岩石破坏声发射平静期及其分形特征研究
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摘要
通过岩石加载的室内试验方法,测试不同岩石破裂全过程的力学特征及其声发射特性,得到岩石破坏全过程力学特性——岩石的全应力-应变曲线、声发射事件累积数、声发射事件率等相关曲线及参数,给出声发射事件数、事件率与应力水平、时间之间的关系。着重讨论一次性加载过程中塑性变形阶段明显的岩石在加载接近峰值强度时单位时间内的应力增长速度减小,也即这一阶段出现明显的"耗时"现象;并且在此阶段监测到的声发射事件率出现明显下降,出现声发射相对平静阶段;而对于塑性变形阶段不明显的岩石来说,这一阶段则基本不存在明显的"耗时"现象,声发射的监测中也没有发现声发射相对平静期现象。另外,还运用分形理论,研究分析处于不同加载应力比的岩样在各个阶段的声发射分形维数,特别是研究声发射平静期维数变化情况。指出在加载初期分形维数处于较低值,且分形维数随加载应力增加而逐步增加;在加载到峰值应力的40%左右时,分形维数开始下降;在加载接近到峰值应力时,即处于声发射平静期阶段时分形维数逐步降到最低,且此时预示着岩石的破坏。此外,结合室内试验,还对现场岩体失稳破坏声发射监测中的一些实际问题进行总结和分析,为更好地应用声发射手段进行岩体稳定性现场监测预报提供理论依据、方法和手段。
Through the load test of rock,different rocks are tested and the mechanical and acoustic emission(AE) characteristics of rocks are studied.Stress-strain curves,AE accumulative total number and AE rate of rock failure are gotten.And AE features including the relationships between AE and time,AE and stress are studied.This study discusses emphatically the AE quiet period of the loading processes to those rocks whose plastic deformation is obvious.In this AE quiet period,the stress increment will be diminished in unit time when stress approaches to peak value strength and it will need more time.Moreover,AE rate will be declined and AE quiet period will also appear in this stage.But for those rocks whose plastic deformation is not obvious,this AE quiet period will not appear.In addition,by fractal theory,the AE values of different stress rates especially at quiet period are calculated and analyzed.It is found that the fractal values are lower in initial loading stages and increase gradually along with stress,about at the 40% of stress rate,fractal values begin to fall down.The fractal values go down to the minimum near the peak value stress and foreshow rock failure.Furthermore,combined with indoor experiment,some problems of in-situ monitoring and prediction are discussed,It gives the theoretical basis and methods for in-situ rock mass monitoring and forecast by AE technology.
Through the load test of rock,different rocks are tested and the mechanical and acoustic emission(AE) characteristics of rocks are studied.Stress-strain curves,AE accumulative total number and AE rate of rock failure are gotten.And AE features including the relationships between AE and time,AE and stress are studied.This study discusses emphatically the AE quiet period of the loading processes to those rocks whose plastic deformation is obvious.In this AE quiet period,the stress increment will be diminished in unit time when stress approaches to peak value strength and it will need more time.Moreover,AE rate will be declined and AE quiet period will also appear in this stage.But for those rocks whose plastic deformation is not obvious,this AE quiet period will not appear.In addition,by fractal theory,the AE values of different stress rates especially at quiet period are calculated and analyzed.It is found that the fractal values are lower in initial loading stages and increase gradually along with stress,about at the 40% of stress rate,fractal values begin to fall down.The fractal values go down to the minimum near the peak value stress and foreshow rock failure.Furthermore,combined with indoor experiment,some problems of in-situ monitoring and prediction are discussed,It gives the theoretical basis and methods for in-situ rock mass monitoring and forecast by AE technology.
