南乌拉尔地区中—新元古代地层序列及碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩发现臼齿构造的地质意义
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摘要
中—新元古代地层在南乌拉尔海槽中极为发育,地层厚度巨大,几个阶段的构造演化和沉积特征清晰可见。新太古代和下里菲是俄罗斯重要的大型层状铁矿和菱镁矿的宿主地层,中里菲群(元古宙地层)地层厚度极大,伴随了几次沉积旋回,发育了从深海相到大陆缓坡的碳酸盐岩沉积;随着新元古代末次冰期之后,文德系发育了可全球对比的白海动物群(伊迪卡拉动物群)。笔者首次确认了南乌拉尔地区中—新元古代地层3套臼齿构造,其中巴卡尔组(Bakal)碳酸盐岩臼齿构造与碎屑岩地震液化脉互层共生,特别是大量臼齿构造也发育在大型叠层石中。从臼齿构造与碎屑岩液化脉互层的共生特征,说明发育在碳酸盐岩中臼齿构造与地震机理的液化作用有关。该3套臼齿构造与中国华北地台中—新元古代地层中发现的臼齿构造(液化脉)时代大体接近。
Meso-and Neoproterozoic strata are very well developed in the southern Ural Trough. They have a huge thickness and show distinct features of tectonic evolution and deposition of several stages. The Neoarchean and Lower Riphean are important host strata of large stratabound iron and magnesite deposits. The Middle Riphean (Mesoproterozoic) has very thick deposits with several depositional cycles, when carbonate rocks of abyssal to ramp facies were developed. After the Neoproterozoic last glaciation, the White Sea fauna (Ediacaran fauna), which may be used for global correlation, appeared in the Vendian System. The authors for the first time recognize three sets of molar-tooth structures in the Meso- and Neoproterozoic strata of the Southern Ural area. Of these, the molar-tooth structure in carbonate rocks of the Bakal Formation alternates and is associated with seismic liquefied veins, and even the molar-tooth structures are also developed in large-scale stromatolites in the lower Riphean Staka and Bakal formations. This feature indicates that the molar-tooth structure in carbonate rocks is related to seismic liquefaction. The age of the three sets of molar-tooth structures is largely close to that of the molar-tooth structure (liquefied vein) found in the Meso- and Neoproterozoic strata in the North China block.
Meso-and Neoproterozoic strata are very well developed in the southern Ural Trough. They have a huge thickness and show distinct features of tectonic evolution and deposition of several stages. The Neoarchean and Lower Riphean are important host strata of large stratabound iron and magnesite deposits. The Middle Riphean (Mesoproterozoic) has very thick deposits with several depositional cycles, when carbonate rocks of abyssal to ramp facies were developed. After the Neoproterozoic last glaciation, the White Sea fauna (Ediacaran fauna), which may be used for global correlation, appeared in the Vendian System. The authors for the first time recognize three sets of molar-tooth structures in the Meso- and Neoproterozoic strata of the Southern Ural area. Of these, the molar-tooth structure in carbonate rocks of the Bakal Formation alternates and is associated with seismic liquefied veins, and even the molar-tooth structures are also developed in large-scale stromatolites in the lower Riphean Staka and Bakal formations. This feature indicates that the molar-tooth structure in carbonate rocks is related to seismic liquefaction. The age of the three sets of molar-tooth structures is largely close to that of the molar-tooth structure (liquefied vein) found in the Meso- and Neoproterozoic strata in the North China block.
引文
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[2]Bauerman H.Report on the geology of the country near the forty-ninth parallel of the north latitude west of Rocky Mountains[J].Canadian Geological Survey,Report of Progress.(1882-83-84,pt.B),1885:1-42.
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[4]O'Connor M P.Classification and environmental interpretation of the cryptalgal organosedimentary“molar tooth”structures in the Late Precambrian Belt-Purell Supergroup[J].Journal of Geology,1972,80:592-610.
[5]乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列[J].地质学报,1994,68(1):16-34.Qiao Xiufa,Song Tianrui,Gao Linzhi,et al.Seismic sequence in carbonate rocks by vibrational liquefaction[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,1994,7(3):243-265.
