藏南晚白垩世宗卓组巨型混杂堆积的特征及其地裂——地震成因论证
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摘要
藏南晚白垩世宗卓组为超常规模的地裂—地震成因的混杂堆积,主体为一套延伸距离远、厚度巨大的巨震浊积岩。分为基质和岩块两个组成部分,基质为泥、砂质浊积复理石,岩块的岩性有不同时代的砂岩、泥晶灰岩、结晶灰岩、火山岩和硅质岩等,物源主要来自印度板块北缘和洋壳本身。宗卓组中广泛发育有同沉积角砾岩、同沉积塑性变形、微断层、液化脉和砂岩脉等震积标志。依据岩块大小和碎屑沉积物粒径,这套巨震浊积岩可划分为8个“巨浊积旋回”,表现为8个地震周期。宗卓组震积岩形成于会聚板块边缘,是被动伸展构造环境的产物。
A large group of E—W stretching megaturbidites (seismoturbidites) were accumulated in northern Tethys—Himalayan sedimentary belt and distributing along southern to the Indus–Tsangpo suture zone, which referred to the Upper Cretaceous Zongzuo Formation. It can be recognized as matrix and block mass. The matrix is composed of muddy and sabulous clastic turbidites, and its sequence is in order. The fossils in matrix are Cretaceous. The block masses is composed of sandstone, micritic limestone, crystalline limestone, volcanic and siliceous rocks. The blocks are of different ages that are form Permian to later Cretaceous. They mostly came from the northern part of the Indian passive continental margin or ocean crust itself. The megaturbidites were produced by large break-up and earthquakes in southern Xizang (Tibet). The upper Cretaceous Zongzuo Formation is characterized by synsedimentary breccia, hydroplastic deformations, fault grading, “molar tooth” and sedimentary dykes. According to the size of blocks and clastics, the megaturbidites can be divided into 8 sedimentary cycles, relating to 8 earthquake cycles. The Zongzuo Formation deposited on convergent plate boundary, and produced under tectogenesis extending environment. Seismites that caused by large break-up and earthquakes are suggested as one of the composition of old plate boundary and one of the characters of suture zone.
A large group of E—W stretching megaturbidites (seismoturbidites) were accumulated in northern Tethys—Himalayan sedimentary belt and distributing along southern to the Indus–Tsangpo suture zone, which referred to the Upper Cretaceous Zongzuo Formation. It can be recognized as matrix and block mass. The matrix is composed of muddy and sabulous clastic turbidites, and its sequence is in order. The fossils in matrix are Cretaceous. The block masses is composed of sandstone, micritic limestone, crystalline limestone, volcanic and siliceous rocks. The blocks are of different ages that are form Permian to later Cretaceous. They mostly came from the northern part of the Indian passive continental margin or ocean crust itself. The megaturbidites were produced by large break-up and earthquakes in southern Xizang (Tibet). The upper Cretaceous Zongzuo Formation is characterized by synsedimentary breccia, hydroplastic deformations, fault grading, “molar tooth” and sedimentary dykes. According to the size of blocks and clastics, the megaturbidites can be divided into 8 sedimentary cycles, relating to 8 earthquake cycles. The Zongzuo Formation deposited on convergent plate boundary, and produced under tectogenesis extending environment. Seismites that caused by large break-up and earthquakes are suggested as one of the composition of old plate boundary and one of the characters of suture zone.
引文
陈国铭,李光岑,曲景川.1984.西藏南部混杂堆积及其地质意义.见:喜马拉雅地质().北京:地质出版社,19~26.
杜远生,韩欣.2000.论震积作用和震积岩.地球科学进展,15(4):389~394.
高延林,汤耀华.1984.西藏南部的构造混杂体.见:喜马拉雅地质().北京:地质出版社,27~44.
李国彪,万晓樵,刘文灿,梁定益,周志广.2003.藏南萨迦县赛区“混杂岩”放射虫的发现及地质意义.地质通报,22(10-11):30~37.
梁定益,聂泽同,万晓樵,陈国民.1991.试论震积岩及震积不整合.现代地质,5(2):138~147.
梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏.1994a.再论震积岩及震积不整合——以川西、滇西地区为例.地球科学,19(6):845~850.
梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏.1994b.扬子西缘东吴伸展运动.地球科学,19(6):443~453.
梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏,万晓樵.1997.正在萌芽段的震积地层学.高校地质学报,3(4):458~461.
梁定益,宋志敏,赵崇贺,聂泽同.2002.河北省白石山中元古代地震遗迹的发现.地质通报,21(10):625~631.
梁定益.2004.青藏高原首批1:25万区域地质调查地层工作若干进展点评.地质通报,23(1):24~26.
刘为付,孟祥化,葛铭,旷红伟,刘燕学.2004.徐州—淮南地区新元古代臼齿碳酸盐岩成因探讨.地质论评,50(5):454~463.
