地质灾害作用下管道的破坏行为与防护对策
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摘要
长输管道分布广阔,沿线地质形貌复杂,地质灾害难以避免。管道事故统计分析表明,受地理环境、气候及人类活动等因素影响,管道工程中的地质灾害种类繁多、危害程度也各不相同。地质灾害引发土壤运动和地表变形,从而导致埋地管道产生弯曲、压缩、扭曲、拉裂、局部屈曲等破坏行为。国内外关于管道在断层、斜坡、洪水和地面塌陷等常见灾害形式下的研究可归纳为解析法、数值法和试验法3种,其中解析法计算方便,便于工程应用;数值法灵活,可模拟较真实的工况条件;实验法更加直观,对于研究管线宏观变形意义较强。为了避免地质灾害事故,管道勘察设计阶段应尽量避绕不稳定地质区域;无法避绕的,应采取合理的敷设方案和预防措施,以增强管道对地质灾害的抵抗能力;对于在役管道,则应预测灾害类型,制定相应防护措施。
The long-distance pipelines distribute extensively,along which is complex geological profile,so geological disaster does not avoid.Analysis on pipeline accidents showed that there exist many kinds of geological disasters and different damage degrees in pipeline projects affecting from geographical environment,climate and human activity.Geographical disaster resulted in soil movement and ground deformation,so buried pipeline will occur bend,compress,distort,rip,and part flection and other breakage activities.There are three kinds of research methods including resolution method,numerical value method and test method to common disasters under condition of faultage,slope,flood and ground sink.Resolution method calculate expediently,it is easy to be applied into project;numerical value method is flexible and it can simulate really work condition;test method is more visual and with important meaning for research pipeline macroscopic deformation.During pipeline reconnaissance design,it should keep away from geologic area,if it is not avoidable that design should adopt reasonable layout plans and prevention actions to enhance the ability of pipeline resistance to geological disasters.For pipeline under in service,we should forecast disaster type and set up corresponding defend measures.
The long-distance pipelines distribute extensively,along which is complex geological profile,so geological disaster does not avoid.Analysis on pipeline accidents showed that there exist many kinds of geological disasters and different damage degrees in pipeline projects affecting from geographical environment,climate and human activity.Geographical disaster resulted in soil movement and ground deformation,so buried pipeline will occur bend,compress,distort,rip,and part flection and other breakage activities.There are three kinds of research methods including resolution method,numerical value method and test method to common disasters under condition of faultage,slope,flood and ground sink.Resolution method calculate expediently,it is easy to be applied into project;numerical value method is flexible and it can simulate really work condition;test method is more visual and with important meaning for research pipeline macroscopic deformation.During pipeline reconnaissance design,it should keep away from geologic area,if it is not avoidable that design should adopt reasonable layout plans and prevention actions to enhance the ability of pipeline resistance to geological disasters.For pipeline under in service,we should forecast disaster type and set up corresponding defend measures.
引文
[1]李智毅,颜宇森,雷海英.西气东输工程建设用地区的地质灾害[J].地质力学学报,2004,10(3):253-259.
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[3]郭书太.陕—京输气管线沿线地质灾害及防护对策[J].石油规划设计,1997(12):14-16.
[4]赵应奎.陕京二线输气管道工程场地区域地壳活动性与地质灾害[J].地球与环境,2005(3):351-354.
[5]张光华.川气出川管道工程地质灾害刍议[J].水文地质工程地质,2007(5):81-84.
[6]李伟林.忠武输气管道的地质灾害监测[J].油气储运,2007,26(5):26-29.
[7]梅云新.马惠宁管道地质灾害类型及水工保护问题[J].油气储运,2003,22(11):35-38.
[8]周亮臣.兰成渝输油管道建设重要经验概述[J].管道技术与设备,2006(3):1-18.
[9]NAZMY A S,ABDEL-GHAFFAR A M.Three-Dimen-sional Nonlinear Static Analysis of Cable-Stayed Bridge[J].Computes&Structures,1990,31:257-271.
[10]JONES T D.Three Large Intraplate Earthquake Near Tennant Creek Northern Territory,Australia,on22Jan-uary1988[J].张春艳,译.国际地震动态,1990(3):21-25.
[11]张敏政.土耳其伊兹米特地震震害考察[J].工程抗震,2000,12(4):35-38.
[12]郭恩栋,土东升,陆鸣,等.青新交界8.1级地震生命线工程震害[J].地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(3):77-81.
[13]张俊义,杜景水.洪水造成管道断裂的事故分析[J].油气储运,2000,19(1):16-19.