[6]乔秀夫,宋天锐,李海兵,等.辽东半岛南部震旦系-下寒武统成因地层[M].北京:科学出版社,1996:1-174.Qiao Xiufu,Song Tianrui,Li Haibing,et al.Genetic Stratigraphy of the Sinian and Lower Cambrian Strata in South Liaoning Province[J].Beijing:Science Press.1996:1-174(in Chinese).
[7]乔秀夫,高林志.华北中—新元古代及早古生代地震灾变事件及与Rodinia的关系[J].科学通报,1999,44(16):1753-1757.Qiao Xiufu,Gao Linzhi.Earthquake events in Neoproterozoic and Early Paleozoic and its relationship with supercontinental Rodinia in North China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2000,45(10):931-935.
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[9]乔秀夫,高林志.燕辽裂陷槽中元古代古地震与古地理[J].古地理学报,2007,9(4):337-352.Qiao Xiufu,Gao Linzhi.Mesoproterozoic palaeoearthquake and palaeogeography in Yan-Liao Aulacogen[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2007,9(4):337-352(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).
[10]Plaziat J C,Purser B H,Philobbos E.Seismic deformation structures(seismites)in the syn-rift sediments of the NW Red Sea Egypt[J].Bull.Soc.Geol.France,1990,(8):419-434.
[11]Purser B H,Philobbos E,Soliman M.Sedimentation and rifting in the new parts of the Red Sea-a review[J].Bull.Soc.Geol.France,1990,(8):371-384.
[12]Purser B H,Plaziat J C,Philobbos E.Stratiform breecias and associated deformation structures recording Neogene earthquake in Syn-Rift sediments of the Egyptian Red Sea Coast[J].Geol.Soc.Egypt,Spec.Publ.,1993,1:189-204.
[13]张传恒,武振杰,高林志,等.雾迷山组中地震驱动的软沉积物变形构造及其地质意义[J].中国科学(D),2007,27(3):336-343.Zhang Chuanheng,Wu Zhenjie,Gao Linzhi.Earthquake-induced soft-sediment deformation structures in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation,North China,and their geologic implications[J].Science in China(Series D),2007,50(3):350-358.
[14]James N P,Narbone G M,Sherman A G.Molar-tooth carbonates:Shallow subtidal facies of the Mid-to Late Proterozoic[J].JournalofsedimentaryResearch,1998,68(5):716-722.
[15]Shields A S.Molar-tooth microspar:a chemical explanation for its disappearance-700Ma[J].Terra Nova.,2002,14(2):108-113.
[16]Meng X H,Ge M.The sedimentary features of Proterozoic microspar(molar-tooth)carbonates in China and their significance[J].Episodes,2002,25(3):185-195.
[17]Meng X H.Recent advance in Precambrian carbonate sedimentary geology;Report on International Conference of IGCP447on Molar tooth carbonates and evolution of the Earth in the Proterozoic[J].Episodes,2003,26(1):28-29.
[18]Abelson P H.Chemical Events on the Primitive Earth[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1966,55(6):1365-1372.
[19]Pratt B.Gas bubble and expansion crack origin of molar tooth calcite structures.Marine and Petroleum[J].Geology,1998,15:427-437.
[20]Bakker R J.Improvements in clathrate modeling H:the H2O-CO2-CH4-N2-C2H6fluid system.Geological Society of London,Special Publication,1998,137:75-105.
[21]Furniss G J,Rittle J F,Winston D.Gas bubble and Expansion crack origin of“Molar Tooth”calcite structures in the Middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup,Western Montana[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1998,68:104-114.
[22]Frank T D,Lyons T W.“Molar-tooth”structures:a geochemical perspective on a Proterozoic enigma[J].Geology,1998,26:683-686.
[23]Marshall D,Angling C D.soft sediment carbonate vein networks in the Belt Purcell rocks of Southeast BC:a new mode of formation[J].British Columbia Geological Survey,Geological Fieldwork,2000,1:115-118.
[24]Marshall D,Angling C D.CO2-clathrate destablilization:a new model of formation for molar-tooth structures[J].Precambrian Research,2004,129:325-341.
