbidity current sediment waves in the Magdalena TurbiditeSystem[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:153-169.
[16]Gonthier E,Faugres J-C,Gervais A,et al.Quaternary sedi-mentation and origin of the Orinoco sediment-wave field on theDemerara continental rise(north-eastern margin of South Ameri-ca)[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:189-214.
[17]Lee H J,Syvitski J P M,Parker G,et al.Distinguishing sedi-ment waves from slope failure deposits:Field examples,inclu-ding the Humboldt Slide'and modelling results[J].Marine Geolo-gy,2002,192:79-104.
[18]Lewis K B,Pantin HM.Channel-axis,overbank and drift sedi-ment waves in the southern Hikurangi Trough,NewZealand[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:123-151.
[19]Flood R D,Shor AN,Manley P D.Morphology of abyssal mud-waves at project MUDWAVES sites in the Argentine basin[J].Deep-Sea Research,1993,40:859-888.
[20]Manley P L,Caress D W.Mudwaves on the Gardar sedimentdrift,NE Atlantic[J].Paleoceanography,1994,9:973-988.
[21]Howe J A.Turbidite and contourite sediment waves in the north-ern Rockall Trough,North Atlantic Ocean[J].Sedimentology,1996,43:219-234.
[22]Flood R D,Giosan L.Migration history of a fine-grained abyssalsediment wave on the Bahama Outer Ridge[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:259-273.
[23]Masson D G,Howe J A,Stoker M S.Bottom current sedimentwaves,sediment drifts and contourites in the northern RockallTrough[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:215-237.
[24]von Lom-Keil H,Speiss V,Hopfauf V.Fine-grained sedimentwaves on the western flank of the Zapiola Drift,Argentine Basin-Evidence for variations in Late Quaternary bottom flow activity[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:239-258.
[25]Ediger V,Velegrakis A F,Evans G.Upper slope sedimentwaves in the Cilician Basin,north-eastern Mediterranean[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:321-333.
[26]Clarke J E H,Shor A N,Piper D J W,et al.Large-scale cur-rent-induced erosion and deposition in the path of the 1929 GrandBanks turbidity current[J].Sedimentology,1990,37:613-629.
[27]Piper D J W,Kontopoulos N.Bedforms in submarine channels:comparison of ancient examples fromGreece with studies of recentturbidite systems[J].Journal ofSedimentary Research,1994,64:247-252.
[28]Kidd R B,Lucchi R G,Gee M,et al.Sedimentary processes inthe Stromboli Canyon and Marsili basin,SE Tyrrhenian sea:Re-sults from sidescan sonar surveys[J].Geo-Marine Letter,1998,18:146-154.
[29]Morris S A,Kenyon N H,Limonov A F,et al.Downstreamchanges of large-scale bedforms in turbidites around the Valenciachannel mouth,north-west Mediterranean:Implications for pa-leoflow reconstruction[J].Sedimentology,1998,45:365-377.
[30]Dorn W U,Werner F.The contour-current flowalong the south-ern Iceland-Faeroe Ridge as documented by its bedforms and a-symmetrical channel fillings[J].Sedimentary Geology,1993,82:47-59.
[31]Kenyon N H,Akhmetzhanov A M,Twichell D C.Sand wavefields beneath the Loop Current,Gulf of Mexico:Reworking offan sands[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:297-307.
[32]Flood R D.Alee wave-model for deep-sea mudwave activity[J].Deep-Sea Resarch,1988,35:973-983.
[33]Karl HA,Carlson P R.Large sand waves in Navarinsky Canyonhead Bearing sea[J].Geo-Marine Letter,1982,2:157-162.
[34]Karl HA,Cacchione D A,Carlson P R.Internal-wave currentsas a mechanism to account for large sand waves in NavarinskyCanyon head,Bering sea[J].Journal ofSedimentary Petrology,1986,56:706-714.
[35]Faugres J-C,Gonthier E,Mulder T,et al.Multi-process gener-ated sediment waves on the Landes Plateau(Bay of Biscay,NorthAtlantic)[J].Marine Geology,2002,182:279-302.