[14]DONNELL O,HUGH W.Investigation of Flood InducedPipeline Failures on Lower San Jacinto River[C]∥Pro-ceedings of the Pipeline Division Specialty Conference.[s.l.]:2005.
[15]秦毅,钱善琪.靖西天然气管道穿越段的断裂分析[J].油气储运,2001,20(5):20-22.
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[18]KENNEDY R P,DARROW A W,WILLIAMSON R A.Fault Movement Effects on Buried Oil Pipeline[J].Tansport.Eng.Journal,ASCE103,1977:617-633.
[19]WANG L R L,YEH Y H.A Refined Seismic Analysis and Design of Buried Pipeline for Fault Movement[J].Earthquake eng.and strut.dyn,1985,13(1):75-96.
[20]WANG L R L,WANG L J.Buried Pipelines in Large Fault Movements[C]∥Lifeline Earthquake Engineer-ing,Proceedings of the Fourth U.S.Conference.San Francisco,California:[s.n.],1995.
[21]刘爱文,张素灵,胡聿贤,等.地震断层作用下埋地管线的反应分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(2):22-27.
[22]郭恩栋,冯启民.跨断层埋地钢管道抗震计算方法研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,1999,21(4):43-47.
[23]刘爱文,胡聿贤,李小军,等.大口径埋地钢管在地震断层作用下破坏模式的研究[J].工程力学,2005,22(3):82-87.
[24]YEHY H,LAI S S.Inelastic Response of Buried Pipe-lines due to Landslide Effects[J].Struct Des Anal Test,1989(3):442-451.
[25]张东臣,БыковЛИ.滑坡条件下埋地管道受力分析[J].石油规划设计,2001,12(6):1-3.
[26]RAJANI B B,ROBERTSON P K,MORGENSTERN N R.Simplified Design Methods for Pipelines Subject to Transverse and Longitudinal Soil Movements[J].Cana-dian Geotechnical Journal,1995,32(2):309-323.
[27]GEORGIADIS,MICHAEL.Landslide Drag Forces on Pipelines[J].Soils and Foundations,1991,31(1):156-161.
[28]BRUSCHI R,SPINAZZE M,TOMASSINI D,et al.Fail-ure Modes for Pipelines in Landslide Areas[C]∥Pro-ceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Me-chanics and Arctic Engineering-OMAE.[s.l.]:[s.n.],1995(5):65-78.
[29]约翰B.赫比希.海底管线设计原理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1988.
[30]张乐天,刘扬,魏立新,等.洪水冲击管道的模拟分析[J].管道技术与设备,2006(2):11-17.
[31]SONG B,CHENG J,CHAN J R,et al.Numerical Simu-lation of Stress Relief of Buried Pipeline at Pembina River Crossing[C]∥Proceeding of6th International Pipeline Conference.Calgary,Alberta,Canada:IPC,Sept25-29,2006:IPC2006-10597.
[32]HUCKA V J,BLAIR C K,KIMBALL E P.Mine Subsid-ence Effects on a Pressurized Natural Gas Pipeline[J].Mining Engineering,1986,38(10):980-984.
[33]PENG S S,LUO Y.Determination of Stress Field in Bur-ied Thin Pipelines Resulting from Ground Subsidence due to Longwall Mining[J].Mining Science and Tech-nology,1988,6(2):205-216.
[34]KIMHS,KIMW S,BANG I W,et al.Analysis of Stres-ses on Buried Natural Gas Pipeline Subjected to Ground Subsidence[C]∥Proceedings of the International Pipe-line Conference.[s.l.]:IPC,1998(2):749-756.
[35]冯启民,郭恩栋.跨断层埋地管道抗震试验[J].地震工程与工程振动,2000,20(1):56-61.
[36]YASUDA S,KISHINO H,YOSHIZAKI K,et al.Counter Measures of Buried Steel Pipes Against Surface Fault Rapture[C]∥13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,Vancouver.Canada:[s.n.],August1-6,2004:916.
[37]YUN Wook Choo,TAREK H Abdoun,MICHAEL J O’Rourke,et al.Remediation for Buried Pipeline Systems under Permanent Ground Deformation[J].Soil Dynam-ics Earthquake Engineering,2007,27(4):1043-1055.
[38]MA Q W,WANG C H,KONG J M.Dynamical Mecha-nisms of Effects of Landslides on Long Distance Oil and Gas Pipelines[J].Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences,2006,11(4):820-824.
[39]KARIMIAN H,WIJEWICKREME D,HONEGGER D.Full-Scale Laboratory Testing to Assess Methods for Re-duction of Soil Loads on Buried Pipes Subject to Trans-verse Ground Movement[C]∥Proceeding of6th Inter-national Pipeline Conference.Calgary,Alberta,Canada:IPC,Sept25-29,2006:IPC2006-10047.