[25]Bishop J W,Sumner D Y,Huerta N J.Molar tooth structures of the Neoarchean Monteville Formation,Tansvaal Super group,South Africa.I:Constraints on microcrystalline CaCo3precipitation[J].Sedimentology,2006,53(5):1049-1068.
[26]Marshall D,Anglin C D.CO2-Clathrate Destabilization:A New Model of Formation for Molar-Tooth Structures[J].Precambrian Research,2004,129:325-341.
[27]Booth J S,Winters W J,Dillon W P,et al.Gas HydrateReservoirs.Geological Socienaty of London,Special Publication.1998,137:113-127.
[28]Winston D,Rittel J F,Furniss G.Gas bubble and expansion crack origin of molar-tooth calcite structures in the Middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup,western Montana-Reply[J].J.Sediment.Res.1999,49(2):437-462.
[29]旷红伟,刘燕学,孟祥化,等.吉辽地区新元古代臼齿碳酸盐岩岩相的若干岩石学特征研究[J].地球学报,2004,25(6):647-653.Kuang Hongwei,Liu Yanxue,Meng Xianghua,et al.Sedimentary Lithofacies and petrological features of Neoproterozoic MT structures bearing carbonates in Jilin-Liaoning Area[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2004,25(6):647-652(in Chinese with English abstract).
[30]Pratt B R.Seismites in the Mesoproterozoic Altyn Formation(Belt Supergroup),Montana:a test for tectonic control of peritidal carbonate cyclicity[J].Geology,1994,22(12):1091-1094.
[31]Pratt B R.Syneresis cracks:subaqueous shrinkage in argillaceous sediments caused by earthquake induced dewatering[J].Sedimentary Geology,1998,117(1/2):1-10.
[32]Pratt B R.Molar-tooth structure in Proterozoic carbonate rocks:Origin from synsedinentary earthquakes,and implications for the nature and evolution of basins and marine sediment[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1998,110(8):1028-1045.
[33]Pratt B R.Oceanography,Bathymetry and syn-depositionaltectonics of a Precambrian intracratonic basin:Integrating sediments,storms,earthquakes and tsunamis in belt supergroup(Helena Formation,ca.1.45Ga),Western North America[J].Sedi.Geol.,2001,141-142:371-391.
[34]Pratt B R.Tepees in peritidal carbonates;origin via earthquake-induced deformation,with example from the Middle Cambrian of Western Canana[J].Sedimentary Geology,2002,153(3/4):57-64.
[35]Mohindra R,Bagati T N.Seismically induced soft-sediment deformation structures(seismites)around Sumdo in the lower Spiti valley(Tethys Himalaya)[J].Sedimentary Geology,1996,101:69-83.
[36]Fairchild I J,Einsele G,Song T R.Possible seismic origin of molar-tooth structures in Neoproterozoic carbonate ramp deposits,north China[J].Sedimentology.1997,44:611-636.
[37]Moretti M.Soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in Middle-Late Pleistocene aeolian deposites(Apulian foreland southern Italy)[J].Sedimentary Geology,2000,135:167-179.
[38]高林志,柳永清.河南嵩山地区新元古界何家窑微亮晶脉特征、成因及地质意义探讨[J],地质论评,2005,51(4):373-381.Gao Linzhi,Liu Yongqing.Explanation of microspar veins in the Neoproterozoic Hejiayao Formation and its geological significance in Songshan Area,Henan[J].Geological Review,2005,51(4):373-381(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).
[2]Bauerman H.Report on the geology of the country near the forty-ninth parallel of the north latitude west of Rocky Mountains[J].Canadian Geological Survey,Report of Progress.(1882-83-84,pt.B),1885:1-42.
[3]Smith A G.The origin and deformation of some“molar tooth”structure in the Precambrian belt Purcell Supergroup[J].Journal of Geology,1968,76:426-443.
[4]O'Connor M P.Classification and environmental interpretation of the cryptalgal organosedimentary“molar tooth”structures in the Late Precambrian Belt-Purell Supergroup[J].Journal of Geology,1972,80:592-610.