[36]Blumsack S L.A model for the growth of mudwaves in the pres-ence of time-varying currents[J].Deep-Sea Research,1993,40:963-974.
[37]Weatherly G L.On deep-current and hydrographic observationsfrom a mudwave region and elsewhere in the Argentine Basin[J].Deep-Sea Research,1993,40:939-961.
[38]Flood R D,Giosan L.Migration history of a fine-grained abyssalsediment wave on the Bahama Outer Ridge[J].Marine Geology,2002,182:279-302.
[39]Blumsack S L,Weatherly G L.Observations of the nearby flowand a model for the growth of mudwaves[J].Deep-Sea Research,1989,36:1 327-1 339.
[40]Lewis K B.The 1500 km long Hikurangi Channel:trench-axischannel that escapes its trench,crosses a plateau,and feeds afan drift[J].Geo-Marine Letter,1994,14:19-28.
[41]Howe J A.Turbidite and contourite sediment waves in the north-ern Rockall Trough,North Atlantic Ocean[J].Sedimentology,1996,43:219-234.
[42]Hand B M,Middleton G V,Skipper K.Antidune cross-stratifi-cation in a turbidite sequence,Cloridorme formation,Gaspe,Quebec[J].Sedimentology,1972,18:135-138.
[43]Piper D J W,Savoye B.Processes of late Quaternary turbiditycurrent flow and deposition on the Var deepsea fan,north-westMediterranean Sea[J].Sedimentology,1993,40:557-582.
[44]Hand B M.Supercritical flow in density currents[J].Journal ofSedimentary Petrology,1974,44:637-648.
[45]Kolla V,Eittreim S,Sullivan L,et al.Current-controlled,a-byssal microtopography and sedimentation in Mozambique basin,Southwest Indian Ocean[J].Marine Geology,1980,34:171-206.
[46]Allen J R L.Sedimentary Structures,Their Character and Physi-cal basis[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1984.
[47]Gao Zhenzhong,He Youbin,Luo Shunshe,et al.Deep-waterTractive Current Deposits:The Study of Internal-tide,Internal-wave,and Contour Current Deposits[M].Beijing:SciencePress,1996:1-22.[高振中,何幼斌,罗顺社,等.深水牵引流沉积———内潮汐、内波和等深流沉积研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1996:1-22.]
[48]Zhang Xingyang,Gao Zhenzhong,Yao Xuegen.Internal-wavedeposits in the Northeastern Rockall Trough,North Atlantic O-cean—Reinterpretation of deep-water sediment wave formation[J].Acta Sedimentologuca Sinica,1999,17:464-472.[张兴阳,高振中,姚雪根.北大西洋洛克尔海槽东北部内波沉积———深水大型沉积物波成因的再解释[J].沉积学报,1999,17:464-472.]
[49]Wang Qingchun,He Youbin,He Ping,et al.The formation oflarge mud-waves on the levees of Toyama deep-sea channel in theSea of Japan[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2004,26:143-148.[王青春,何幼斌,贺萍,等.日本海富山深海水道堤坝大型泥波的成因[J].海洋学报,2004,26:143-148.]
[50]Wong HK,Ldmann T,Wollschlager M.Seismic reflection pro-filing at the northern continental margin of the South China Sea(Sonne-95 Cruise)[C]∥Sarnthein M,Pflaumann U,Wang PX,et al,eds.Preliminary Report on Sonne-95 Cruise“MonitorMonsoon”to the South China Sea.Reports,Geol-Palaont InstUni Kiel,1994,68:46-53.
[51]Wang P X,Prell W L,Blum P,et al.Proceedings of the OceanDrilling Program,Initial Reports South China Sea[R].2000:184.
[52]Shao Lei,Li Xianhua,Wei Gangjian.Provenance of a prominentsediment drift on the northern slope of the South China Sea[J].Science in China(Series D),2001,44:919-925.[邵磊,李献华,韦刚健,等.南海高速堆积体大物质来源[J].中国科学:D辑,2001,31:828-833.]