[40]刘学杰,孙绍平.地下管道穿越断层的应变方法[J].特种结构,2005,22(2):81-85.
[41]DIMITRIOS K,Karamitros,GEORGE D Bouckovala,et al.Stress Analysis of Buried Steel Pipelines at Strike-slip Fault Crossings[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2007,27(5):200-211.
[42]DENG K L,QUEEN D J,FELBER A,et al.Stress Anal-ysis of Surface Pipelines Located in Regions of Differen-tial Ground Movements[C]∥Proceeding of6th Interna-tional Pipeline Conference.Calgary,Alberta,Canada:IPC,Sept25-29,2006:IPC2006-10499.
[43]SY/T0450—2004,输油(气)钢制管道抗震设计规范[S].
[44]LBRAHIM K,SHENKAI Y,CLAUDIO G,et al.A Case Study of Pipe-in-pipe Application to A Landslide Site[C]∥Proceeding of6th International Pipeline Confer-ence.Calgary,Alberta,Canada:IPC,Sept25-29,2006:IPC2006-10322.
[45]先智伟.大型油气管道水下穿越事故及其防护[J].天然气与石油,2002,20(2):7-9.
[2]候金武,殷跃平,颜宇森.西气东输管道工程地质灾害危险性研究[M].第1版.北京:中国大地出版社,2005:30-42.
[3]郭书太.陕—京输气管线沿线地质灾害及防护对策[J].石油规划设计,1997(12):14-16.
[4]赵应奎.陕京二线输气管道工程场地区域地壳活动性与地质灾害[J].地球与环境,2005(3):351-354.
[5]张光华.川气出川管道工程地质灾害刍议[J].水文地质工程地质,2007(5):81-84.
[6]李伟林.忠武输气管道的地质灾害监测[J].油气储运,2007,26(5):26-29.
[7]梅云新.马惠宁管道地质灾害类型及水工保护问题[J].油气储运,2003,22(11):35-38.
[8]周亮臣.兰成渝输油管道建设重要经验概述[J].管道技术与设备,2006(3):1-18.
[9]NAZMY A S,ABDEL-GHAFFAR A M.Three-Dimen-sional Nonlinear Static Analysis of Cable-Stayed Bridge[J].Computes&Structures,1990,31:257-271.
[10]JONES T D.Three Large Intraplate Earthquake Near Tennant Creek Northern Territory,Australia,on22Jan-uary1988[J].张春艳,译.国际地震动态,1990(3):21-25.
[11]张敏政.土耳其伊兹米特地震震害考察[J].工程抗震,2000,12(4):35-38.
[12]郭恩栋,土东升,陆鸣,等.青新交界8.1级地震生命线工程震害[J].地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(3):77-81.
[13]张俊义,杜景水.洪水造成管道断裂的事故分析[J].油气储运,2000,19(1):16-19.
[14]DONNELL O,HUGH W.Investigation of Flood InducedPipeline Failures on Lower San Jacinto River[C]∥Pro-ceedings of the Pipeline Division Specialty Conference.[s.l.]:2005.
[15]秦毅,钱善琪.靖西天然气管道穿越段的断裂分析[J].油气储运,2001,20(5):20-22.
[16]ABAQUS Inc.Abaqus Analysis User’s Manual Volume IV:Element[M].ABAQUS Inc,2004.
[17]NEWMARK N M,HALL W J.Pipeline Design to Resist Large Fault Displacement[C]∥Proc.U.S.nat.conf.[U.S.]:Earthquake Eng,1975.
[18]KENNEDY R P,DARROW A W,WILLIAMSON R A.Fault Movement Effects on Buried Oil Pipeline[J].Tansport.Eng.Journal,ASCE103,1977:617-633.
[19]WANG L R L,YEH Y H.A Refined Seismic Analysis and Design of Buried Pipeline for Fault Movement[J].Earthquake eng.and strut.dyn,1985,13(1):75-96.
[20]WANG L R L,WANG L J.Buried Pipelines in Large Fault Movements[C]∥Lifeline Earthquake Engineer-ing,Proceedings of the Fourth U.S.Conference.San Francisco,California:[s.n.],1995.
[21]刘爱文,张素灵,胡聿贤,等.地震断层作用下埋地管线的反应分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(2):22-27.
[22]郭恩栋,冯启民.跨断层埋地钢管道抗震计算方法研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,1999,21(4):43-47.
[23]刘爱文,胡聿贤,李小军,等.大口径埋地钢管在地震断层作用下破坏模式的研究[J].工程力学,2005,22(3):82-87.