[5]乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列[J].地质学报,1994,68(1):16-34.Qiao Xiufa,Song Tianrui,Gao Linzhi,et al.Seismic sequence in carbonate rocks by vibrational liquefaction[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,1994,7(3):243-265.
[6]乔秀夫,宋天锐,李海兵,等.辽东半岛南部震旦系-下寒武统成因地层[M].北京:科学出版社,1996:1-174.Qiao Xiufu,Song Tianrui,Li Haibing,et al.Genetic Stratigraphy of the Sinian and Lower Cambrian Strata in South Liaoning Province[J].Beijing:Science Press.1996:1-174(in Chinese).
[7]乔秀夫,高林志.华北中—新元古代及早古生代地震灾变事件及与Rodinia的关系[J].科学通报,1999,44(16):1753-1757.Qiao Xiufu,Gao Linzhi.Earthquake events in Neoproterozoic and Early Paleozoic and its relationship with supercontinental Rodinia in North China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2000,45(10):931-935.
[8]乔秀夫,高林志,彭阳.古郯庐带新元古界--灾变、层序、生物[M].北京:地质出版社,2001:1-128.Qiao Xiufu,Gao Linzhi,Peng Yang.Neoproterozoic in Paleo-Tanlu Fualt Zone,Catastrpphe,Sequences,Biostratigraphy[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House:2001:1-128(in Chinese).
[9]乔秀夫,高林志.燕辽裂陷槽中元古代古地震与古地理[J].古地理学报,2007,9(4):337-352.Qiao Xiufu,Gao Linzhi.Mesoproterozoic palaeoearthquake and palaeogeography in Yan-Liao Aulacogen[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2007,9(4):337-352(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).
[10]Plaziat J C,Purser B H,Philobbos E.Seismic deformation structures(seismites)in the syn-rift sediments of the NW Red Sea Egypt[J].Bull.Soc.Geol.France,1990,(8):419-434.
[11]Purser B H,Philobbos E,Soliman M.Sedimentation and rifting in the new parts of the Red Sea-a review[J].Bull.Soc.Geol.France,1990,(8):371-384.
[12]Purser B H,Plaziat J C,Philobbos E.Stratiform breecias and associated deformation structures recording Neogene earthquake in Syn-Rift sediments of the Egyptian Red Sea Coast[J].Geol.Soc.Egypt,Spec.Publ.,1993,1:189-204.
[13]张传恒,武振杰,高林志,等.雾迷山组中地震驱动的软沉积物变形构造及其地质意义[J].中国科学(D),2007,27(3):336-343.Zhang Chuanheng,Wu Zhenjie,Gao Linzhi.Earthquake-induced soft-sediment deformation structures in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation,North China,and their geologic implications[J].Science in China(Series D),2007,50(3):350-358.
[14]James N P,Narbone G M,Sherman A G.Molar-tooth carbonates:Shallow subtidal facies of the Mid-to Late Proterozoic[J].JournalofsedimentaryResearch,1998,68(5):716-722.
[15]Shields A S.Molar-tooth microspar:a chemical explanation for its disappearance-700Ma[J].Terra Nova.,2002,14(2):108-113.
[16]Meng X H,Ge M.The sedimentary features of Proterozoic microspar(molar-tooth)carbonates in China and their significance[J].Episodes,2002,25(3):185-195.
[17]Meng X H.Recent advance in Precambrian carbonate sedimentary geology;Report on International Conference of IGCP447on Molar tooth carbonates and evolution of the Earth in the Proterozoic[J].Episodes,2003,26(1):28-29.
[18]Abelson P H.Chemical Events on the Primitive Earth[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1966,55(6):1365-1372.
[19]Pratt B.Gas bubble and expansion crack origin of molar tooth calcite structures.Marine and Petroleum[J].Geology,1998,15:427-437.
[20]Bakker R J.Improvements in clathrate modeling H:the H2O-CO2-CH4-N2-C2H6fluid system.Geological Society of London,Special Publication,1998,137:75-105.
