ShakeMap及其在地震动快速预估中的应用
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摘要
ShakeMap可称为地震动制图系统,是一套近乎实时计算地震动并作出地震动图的程序。它是一些子程序和模块的集合,主要程序用Perl语言编写,用MySQL管理文件,最终用GMT作图。最初由加州地震台网构思并完成系统构建,用于地震震情的快速反映,随着中国大陆强震台网的建立和越来越密集台阵的布设,ShakeMap的应用也更受关注。本文深入讲解ShakeMap的工作原理,尝试在国内架构中应用该系统,以便能快速的得到地震震后的地震动和烈度图,供地震工程学家及震灾抢险工作者使用,文中以2003年MS5.9的赤峰地震为例来探讨ShakeMap在国内应用的可能性及应用局限性。
ShakeMap is a collection of programs,largely written in PERL programming language.These programs are run sequentially to produce-ground motion maps as well as Web pages and pager/email notifications.In addition to PERL,maps are made using the GMT,and parametric and earthquake-specific data and mapping parameters are stored and queried via MySQL database.ShakeMap is designed to rapidly produce shaking and intensity maps for use by emergency response organizations,local,county,State and Government agencies,public and private companies and organizations,the media,and the general public.We will discuss how ShakeMap works and its possible potential applications by giving an example of Chifeng earthquake with MS5.9.Its limitation is also discussed.
ShakeMap is a collection of programs,largely written in PERL programming language.These programs are run sequentially to produce-ground motion maps as well as Web pages and pager/email notifications.In addition to PERL,maps are made using the GMT,and parametric and earthquake-specific data and mapping parameters are stored and queried via MySQL database.ShakeMap is designed to rapidly produce shaking and intensity maps for use by emergency response organizations,local,county,State and Government agencies,public and private companies and organizations,the media,and the general public.We will discuss how ShakeMap works and its possible potential applications by giving an example of Chifeng earthquake with MS5.9.Its limitation is also discussed.
引文
陈棋福、陈颙、陈凌等,1999,全球地震灾害预测,科学通报,44(1),21～25。
陈棋福、刘澜波、王伟君等,2008,利用地脉动探测北京城区的地震动场地响应,科学通报,53(18),2229～2235。
陈颙、彭文涛、徐文立,2004,21世纪地震灾害的一些新特点,地球科学进展,19(3),359～363。
高孟潭、许力生、郭文生等,2005,2003年8月16日蒙古MS5.9级地震震害分布特征及其成因分析,地震学报,27(2),205～212。
王亚勇,2000,关于设计反应谱、时程法和能量方法的探讨,建筑结构学报,21(1),21～28。
泽仁志玛、陈会忠、何加勇等,2006年,震动图快速生成系统研究,地球物理学进展,21(3),809～813。
中国地震年鉴编辑组,2003,《中国地震年鉴2003》,北京:地震出版社。
Aki K.,1980,Attenuation of shear waves in the lithosphere for frequencies from0.05to25Hz,Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.21,50～60.
Atkinson,G.M.,Boore D.M.,1997,Some comparisons between Recent ground-motion relations,Seismological ResearchLetters,68,24～40.
Boatwright J.,Bundock H.Luetgert J.et al,2003,The dependence of PGA and PGV on distance and magnitude inferred fromNorthern California ShakeMap data.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,93(5),2043～2055.
Boore,D.M.,Joyner W.B.,Fumal T.E.,1997,Equations for estimating horizontal response spectral and peak accelerationfrom western North American earthquakes:A summary of recent work,Seism.Res.Lett.,68,128～153.
Borcherdt,R.D.,1994,Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design(methodology and justification),EarthquakeSpectra,10,617～654.
Cagnan Z.,Zülfikar C.,Durukal E.et al,2008,Development of Earthquake lossmap for Europe;Journal of EarthquakeEngineering,12(1),37～47.
Hara T.F.,Jacobson J.P,1991,Standardization of cumulative absolute velocity,Electric Power Research Institute TechnicalReport,1～14.
Japan Meteorological Agency,1996,Note on the JMA seismic intensity,JMA report1996,Gyosei(in Japanese).
Kanezashi S.,Kaneko F.,1997.Relations between JMA's measuring seismic intensity(MI)and physical parameters ofearthquake ground-motion,Technical Report,85～96.
Newmark N.M.,Hall W.J.,1982,Earthquake Spectra and Design:Engineering Monographs on Earthquake Criteria,StructuralDesign,and Strong Motion Records,Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,University of California Technical Report,3,1～12.
Somerville P.G.,Smith N.S.,Graves R.W.et al,1997,Modification of empirical strong ground-motion attenuation relationsto include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity,Seism.Res.Lett.,68,199～222.
Trifunac M.D.,Brady A.G.,1975,On the correlation of seismic intensity scales with the peaks of recorded ground motion,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,65(2),139～162.
Wald D.J.,EERI M.,Vincent Q.,et al,1999a,Relationships between Peak Ground Acceleration,Peak Ground Velocity,andModified Mercalli Intensity in California.Earthquake Spectra,15(3),557～564.
Wald D.J.,Quitoriano V.,Dengler L.et al,1999b,Utilization of the Internaet for Rapid Community Internsity Maps,Seism.Res.Letters,70(6),680～697.
Wald D.J.,Worden B.C.,Quitoriano V.et al2006,ShakeMap Manual:User Guide,Technical Manual,and Software Guide,USGS Techniques and Methods12-A1,1～128
Wald D.J.,Allen T.,2007,Topographic Slope as a Proxy for Seismic Site Conditions and Amplification,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1379～1395.
