川藏公路四川段泥石流灾害研究与治理
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摘要
大量现场调查和观测发现,川藏公路四川段的泥石流灾害集中分布在4个区域,即龙胆溪泥石流区、雅江泥石流区、波戈溪泥石流区和巴塘—金沙江泥石流区。波戈溪泥石流区和巴塘—金沙江泥石流区是境内泥石流灾害最严重的地区,流域面积超过20 km~2的特大型泥石流有24条。自东向西,川藏公路四川段泥石流由水石流逐渐演变为稀性泥石流;复杂的地质构造环境、高山深谷地貌特征、强烈的地震活动、高强度的降雨和冰雪融水,构成泥石流灾害显著发育的环境条件。将公路沿线泥石流形成机理概括为4种,即降雨冲击机理、强度衰减机理、冲刷切割机理和沟床拖拽机理;2003年以来采用护岸结构、速流结构、抗冲击结构、拦渣坝、消能坎等技术实施了30余个大型泥石流灾害治理工程,治理效果显著。
Large numbers of field investigation and observation have revealed the distribution regularity of debris flow disaster along the Sichuan-Tibet highway in Sichuan province,which consists of four zones respectively in Longdanxi catchment,in Yajiang catchment,in Bogexi catchment and in Batang-Jinshajiang catchment.Specially,debris flow disasers are deeply serious in both Bogexi and Batang-Jinshajiang catchments, there are 24 giant debris flows with their basin areas over 20 km~2.From east to west along the highway,debris flows evolve gradually from torrents with various rocks to dilute debris flows.The environment to develop debris flow disasters along the highway is characterized of complex geological tectonic actions,landforms with deep valleys and high mountains,active earthquakes,intense precipitation,and abundant thawing water from snow and ice.Four types of mechanisms to trigger debris flows can be classified generally,i.e.,rainfall impact,strength attenuation,erosion cutting and drawing.More than 30 giant debris flow disasters have been harnessed with the technical measures of bank protection works,highspeed drainage structures,anti-impact structures,guiding-flow dams,energy releasing ridges etc.since 2003,which have ensured significantly the communication service of the Sichuan-Tibet highway.
Large numbers of field investigation and observation have revealed the distribution regularity of debris flow disaster along the Sichuan-Tibet highway in Sichuan province,which consists of four zones respectively in Longdanxi catchment,in Yajiang catchment,in Bogexi catchment and in Batang-Jinshajiang catchment.Specially,debris flow disasers are deeply serious in both Bogexi and Batang-Jinshajiang catchments, there are 24 giant debris flows with their basin areas over 20 km~2.From east to west along the highway,debris flows evolve gradually from torrents with various rocks to dilute debris flows.The environment to develop debris flow disasters along the highway is characterized of complex geological tectonic actions,landforms with deep valleys and high mountains,active earthquakes,intense precipitation,and abundant thawing water from snow and ice.Four types of mechanisms to trigger debris flows can be classified generally,i.e.,rainfall impact,strength attenuation,erosion cutting and drawing.More than 30 giant debris flow disasters have been harnessed with the technical measures of bank protection works,highspeed drainage structures,anti-impact structures,guiding-flow dams,energy releasing ridges etc.since 2003,which have ensured significantly the communication service of the Sichuan-Tibet highway.
引文
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[17]谢修齐,沈寿长.铁路泥石流防治技术及其发展[J].中国铁道科学,2000,21(3):92-98. Xie X Q,Shen S C.Techniques of prevention and thread of thought on development for debris flow along railway[J].China Raliway Science,2000,21 (3):92-98.
[18]陈洪凯,唐红梅,叶四桥.中国公路泥石流研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2008,19(1):1-5. Chen H K,Tang H M,Ye S Q.Study on debris flows along highways in China[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2008,19(1):1-5.
[19]陈洪凯,马永泰.公路泥石流防治工程设计指南和施工指南[Z].成都:四川省交通厅公路局,2006. Chen H K,Ma Y T.Design and construction guidline on control engineering for highway debris flow[Z]. Chengdu:the Highway Bureau of Ministry of Transportation of Sichuan Province,2006.
[2]陈洪凯,唐红梅,陈野鹰.公路泥石流力学[M].北京:科学出版社,2007. Chen H K,Tang H M,Chen Y Y.Highway Debris Flow Mechanics[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007.