[53]Ldmann T,Wong HK,Berglar K.Upward flowof North Pacif-ic deep water in the northern South China Sea as deduced fromthe occurrence of drift sediments[J].Geophysical Research Let-ters,32:2005,L05614,doi:10.1029/2004GL021967.
[54]Shao Lei,Li Xuejie,Geng Jianhua,et al.Deepsea bottom cur-rent sedimentation in the northern Southern China Sea[J].Sci-ence in China(Series D),2007:37(in press).[邵磊,李学杰,耿建华,等.南海北部深水底流沉积作用[J].中国科学:D辑,2007:37(待刊).]
[55]Bhring,Sarnthein M,Erlenkeuser H.Toward a high-resolutionstable isotope stratigraphy of the last1.1 m.y.:Site 1144,SouthChina Sea[C]∥Prell W L,Wang P,Blum P,et al,eds.Pro-ceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program[J].Scientific Results,2004,184:1-29.
[2]Stow D A V,Mayall M.Deep-water sedimentary systems:Newmodels for the 21st century[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2000,17:125-135.
[3]Wynn R B,Masson D G,Stow D A V,et al.Turbidity currentsediment waves on the submarine slopes of the western CanaryIslands[J].Marine Geology,2000,163:185-198.
[4]Embley R W,Langseth MG.Sedimentation processes on the con-tinental rise of northeastern South America[J].Marine Geology,1977,25:279-297.
[5]Wynn R B,Weaver P P E,Ercilla G,et al.Sedimentary proces-ses in the Selvage sediment-wave field,NE Atlantic:Newinsightsinto the formation of sediment waves by turbidity currents[J].Sed-imentology,2000,47:1 181-1 197.
[6]Wynn R B,Stow D A V.Classification and characterisation ofdeep-water sediment waves[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:7-22.
[7]Normark W R,Hess G R,StowD AV,et al.Sediment waves onthe Monterey Fan levee:Apreliminary physical interpretation[J].Marine Geology,1980,37:1-18.
[8]Normark W R,Piper D J W,Posamentier H,et al.Variability inform and growth of sediment waves on turbidite channel levees[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:23-58.
[9]Nakajima T,Satoh M,Okamura Y.Channel-levee complexes,terminal deep-sea fan and sediment wave fields associated with theToyama deep-sea channel system in the Japan sea[J].Marine Ge-ology,1998,149:25-41.
[10]McHugh C M G,Ryan W B F.Sedimentary features associatedwith channel overbank flow:Examples from the Monterey Fan[J].Marine Geology,2000,163:199-215.
[11]Migeon S,Savoye B,Faugeres J-C.Quaternary development ofmigrating sediment waves in the Var deep-sea fan:Distribution,growth pattern,and implication for levee evolution[J].Sedimen-tary Geology,2000,133:265-293.
[12]Nakajima T,Satoh M.The formation of large mudwaves by tur-bidity currents on the levees of the Toyama deep-sea channel,Ja-pan sea[J].Sedimentology,2001,48:435-463.
[13]Damuth J E.Migrating sediment waves created by turbidity cur-rents in the northern south China basin[J].Geology,1979,7:520-523.
[14]Ercilla G,Alonso B,Wynn R B,et al.Turbidity current sedi-ment waves on irregular slopes:Observations from the Orinocosediment-wave field[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:171-187.
[15]Ercilla G,Wynn R B,Alonso B,et al.Initiation and evolutionof turbidity current sediment waves in the Magdalena TurbiditeSystem[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:153-169.
[16]Gonthier E,Faugres J-C,Gervais A,et al.Quaternary sedi-mentation and origin of the Orinoco sediment-wave field on theDemerara continental rise(north-eastern margin of South Ameri-ca)[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:189-214.
[17]Lee H J,Syvitski J P M,Parker G,et al.Distinguishing sedi-ment waves from slope failure deposits:Field examples,inclu-ding the Humboldt Slide'and modelling results[J].Marine Geolo-gy,2002,192:79-104.
[18]Lewis K B,Pantin HM.Channel-axis,overbank and drift sedi-ment waves in the southern Hikurangi Trough,NewZealand[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:123-151.