[21]Furniss G J,Rittle J F,Winston D.Gas bubble and Expansion crack origin of“Molar Tooth”calcite structures in the Middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup,Western Montana[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1998,68:104-114.
[22]Frank T D,Lyons T W.“Molar-tooth”structures:a geochemical perspective on a Proterozoic enigma[J].Geology,1998,26:683-686.
[23]Marshall D,Angling C D.soft sediment carbonate vein networks in the Belt Purcell rocks of Southeast BC:a new mode of formation[J].British Columbia Geological Survey,Geological Fieldwork,2000,1:115-118.
[24]Marshall D,Angling C D.CO2-clathrate destablilization:a new model of formation for molar-tooth structures[J].Precambrian Research,2004,129:325-341.
[25]Bishop J W,Sumner D Y,Huerta N J.Molar tooth structures of the Neoarchean Monteville Formation,Tansvaal Super group,South Africa.I:Constraints on microcrystalline CaCo3precipitation[J].Sedimentology,2006,53(5):1049-1068.
[26]Marshall D,Anglin C D.CO2-Clathrate Destabilization:A New Model of Formation for Molar-Tooth Structures[J].Precambrian Research,2004,129:325-341.
[27]Booth J S,Winters W J,Dillon W P,et al.Gas HydrateReservoirs.Geological Socienaty of London,Special Publication.1998,137:113-127.
[28]Winston D,Rittel J F,Furniss G.Gas bubble and expansion crack origin of molar-tooth calcite structures in the Middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup,western Montana-Reply[J].J.Sediment.Res.1999,49(2):437-462.
[29]旷红伟,刘燕学,孟祥化,等.吉辽地区新元古代臼齿碳酸盐岩岩相的若干岩石学特征研究[J].地球学报,2004,25(6):647-653.Kuang Hongwei,Liu Yanxue,Meng Xianghua,et al.Sedimentary Lithofacies and petrological features of Neoproterozoic MT structures bearing carbonates in Jilin-Liaoning Area[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2004,25(6):647-652(in Chinese with English abstract).
[30]Pratt B R.Seismites in the Mesoproterozoic Altyn Formation(Belt Supergroup),Montana:a test for tectonic control of peritidal carbonate cyclicity[J].Geology,1994,22(12):1091-1094.
[31]Pratt B R.Syneresis cracks:subaqueous shrinkage in argillaceous sediments caused by earthquake induced dewatering[J].Sedimentary Geology,1998,117(1/2):1-10.
[32]Pratt B R.Molar-tooth structure in Proterozoic carbonate rocks:Origin from synsedinentary earthquakes,and implications for the nature and evolution of basins and marine sediment[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1998,110(8):1028-1045.
[33]Pratt B R.Oceanography,Bathymetry and syn-depositionaltectonics of a Precambrian intracratonic basin:Integrating sediments,storms,earthquakes and tsunamis in belt supergroup(Helena Formation,ca.1.45Ga),Western North America[J].Sedi.Geol.,2001,141-142:371-391.
[34]Pratt B R.Tepees in peritidal carbonates;origin via earthquake-induced deformation,with example from the Middle Cambrian of Western Canana[J].Sedimentary Geology,2002,153(3/4):57-64.
[35]Mohindra R,Bagati T N.Seismically induced soft-sediment deformation structures(seismites)around Sumdo in the lower Spiti valley(Tethys Himalaya)[J].Sedimentary Geology,1996,101:69-83.
[36]Fairchild I J,Einsele G,Song T R.Possible seismic origin of molar-tooth structures in Neoproterozoic carbonate ramp deposits,north China[J].Sedimentology.1997,44:611-636.
[37]Moretti M.Soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in Middle-Late Pleistocene aeolian deposites(Apulian foreland southern Italy)[J].Sedimentary Geology,2000,135:167-179.
[38]高林志,柳永清.河南嵩山地区新元古界何家窑微亮晶脉特征、成因及地质意义探讨[J],地质论评,2005,51(4):373-381.Gao Linzhi,Liu Yongqing.Explanation of microspar veins in the Neoproterozoic Hejiayao Formation and its geological significance in Songshan Area,Henan[J].Geological Review,2005,51(4):373-381(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).
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