[24]YEHY H,LAI S S.Inelastic Response of Buried Pipe-lines due to Landslide Effects[J].Struct Des Anal Test,1989(3):442-451.
[25]张东臣,БыковЛИ.滑坡条件下埋地管道受力分析[J].石油规划设计,2001,12(6):1-3.
[26]RAJANI B B,ROBERTSON P K,MORGENSTERN N R.Simplified Design Methods for Pipelines Subject to Transverse and Longitudinal Soil Movements[J].Cana-dian Geotechnical Journal,1995,32(2):309-323.
[27]GEORGIADIS,MICHAEL.Landslide Drag Forces on Pipelines[J].Soils and Foundations,1991,31(1):156-161.
[28]BRUSCHI R,SPINAZZE M,TOMASSINI D,et al.Fail-ure Modes for Pipelines in Landslide Areas[C]∥Pro-ceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Me-chanics and Arctic Engineering-OMAE.[s.l.]:[s.n.],1995(5):65-78.
[29]约翰B.赫比希.海底管线设计原理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1988.
[30]张乐天,刘扬,魏立新,等.洪水冲击管道的模拟分析[J].管道技术与设备,2006(2):11-17.
[31]SONG B,CHENG J,CHAN J R,et al.Numerical Simu-lation of Stress Relief of Buried Pipeline at Pembina River Crossing[C]∥Proceeding of6th International Pipeline Conference.Calgary,Alberta,Canada:IPC,Sept25-29,2006:IPC2006-10597.
[32]HUCKA V J,BLAIR C K,KIMBALL E P.Mine Subsid-ence Effects on a Pressurized Natural Gas Pipeline[J].Mining Engineering,1986,38(10):980-984.
[33]PENG S S,LUO Y.Determination of Stress Field in Bur-ied Thin Pipelines Resulting from Ground Subsidence due to Longwall Mining[J].Mining Science and Tech-nology,1988,6(2):205-216.
[34]KIMHS,KIMW S,BANG I W,et al.Analysis of Stres-ses on Buried Natural Gas Pipeline Subjected to Ground Subsidence[C]∥Proceedings of the International Pipe-line Conference.[s.l.]:IPC,1998(2):749-756.
[35]冯启民,郭恩栋.跨断层埋地管道抗震试验[J].地震工程与工程振动,2000,20(1):56-61.
[36]YASUDA S,KISHINO H,YOSHIZAKI K,et al.Counter Measures of Buried Steel Pipes Against Surface Fault Rapture[C]∥13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,Vancouver.Canada:[s.n.],August1-6,2004:916.
[37]YUN Wook Choo,TAREK H Abdoun,MICHAEL J O’Rourke,et al.Remediation for Buried Pipeline Systems under Permanent Ground Deformation[J].Soil Dynam-ics Earthquake Engineering,2007,27(4):1043-1055.
[38]MA Q W,WANG C H,KONG J M.Dynamical Mecha-nisms of Effects of Landslides on Long Distance Oil and Gas Pipelines[J].Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences,2006,11(4):820-824.
[39]KARIMIAN H,WIJEWICKREME D,HONEGGER D.Full-Scale Laboratory Testing to Assess Methods for Re-duction of Soil Loads on Buried Pipes Subject to Trans-verse Ground Movement[C]∥Proceeding of6th Inter-national Pipeline Conference.Calgary,Alberta,Canada:IPC,Sept25-29,2006:IPC2006-10047.
[40]刘学杰,孙绍平.地下管道穿越断层的应变方法[J].特种结构,2005,22(2):81-85.
[41]DIMITRIOS K,Karamitros,GEORGE D Bouckovala,et al.Stress Analysis of Buried Steel Pipelines at Strike-slip Fault Crossings[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2007,27(5):200-211.
[42]DENG K L,QUEEN D J,FELBER A,et al.Stress Anal-ysis of Surface Pipelines Located in Regions of Differen-tial Ground Movements[C]∥Proceeding of6th Interna-tional Pipeline Conference.Calgary,Alberta,Canada:IPC,Sept25-29,2006:IPC2006-10499.
[43]SY/T0450—2004,输油(气)钢制管道抗震设计规范[S].
[44]LBRAHIM K,SHENKAI Y,CLAUDIO G,et al.A Case Study of Pipe-in-pipe Application to A Landslide Site[C]∥Proceeding of6th International Pipeline Confer-ence.Calgary,Alberta,Canada:IPC,Sept25-29,2006:IPC2006-10322.
[45]先智伟.大型油气管道水下穿越事故及其防护[J].天然气与石油,2002,20(2):7-9.
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