[19]Flood R D,Shor AN,Manley P D.Morphology of abyssal mud-waves at project MUDWAVES sites in the Argentine basin[J].Deep-Sea Research,1993,40:859-888.
[20]Manley P L,Caress D W.Mudwaves on the Gardar sedimentdrift,NE Atlantic[J].Paleoceanography,1994,9:973-988.
[21]Howe J A.Turbidite and contourite sediment waves in the north-ern Rockall Trough,North Atlantic Ocean[J].Sedimentology,1996,43:219-234.
[22]Flood R D,Giosan L.Migration history of a fine-grained abyssalsediment wave on the Bahama Outer Ridge[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:259-273.
[23]Masson D G,Howe J A,Stoker M S.Bottom current sedimentwaves,sediment drifts and contourites in the northern RockallTrough[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:215-237.
[24]von Lom-Keil H,Speiss V,Hopfauf V.Fine-grained sedimentwaves on the western flank of the Zapiola Drift,Argentine Basin-Evidence for variations in Late Quaternary bottom flow activity[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:239-258.
[25]Ediger V,Velegrakis A F,Evans G.Upper slope sedimentwaves in the Cilician Basin,north-eastern Mediterranean[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:321-333.
[26]Clarke J E H,Shor A N,Piper D J W,et al.Large-scale cur-rent-induced erosion and deposition in the path of the 1929 GrandBanks turbidity current[J].Sedimentology,1990,37:613-629.
[27]Piper D J W,Kontopoulos N.Bedforms in submarine channels:comparison of ancient examples fromGreece with studies of recentturbidite systems[J].Journal ofSedimentary Research,1994,64:247-252.
[28]Kidd R B,Lucchi R G,Gee M,et al.Sedimentary processes inthe Stromboli Canyon and Marsili basin,SE Tyrrhenian sea:Re-sults from sidescan sonar surveys[J].Geo-Marine Letter,1998,18:146-154.
[29]Morris S A,Kenyon N H,Limonov A F,et al.Downstreamchanges of large-scale bedforms in turbidites around the Valenciachannel mouth,north-west Mediterranean:Implications for pa-leoflow reconstruction[J].Sedimentology,1998,45:365-377.
[30]Dorn W U,Werner F.The contour-current flowalong the south-ern Iceland-Faeroe Ridge as documented by its bedforms and a-symmetrical channel fillings[J].Sedimentary Geology,1993,82:47-59.
[31]Kenyon N H,Akhmetzhanov A M,Twichell D C.Sand wavefields beneath the Loop Current,Gulf of Mexico:Reworking offan sands[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:297-307.
[32]Flood R D.Alee wave-model for deep-sea mudwave activity[J].Deep-Sea Resarch,1988,35:973-983.
[33]Karl HA,Carlson P R.Large sand waves in Navarinsky Canyonhead Bearing sea[J].Geo-Marine Letter,1982,2:157-162.
[34]Karl HA,Cacchione D A,Carlson P R.Internal-wave currentsas a mechanism to account for large sand waves in NavarinskyCanyon head,Bering sea[J].Journal ofSedimentary Petrology,1986,56:706-714.
[35]Faugres J-C,Gonthier E,Mulder T,et al.Multi-process gener-ated sediment waves on the Landes Plateau(Bay of Biscay,NorthAtlantic)[J].Marine Geology,2002,182:279-302.
[36]Blumsack S L.A model for the growth of mudwaves in the pres-ence of time-varying currents[J].Deep-Sea Research,1993,40:963-974.
[37]Weatherly G L.On deep-current and hydrographic observationsfrom a mudwave region and elsewhere in the Argentine Basin[J].Deep-Sea Research,1993,40:939-961.
[38]Flood R D,Giosan L.Migration history of a fine-grained abyssalsediment wave on the Bahama Outer Ridge[J].Marine Geology,2002,182:279-302.
[39]Blumsack S L,Weatherly G L.Observations of the nearby flowand a model for the growth of mudwaves[J].Deep-Sea Research,1989,36:1 327-1 339.
[40]Lewis K B.The 1500 km long Hikurangi Channel:trench-axischannel that escapes its trench,crosses a plateau,and feeds afan drift[J].Geo-Marine Letter,1994,14:19-28.