[3]陈洪凯,唐红梅,马永泰,等.公路泥石流研究及治理[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004. Chen H K,Tang H M,Ma Y T,et al.Studies and Prevention for Highway Debris Flow[M].Beijing: China Communications Press,2004.
[4]朱汉华,尚岳全,金仁祥,等.川藏公路西藏境内典型病害防治技术[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004. Zhu H H,Shang Y Q,Jin R X,et al.Prevention Techniques for Representative Disasters in Tibet Region Along Sichuan-Tibet Highway[M].Beijing: China Communications Press,2004.
[5]Chen H K,Tang H M.Essential principle of debris Flow[J].Wseas Transactions on Fluid Mechanics, 2006,1(10):932-936.
[6]Chen H K,Tang H M.Research and control of giant debris flow along highway[C]//The Proceedings of the China Association for Science and Technology Beijing /New York:Science Press,2004.320-328.
[7]Chen H K,Tang H M,Chen Y Y.Research on methods to calculate velocities of solid phase and liquid phase in debris flow[J].Applied Mathematics and Mechanics,2006,27(3):399-408.
[8]杜榕桓,李鸿链,唐邦兴,等.三十年来的中国泥石流研究[J].自然灾害学报,1995,4(1):64-69. Du R H,Li H L,Tang B X,et al.Research on debris flow for thirty years in China[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,1995,4(1):64-69.
[9]康志成,李焯芬,马蔼乃,等.中国泥石流研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2004. Kang ZC,Lee C F,Ma A N,et al.Studies on Debris Flow in China[M].Beijing:Science Press, 2004.
[10]吴积善,田连权,康志成,等.泥石流及其综合治理[M].北京:科学出版社,1993. Wu J S,Tian L Q,Kang Z C,et al.Debris Flow and Its Comprehensive Treatment[M].Beijing:Science Press,1993.
[11]李吉均.青藏高原隆升与亚洲环境演变[M].北京:科学出版社,2006. Li J J.Uplift for Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and Environment Evolution in Asian[M].Beijing:Science Press,2006.
[12]Richard J C,Stanley A S,David E S.Geomorphology [M].Cambridge:the University Press of Cambridge, 1984.
[13]唐红梅,陈洪凯,李亚训,等.新疆天山公路泥石流形成环境研究[J].公路,2004,(6):87-92. Tang H M,Chen H K,Li Y X,et al.Research on formation environment of debris flow along highways at Tianshan mountain area in Xinjiang region[J]. Highway,2004,(6):87-92.
[14]唐红梅,陈洪凯,金发均,等.美姑河流域公路泥石流物源成因[J].山地学报,2005,23(6):714-718. Tang H M,Chen H K,Jin F J,et al.Research on material sources of formation a debris flow along highways in the Meigu river basin[J].Journal of Mounrain Science,2005,23(6):714-718.
[15]陈洪凯,唐红梅.平川沟泥石流体形成的动力机制研究[J].公路,2003,(12):45-50. Chen H K,Tang H M.Research on dynamic mechanism formed by debris flow of Pingchuan channel[J]. Highway,2003,(12):45-50.
[16]Pierson T C,Scott K M.Downstream dilution of a lahar: transition from debris flow to hyperconcentrated streamflow[J].Water Resources Research,1985, (21):1511-1524.
[17]谢修齐,沈寿长.铁路泥石流防治技术及其发展[J].中国铁道科学,2000,21(3):92-98. Xie X Q,Shen S C.Techniques of prevention and thread of thought on development for debris flow along railway[J].China Raliway Science,2000,21 (3):92-98.
[18]陈洪凯,唐红梅,叶四桥.中国公路泥石流研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2008,19(1):1-5. Chen H K,Tang H M,Ye S Q.Study on debris flows along highways in China[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2008,19(1):1-5.
[19]陈洪凯,马永泰.公路泥石流防治工程设计指南和施工指南[Z].成都:四川省交通厅公路局,2006. Chen H K,Ma Y T.Design and construction guidline on control engineering for highway debris flow[Z]. Chengdu:the Highway Bureau of Ministry of Transportation of Sichuan Province,2006.
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