引文
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[11]马胜利,刘力强,马瑾,等.基于试验结果讨论断层破裂与强震物理过程的若干问题[J].地学前缘,2003,10(增1):225-232.(MA Shengli,LIU liqiang,MA jin,et al.A discussion on related issues of physical process of faulting and strong earthquake based on experimental results[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2003,10(Supp.1):225-232.(in Chinese))
[12]马胜利,蒋海昆,扈小燕,等.基于声发射试验结果讨论大震前地震活动平静现象的机制[J].地震地质,2004,26(3):426-435.(MA Shengli,JIANG Haikun,HU Xiaoyan,et al.A discussion on mechanism for seismic quiescence before large earthquakes based on experimental results of acoustic emission[J].Seismology and Geology,2004,26(3):426-435.(in Chinese))
[13]蒋淳,冯德益.大震前地震活动平静异常的模糊识别与分析[J].中国地震,1989,5(3):18-25.(JIANG Chun,FENG Deyi.Fuzzy recognition and analysis of quiet anomaly of seismic activity before large earthquakes[J].Earthquakes Research in China,1989,5(3):18-25.(in Chinese))
[14]薛艳,宋治平,武安绪,等.中国大陆地震活跃期及平静期判断的新方法与应用[J].华北地震科学,2004,22(2):9-13.(XUE Yan,SONG Zhiping,WU Anxu,et al.A new approach to determine the active and quiet period of earthquakes in mainland of china and its application[J].North China Earthquake Sciences,2004,22(2):9-13.(in Chinese))
[15]尹贤刚,李庶林,唐海燕,等.岩石破坏过程声发射特征研究[J].矿业研究与开发,2003,23(3):9-11.(YIN Xiangang,LI Shulin,TANG Haiyan,et al.Study on acoustic emission features in the process of rock failure[J].Mining Research and Development,2003,23(3):9-11.(in Chinese))
[16]李庶林,尹贤刚,王泳嘉.单轴受压岩石破坏全过程声发射特征研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(15):2499-2503.(LI Shulin,YIN Xiangang,WANG Yongjia.Studies on acoustic emission characteristics of uniaxial compressive rock failure[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(15):2499-2503.(in Chinese))
[17]谢和平.分形-岩石力学导论[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.(XIE Heping.Introduction to fractal rock mechanics[M].Beijing:Science Press,1996.(in Chinese))
[18]朱传镇,安镇文,王林瑛,等.地震分形特征及其在地震预测中的意义[J].地震研究,1991,14(1):73-88.(ZHU Chuanzhen,AN Zhenwen,WANG Linying,et al.Fractal features of earthquakes and its significance in earthquakes prediction[J].Journal of Seismological Research,1991,14(1):73-88.(in Chinese))
[19]吕金虎.混沌时间序列分析及应用[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2002.(LU Jinghu.Chaos time series analysis and application[M].Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,2002.(in Chinese))
[2]勝山邦久.声发射(AE)技术的应用[M].冯夏庭译.北京:冶金工业出版社,1996.(KATSUYAMA K.Application of AE techniques[M].Translated by FENG Xiating.Beijing:Metallurgy Industry Press,1996.(in Chinese))
[3]李俊平.声发射技术在岩土工程中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1995,14(4):371-376.(LI Junping.Application of AE techniques in geotechnical engineering[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1995,14(4):371-376.(in Chinese))
[4]吴刚,赵震洋.不同应力状态下岩石类材料破坏的声发射特性[J].岩土工程学报,1998,20(2):82-85.(WU Gang,ZHAO Zhenyang.Acoustic emission character of rock materials failure during various stress states[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1998,20(2):82-85.(in Chinese))
[5]徐东强,周昌达,许昭永.岩石试件刚度及压力机刚度对岩石主破裂前声发射相对平静的影响[J].地震研究,1994,17(8):802-807.(XU Dongqiang,ZHOU Changda,XU Zhaoyong.Influence of rigidity of rock sample and pressure machine on relative quite of acoustic emission prior to main rupture in rock[J].Journal of Seismological Research,1994,17(8):802-807.(in Chinese))
[6]张茹,谢和平,刘建锋,等.单轴多级加载岩石破坏声发射特性试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(12):2584-2588.(ZHANG Ru,XIE Heping,LIU Jianfeng,et al.Experimental study on acoustic emission characteristics of rock failure under uniaxial multilevel loadings[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(12):2584-2588.(in Chinese))