Wald D.J.,Dewey J.W.,2005,Did You Feel It?Citizens Contribute to Earthquake Science USGS Fact Sheet,3016.
Wessel P.,Smith W.H.F.,1991,Free software helps map and display data,EOS Trans.AGU,72.
Wessel P.,Smith W.H.F.,1995,New version of the Generic Mapping Tools released,EOS Trans,AGU,76,329.
Wessel P.,Smith W.H.F.,1998,New improved version of the Generic Mapping Tools released,EOS Trans.AGU,79,1～579.
Wessel P.,Smith W.H.F.,1999,The Generic Mapping Tools Technical Reference and Cookbook,Version3.3,1～132.
Wills C.J.,Petersen M.D.,Bryant W.A.et al,2000,A site-conditions map for California based on geology and shear wavevelocity,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,90,187～208.
Youngs R.R.,Chiou S.J.,Silva W.J.et al,1997,Strong ground-motion relationships for subduction zones,Seism.Res.Letters,68(1),58～73.
陈棋福、刘澜波、王伟君等,2008,利用地脉动探测北京城区的地震动场地响应,科学通报,53(18),2229～2235。
陈颙、彭文涛、徐文立,2004,21世纪地震灾害的一些新特点,地球科学进展,19(3),359～363。
高孟潭、许力生、郭文生等,2005,2003年8月16日蒙古MS5.9级地震震害分布特征及其成因分析,地震学报,27(2),205～212。
王亚勇,2000,关于设计反应谱、时程法和能量方法的探讨,建筑结构学报,21(1),21～28。
泽仁志玛、陈会忠、何加勇等,2006年,震动图快速生成系统研究,地球物理学进展,21(3),809～813。
中国地震年鉴编辑组,2003,《中国地震年鉴2003》,北京:地震出版社。
Aki K.,1980,Attenuation of shear waves in the lithosphere for frequencies from0.05to25Hz,Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.21,50～60.
Atkinson,G.M.,Boore D.M.,1997,Some comparisons between Recent ground-motion relations,Seismological ResearchLetters,68,24～40.
Boatwright J.,Bundock H.Luetgert J.et al,2003,The dependence of PGA and PGV on distance and magnitude inferred fromNorthern California ShakeMap data.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,93(5),2043～2055.
Boore,D.M.,Joyner W.B.,Fumal T.E.,1997,Equations for estimating horizontal response spectral and peak accelerationfrom western North American earthquakes:A summary of recent work,Seism.Res.Lett.,68,128～153.
Borcherdt,R.D.,1994,Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design(methodology and justification),EarthquakeSpectra,10,617～654.
Cagnan Z.,Zülfikar C.,Durukal E.et al,2008,Development of Earthquake lossmap for Europe;Journal of EarthquakeEngineering,12(1),37～47.
Hara T.F.,Jacobson J.P,1991,Standardization of cumulative absolute velocity,Electric Power Research Institute TechnicalReport,1～14.
Japan Meteorological Agency,1996,Note on the JMA seismic intensity,JMA report1996,Gyosei(in Japanese).
Kanezashi S.,Kaneko F.,1997.Relations between JMA's measuring seismic intensity(MI)and physical parameters ofearthquake ground-motion,Technical Report,85～96.
Newmark N.M.,Hall W.J.,1982,Earthquake Spectra and Design:Engineering Monographs on Earthquake Criteria,StructuralDesign,and Strong Motion Records,Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,University of California Technical Report,3,1～12.
Somerville P.G.,Smith N.S.,Graves R.W.et al,1997,Modification of empirical strong ground-motion attenuation relationsto include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity,Seism.Res.Lett.,68,199～222.
Trifunac M.D.,Brady A.G.,1975,On the correlation of seismic intensity scales with the peaks of recorded ground motion,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,65(2),139～162.
Wald D.J.,EERI M.,Vincent Q.,et al,1999a,Relationships between Peak Ground Acceleration,Peak Ground Velocity,andModified Mercalli Intensity in California.Earthquake Spectra,15(3),557～564.
Wald D.J.,Quitoriano V.,Dengler L.et al,1999b,Utilization of the Internaet for Rapid Community Internsity Maps,Seism.Res.Letters,70(6),680～697.
Wald D.J.,Worden B.C.,Quitoriano V.et al2006,ShakeMap Manual:User Guide,Technical Manual,and Software Guide,USGS Techniques and Methods12-A1,1～128
Wald D.J.,Allen T.,2007,Topographic Slope as a Proxy for Seismic Site Conditions and Amplification,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1379～1395.
Wald D.J.,Dewey J.W.,2005,Did You Feel It?Citizens Contribute to Earthquake Science USGS Fact Sheet,3016.
Wessel P.,Smith W.H.F.,1991,Free software helps map and display data,EOS Trans.AGU,72.
Wessel P.,Smith W.H.F.,1995,New version of the Generic Mapping Tools released,EOS Trans,AGU,76,329.
Wessel P.,Smith W.H.F.,1998,New improved version of the Generic Mapping Tools released,EOS Trans.AGU,79,1～579.
Wessel P.,Smith W.H.F.,1999,The Generic Mapping Tools Technical Reference and Cookbook,Version3.3,1～132.
Wills C.J.,Petersen M.D.,Bryant W.A.et al,2000,A site-conditions map for California based on geology and shear wavevelocity,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,90,187～208.
Youngs R.R.,Chiou S.J.,Silva W.J.et al,1997,Strong ground-motion relationships for subduction zones,Seism.Res.Letters,68(1),58～73.
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