云南的地震灾害与社会应对:1659—1949
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摘要
云南是中国大陆地区地震活动最多、灾害最重的省份之一。历史时期,云南地震灾害的发生已相当频繁,灾情严重。具体言之,其时空分布表现为:自清代迄至民国的近三百年间,破坏性地震(M≥4.75)主要集中于乾隆年间和民国时期;地理空间分布则主要集中在滇西、滇南一带,滇中次之,即迤西的大理、丽江及其属县地震最为频发,且为灾甚巨。面对地震灾害,政府和民间社会已形成了一套应对的机制。在政府层面,其应对措施主要是灾后赈济与重建。在民间社会层面,由于地震频发,地方社会对之有所预感,并有初步的应急措施,还在地震前后采取祈祷禳灾的方式,而民间的慈善救济也是地方社会应对地震灾害的重要措施。
Yunnan is one of the provinces with the most seismic activities and the heaviest disasters in mainland China.In the historical period,the occurrence of earthquakes in Yunnan Province was quite frequent,and the disaster situation was severe.Specifically,the spatial and temporal distribution was as follows: the devastating earthquakes(M≥ 4.75)were mainly concentrated from the reign of Emperor Qianlong to the Republic of China for about 300 years(1659-1949);and geographical distribution was mainly concentrated in western Yunnan and southern Yunnan,and then central Yunnan,showing that Dali and Lijiang and the counties nearby had the most frequent earthquakes with huge disasters.Facing the earthquake disasters,the government and non-government society formed a set of response mechanism.At the government level,the response was mainly post-disaster relief and reconstruction.At the civil society level,due to the frequent occurrence of earthquakes,the local community had the premonition of earthquakes and took the preliminary emergency procedures.At the same time,the folk charitable relief was an important measure for the local community to deal with earthquake disasters.
Yunnan is one of the provinces with the most seismic activities and the heaviest disasters in mainland China.In the historical period,the occurrence of earthquakes in Yunnan Province was quite frequent,and the disaster situation was severe.Specifically,the spatial and temporal distribution was as follows: the devastating earthquakes(M≥ 4.75)were mainly concentrated from the reign of Emperor Qianlong to the Republic of China for about 300 years(1659-1949);and geographical distribution was mainly concentrated in western Yunnan and southern Yunnan,and then central Yunnan,showing that Dali and Lijiang and the counties nearby had the most frequent earthquakes with huge disasters.Facing the earthquake disasters,the government and non-government society formed a set of response mechanism.At the government level,the response was mainly post-disaster relief and reconstruction.At the civil society level,due to the frequent occurrence of earthquakes,the local community had the premonition of earthquakes and took the preliminary emergency procedures.At the same time,the folk charitable relief was an important measure for the local community to deal with earthquake disasters.
引文
[1]刘祖荫,等.20世纪云南地震活动[M].北京:地震出版社,2002.
[2]檀萃.滇海虞衡志(丛书集成初编本)[M].上海:商务印书馆,1936.
[3]国家档案局明清档案部.清代地震档案史料[Z].北京:中华书局,1959.
[4]云南地震局.云南省地震资料汇编[Z].北京:地震出版社,1988.
[5]张泓.滇南新语(丛书集成初编本)[M].上海:商务印书馆,1936.
[6]匿名.滇南地震之详志[N].盛京时报,1914-03-07(3).
[7]滇西大震灾情形续志[N].时报,1925-04-21(3).
[8]云南大理震灾之惨状,大理震灾会之哀鸣[N].顺天时报,1925-05-24(3).
[9]吴宝璋.云南红十字会史[M].昆明:云南人民出版社,2004.
①相对于数以百计的水旱蝗灾害研究成果,关于历史时期地震的研究论文可谓屈指可数,显得十分单薄,而不少研究还是在2008年汶川大地震后才展开。相关论文主要有赵兰亮:《清至民国时期山东震灾的初步数量分析》,载《中国社会经济史研究》2002年第1期;甄尽忠:《论两汉时期的地震与赈济》,载《河南大学学报》(社科版)2005年第3期;李辉:《略论4世纪末至6世纪末北方地区地震灾害的基本情况与特点》,载《长春师范学院学报》(人文社科版)2005年第2期;鲁克亮、刘琼芳:《对近代方志记载中的四川地震的考察》,载《中国地方志》2008年第9期;肖雄:《清代至民国时期云南地震及灾后赈济》,载《云南民族大学学报》(哲社版)2009年第1期;杨力壮等:《民国四川地震与政府救灾制度探略——以1933年的叠溪地震为例》,《民国档案》2009年第2期。然而,这些研究大体上都是从地震灾害本身进行分析,所论及灾害应对主要着眼于朝廷(中央政府)赈济层面,而对于地方政府以及民间社会层面的相关反应几乎未涉及。此外,在肖文中,史料采择主要依据今人新纂的《云南省志.地震志》,并以今行政区划来考察历史时期云南的地震分布情况,似欠严谨,有进一步深究之必要。
[2]檀萃.滇海虞衡志(丛书集成初编本)[M].上海:商务印书馆,1936.
[3]国家档案局明清档案部.清代地震档案史料[Z].北京:中华书局,1959.
[4]云南地震局.云南省地震资料汇编[Z].北京:地震出版社,1988.
[5]张泓.滇南新语(丛书集成初编本)[M].上海:商务印书馆,1936.
[6]匿名.滇南地震之详志[N].盛京时报,1914-03-07(3).
[7]滇西大震灾情形续志[N].时报,1925-04-21(3).
[8]云南大理震灾之惨状,大理震灾会之哀鸣[N].顺天时报,1925-05-24(3).
[9]吴宝璋.云南红十字会史[M].昆明:云南人民出版社,2004.
①相对于数以百计的水旱蝗灾害研究成果,关于历史时期地震的研究论文可谓屈指可数,显得十分单薄,而不少研究还是在2008年汶川大地震后才展开。相关论文主要有赵兰亮:《清至民国时期山东震灾的初步数量分析》,载《中国社会经济史研究》2002年第1期;甄尽忠:《论两汉时期的地震与赈济》,载《河南大学学报》(社科版)2005年第3期;李辉:《略论4世纪末至6世纪末北方地区地震灾害的基本情况与特点》,载《长春师范学院学报》(人文社科版)2005年第2期;鲁克亮、刘琼芳:《对近代方志记载中的四川地震的考察》,载《中国地方志》2008年第9期;肖雄:《清代至民国时期云南地震及灾后赈济》,载《云南民族大学学报》(哲社版)2009年第1期;杨力壮等:《民国四川地震与政府救灾制度探略——以1933年的叠溪地震为例》,《民国档案》2009年第2期。然而,这些研究大体上都是从地震灾害本身进行分析,所论及灾害应对主要着眼于朝廷(中央政府)赈济层面,而对于地方政府以及民间社会层面的相关反应几乎未涉及。此外,在肖文中,史料采择主要依据今人新纂的《云南省志.地震志》,并以今行政区划来考察历史时期云南的地震分布情况,似欠严谨,有进一步深究之必要。
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