[7]赵兴东,唐春安,李元辉,等.花岗岩破裂全过程的声发射特性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(增2):3673-3678.(ZHAOXingdong,TANG Chunan,LI Yuanhui,et al.Study on the AE activity characteristics under uniaxial compression loading[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(Supp.2):3673-3678.(in Chinese))
[8]曹树刚,刘延保,张立强.突出煤体变形破坏声发射特征的综合分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(增1):2794-2799.(CAO Shugang,LIU Yanbao,ZHANG Liqiang.Study on characteriotics of acoustic emission in outburst coal[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(Supp.1):2794-2799.(in Chinese))
[9]王善勇,唐春安,徐涛,等.矿柱岩爆过程声发射的数值模拟[J].中国有色金属学报,2003,13(2):754-759.(WANG Shanyong,TANG Chun′an,XU Tao,et al.Numerical simulation on acoustic emission during pillar rockburst[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2003,13(2):754-759.(in Chinese))
[10]梁正召,唐春安,杨天鸿,等.含弱层岩石破裂前兆规律的数值模拟分析[J].地震,2003,23(3):65-70.(LIANG Zhengzhao,TANG Chun′an,YANG Tianhong,et al.Numerical simulation of precursory phenomenon before fracture of rocks containing incompetent layer[J].Earthquake,2003,23(3):65-70.(in Chinese))
[11]马胜利,刘力强,马瑾,等.基于试验结果讨论断层破裂与强震物理过程的若干问题[J].地学前缘,2003,10(增1):225-232.(MA Shengli,LIU liqiang,MA jin,et al.A discussion on related issues of physical process of faulting and strong earthquake based on experimental results[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2003,10(Supp.1):225-232.(in Chinese))
[12]马胜利,蒋海昆,扈小燕,等.基于声发射试验结果讨论大震前地震活动平静现象的机制[J].地震地质,2004,26(3):426-435.(MA Shengli,JIANG Haikun,HU Xiaoyan,et al.A discussion on mechanism for seismic quiescence before large earthquakes based on experimental results of acoustic emission[J].Seismology and Geology,2004,26(3):426-435.(in Chinese))
[13]蒋淳,冯德益.大震前地震活动平静异常的模糊识别与分析[J].中国地震,1989,5(3):18-25.(JIANG Chun,FENG Deyi.Fuzzy recognition and analysis of quiet anomaly of seismic activity before large earthquakes[J].Earthquakes Research in China,1989,5(3):18-25.(in Chinese))
[14]薛艳,宋治平,武安绪,等.中国大陆地震活跃期及平静期判断的新方法与应用[J].华北地震科学,2004,22(2):9-13.(XUE Yan,SONG Zhiping,WU Anxu,et al.A new approach to determine the active and quiet period of earthquakes in mainland of china and its application[J].North China Earthquake Sciences,2004,22(2):9-13.(in Chinese))
[15]尹贤刚,李庶林,唐海燕,等.岩石破坏过程声发射特征研究[J].矿业研究与开发,2003,23(3):9-11.(YIN Xiangang,LI Shulin,TANG Haiyan,et al.Study on acoustic emission features in the process of rock failure[J].Mining Research and Development,2003,23(3):9-11.(in Chinese))
[16]李庶林,尹贤刚,王泳嘉.单轴受压岩石破坏全过程声发射特征研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(15):2499-2503.(LI Shulin,YIN Xiangang,WANG Yongjia.Studies on acoustic emission characteristics of uniaxial compressive rock failure[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(15):2499-2503.(in Chinese))
[17]谢和平.分形-岩石力学导论[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.(XIE Heping.Introduction to fractal rock mechanics[M].Beijing:Science Press,1996.(in Chinese))
[18]朱传镇,安镇文,王林瑛,等.地震分形特征及其在地震预测中的意义[J].地震研究,1991,14(1):73-88.(ZHU Chuanzhen,AN Zhenwen,WANG Linying,et al.Fractal features of earthquakes and its significance in earthquakes prediction[J].Journal of Seismological Research,1991,14(1):73-88.(in Chinese))
[19]吕金虎.混沌时间序列分析及应用[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2002.(LU Jinghu.Chaos time series analysis and application[M].Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,2002.(in Chinese))
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