[41]Howe J A.Turbidite and contourite sediment waves in the north-ern Rockall Trough,North Atlantic Ocean[J].Sedimentology,1996,43:219-234.
[42]Hand B M,Middleton G V,Skipper K.Antidune cross-stratifi-cation in a turbidite sequence,Cloridorme formation,Gaspe,Quebec[J].Sedimentology,1972,18:135-138.
[43]Piper D J W,Savoye B.Processes of late Quaternary turbiditycurrent flow and deposition on the Var deepsea fan,north-westMediterranean Sea[J].Sedimentology,1993,40:557-582.
[44]Hand B M.Supercritical flow in density currents[J].Journal ofSedimentary Petrology,1974,44:637-648.
[45]Kolla V,Eittreim S,Sullivan L,et al.Current-controlled,a-byssal microtopography and sedimentation in Mozambique basin,Southwest Indian Ocean[J].Marine Geology,1980,34:171-206.
[46]Allen J R L.Sedimentary Structures,Their Character and Physi-cal basis[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1984.
[47]Gao Zhenzhong,He Youbin,Luo Shunshe,et al.Deep-waterTractive Current Deposits:The Study of Internal-tide,Internal-wave,and Contour Current Deposits[M].Beijing:SciencePress,1996:1-22.[高振中,何幼斌,罗顺社,等.深水牵引流沉积———内潮汐、内波和等深流沉积研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1996:1-22.]
[48]Zhang Xingyang,Gao Zhenzhong,Yao Xuegen.Internal-wavedeposits in the Northeastern Rockall Trough,North Atlantic O-cean—Reinterpretation of deep-water sediment wave formation[J].Acta Sedimentologuca Sinica,1999,17:464-472.[张兴阳,高振中,姚雪根.北大西洋洛克尔海槽东北部内波沉积———深水大型沉积物波成因的再解释[J].沉积学报,1999,17:464-472.]
[49]Wang Qingchun,He Youbin,He Ping,et al.The formation oflarge mud-waves on the levees of Toyama deep-sea channel in theSea of Japan[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2004,26:143-148.[王青春,何幼斌,贺萍,等.日本海富山深海水道堤坝大型泥波的成因[J].海洋学报,2004,26:143-148.]
[50]Wong HK,Ldmann T,Wollschlager M.Seismic reflection pro-filing at the northern continental margin of the South China Sea(Sonne-95 Cruise)[C]∥Sarnthein M,Pflaumann U,Wang PX,et al,eds.Preliminary Report on Sonne-95 Cruise“MonitorMonsoon”to the South China Sea.Reports,Geol-Palaont InstUni Kiel,1994,68:46-53.
[51]Wang P X,Prell W L,Blum P,et al.Proceedings of the OceanDrilling Program,Initial Reports South China Sea[R].2000:184.
[52]Shao Lei,Li Xianhua,Wei Gangjian.Provenance of a prominentsediment drift on the northern slope of the South China Sea[J].Science in China(Series D),2001,44:919-925.[邵磊,李献华,韦刚健,等.南海高速堆积体大物质来源[J].中国科学:D辑,2001,31:828-833.]
[53]Ldmann T,Wong HK,Berglar K.Upward flowof North Pacif-ic deep water in the northern South China Sea as deduced fromthe occurrence of drift sediments[J].Geophysical Research Let-ters,32:2005,L05614,doi:10.1029/2004GL021967.
[54]Shao Lei,Li Xuejie,Geng Jianhua,et al.Deepsea bottom cur-rent sedimentation in the northern Southern China Sea[J].Sci-ence in China(Series D),2007:37(in press).[邵磊,李学杰,耿建华,等.南海北部深水底流沉积作用[J].中国科学:D辑,2007:37(待刊).]
[55]Bhring,Sarnthein M,Erlenkeuser H.Toward a high-resolutionstable isotope stratigraphy of the last1.1 m.y.:Site 1144,SouthChina Sea[C]∥Prell W L,Wang P,Blum P,et al,eds.Pro-ceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program[J].Scientific Results,2004,184:1-29.
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