吕洪波,章雨旭,夏邦栋,方中,周伟明,彭阳,吴智平,李伟.2003.南盘江盆地中三叠统复理石中的同沉积挤压构造.地质论评,49(5):449~456.
吕洪波,章雨旭,肖国望,张绮玲.2006.内蒙古白云鄂博南东黑脑包腮林忽洞群下部发现地震滑塌岩块.地质论评,52(2):163~169.
马杏垣.1982.论伸展构造.地球科学,(3):18~32.
南凌,崔之久.1996.地震混杂岩(震积岩)的沉积特点和识别.地震地质译丛,18(6):1~9.
彭阳,杨天南,乔秀夫,李典志,王国桢,杨中柱,杨小波.2001.大连上震旦统地震灾变事件研究.地质学报.75(2):221~227.
彭阳,胡贵昂,陆刚,章雨旭,乔秀夫.2004.桂西北晚古生代地层中的沉积灰岩墙研究进展.地质论评,50(6)613~616.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,彭阳,李海兵,高劢,宋彪,张巧大.1994.碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列.地质学报,68(1):16~34.
乔秀夫.1996.中国震积岩的研究与展望.地质论评,42(4):317~320.
乔秀夫,李海兵,高林志.1997.华北地台震旦纪—早古生代地震节律.地学前缘,4(3~4):155~160.
孙晓猛,梁定益,聂泽同.1995.大陆边缘震积岩序列——以金沙江中段震积岩为例.现代地质,9(3):271~278.
汤耀庆,冯益民.1988.中国西部的混杂体和滑混堆积.西藏地质,3(1):1~12.
万晓樵,李金和,张双增,吴连亨.2005.西藏札达晚白垩世—古新世浮游有孔虫及其时代意义.微体古生物学报,22(1)10~18.
吴浩若,李红生.1982.藏南宗卓组滑塌堆积中的放射虫化石.古生物学报,21(1):64~71.
吴浩若.1987.西藏南部江孜地区晚白垩世晚期及早第三纪(?)地层.地层学杂志,11(2),147~149.
西藏地质矿产局.1997.西藏自治区岩石地层.武汉:中国地质大学出版社.
西藏地质矿产局.1993.西藏自治区区域地质志.北京:地质出版社.
钟华明,夏军,童劲松,鲁如魁,李运怀,徐生发.2004.洛扎县幅地质调查新成果及主要进展.地质通报,23(5~6):451~457.
周志广,梁定益,刘文灿,王克友,赵兴国,张爱平.2005.藏南江孜盆地北缘火山岩地球化学特征及其大地构造背景.地质通报,24(4):341~348.
FairchildIJ,EinselG,SongT.1997.PossibleseismicoriginofmolartoothstructuresinNeoproterozoicrampdeposits,northChinaSedimentology,44(4):611~630.
GansserA.1964.GeologyoftheHimalayas.NewYork:JohnWiley&SonsLtd.,IntersciencePubs.
HeimA,GansserA.1936.CentralHimalaya.GeologicalobservationsoftheSwissexpedition(1936).Delhi:HindustanPublishingCorporation(India).
HuntDV,FitchenWM,KoseE.2002.SyndepositionaldeformationofthePermianCapitanreefcarbonateplatform,GuadalupeMountains,NewMexico,USA.SedimentaryGeology,154(3~4):89~126.
MuttiE,RicciF,seguretM,ZanzucchiG.1984.Seismoturbidites:anewgroupofresedimenteddepostis.Marinegeology,55:103~116.
ParkRG.1983.FoundationsofStructuralGeology.GlasgowandLandon:Blackie.
PlaziatJC,PurserBH,PhilobbosE.1990.Seismicdeformationstructure(seismites)inthesyn-riftsedimentsoftheNWredSea(Egypt).Bull.Geol.France,8:419~439.
RoepTB,EvertsAJ.1992.Pillow-beds:anewtypeofseismites:AnexamplefromanOligoceneturbiditefancomplex,Alicante.Sedimentology,39:711~724.
SeilacherA.1969.Fault-gradedbedsinterpretedasSeismites.Sedi-mentology,13:155~159.
SeilacherA.1984.SedimentarystructurestentativelyattributedtoSeismicevents.MarineGeology,55:1~12.
WanXiaoqiao,LamoldaMA,SiJL,LiGB.2005.ForaminiferalstratigraphyofLateCretaceousredbedsinsouthernTibet.Cre-taceousResearch26:43~48.
杜远生,韩欣.2000.论震积作用和震积岩.地球科学进展,15(4):389~394.
高延林,汤耀华.1984.西藏南部的构造混杂体.见:喜马拉雅地质().北京:地质出版社,27~44.
李国彪,万晓樵,刘文灿,梁定益,周志广.2003.藏南萨迦县赛区“混杂岩”放射虫的发现及地质意义.地质通报,22(10-11):30~37.
梁定益,聂泽同,万晓樵,陈国民.1991.试论震积岩及震积不整合.现代地质,5(2):138~147.
梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏.1994a.再论震积岩及震积不整合——以川西、滇西地区为例.地球科学,19(6):845~850.
梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏.1994b.扬子西缘东吴伸展运动.地球科学,19(6):443~453.
梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏,万晓樵.1997.正在萌芽段的震积地层学.高校地质学报,3(4):458~461.
梁定益,宋志敏,赵崇贺,聂泽同.2002.河北省白石山中元古代地震遗迹的发现.地质通报,21(10):625~631.
梁定益.2004.青藏高原首批1:25万区域地质调查地层工作若干进展点评.地质通报,23(1):24~26.
刘为付,孟祥化,葛铭,旷红伟,刘燕学.2004.徐州—淮南地区新元古代臼齿碳酸盐岩成因探讨.地质论评,50(5):454~463.
吕洪波,章雨旭,夏邦栋,方中,周伟明,彭阳,吴智平,李伟.2003.南盘江盆地中三叠统复理石中的同沉积挤压构造.地质论评,49(5):449~456.
吕洪波,章雨旭,肖国望,张绮玲.2006.内蒙古白云鄂博南东黑脑包腮林忽洞群下部发现地震滑塌岩块.地质论评,52(2):163~169.
马杏垣.1982.论伸展构造.地球科学,(3):18~32.
南凌,崔之久.1996.地震混杂岩(震积岩)的沉积特点和识别.地震地质译丛,18(6):1~9.
彭阳,杨天南,乔秀夫,李典志,王国桢,杨中柱,杨小波.2001.大连上震旦统地震灾变事件研究.地质学报.75(2):221~227.
彭阳,胡贵昂,陆刚,章雨旭,乔秀夫.2004.桂西北晚古生代地层中的沉积灰岩墙研究进展.地质论评,50(6)613~616.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,彭阳,李海兵,高劢,宋彪,张巧大.1994.碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列.地质学报,68(1):16~34.
乔秀夫.1996.中国震积岩的研究与展望.地质论评,42(4):317~320.
乔秀夫,李海兵,高林志.1997.华北地台震旦纪—早古生代地震节律.地学前缘,4(3~4):155~160.
孙晓猛,梁定益,聂泽同.1995.大陆边缘震积岩序列——以金沙江中段震积岩为例.现代地质,9(3):271~278.
汤耀庆,冯益民.1988.中国西部的混杂体和滑混堆积.西藏地质,3(1):1~12.
万晓樵,李金和,张双增,吴连亨.2005.西藏札达晚白垩世—古新世浮游有孔虫及其时代意义.微体古生物学报,22(1)10~18.
吴浩若,李红生.1982.藏南宗卓组滑塌堆积中的放射虫化石.古生物学报,21(1):64~71.
吴浩若.1987.西藏南部江孜地区晚白垩世晚期及早第三纪(?)地层.地层学杂志,11(2),147~149.
西藏地质矿产局.1997.西藏自治区岩石地层.武汉:中国地质大学出版社.
西藏地质矿产局.1993.西藏自治区区域地质志.北京:地质出版社.
钟华明,夏军,童劲松,鲁如魁,李运怀,徐生发.2004.洛扎县幅地质调查新成果及主要进展.地质通报,23(5~6):451~457.
周志广,梁定益,刘文灿,王克友,赵兴国,张爱平.2005.藏南江孜盆地北缘火山岩地球化学特征及其大地构造背景.地质通报,24(4):341~348.
FairchildIJ,EinselG,SongT.1997.PossibleseismicoriginofmolartoothstructuresinNeoproterozoicrampdeposits,northChinaSedimentology,44(4):611~630.
GansserA.1964.GeologyoftheHimalayas.NewYork:JohnWiley&SonsLtd.,IntersciencePubs.
HeimA,GansserA.1936.CentralHimalaya.GeologicalobservationsoftheSwissexpedition(1936).Delhi:HindustanPublishingCorporation(India).
HuntDV,FitchenWM,KoseE.2002.SyndepositionaldeformationofthePermianCapitanreefcarbonateplatform,GuadalupeMountains,NewMexico,USA.SedimentaryGeology,154(3~4):89~126.
MuttiE,RicciF,seguretM,ZanzucchiG.1984.Seismoturbidites:anewgroupofresedimenteddepostis.Marinegeology,55:103~116.
ParkRG.1983.FoundationsofStructuralGeology.GlasgowandLandon:Blackie.
PlaziatJC,PurserBH,PhilobbosE.1990.Seismicdeformationstructure(seismites)inthesyn-riftsedimentsoftheNWredSea(Egypt).Bull.Geol.France,8:419~439.
RoepTB,EvertsAJ.1992.Pillow-beds:anewtypeofseismites:AnexamplefromanOligoceneturbiditefancomplex,Alicante.Sedimentology,39:711~724.
SeilacherA.1969.Fault-gradedbedsinterpretedasSeismites.Sedi-mentology,13:155~159.
SeilacherA.1984.SedimentarystructurestentativelyattributedtoSeismicevents.MarineGeology,55:1~12.
WanXiaoqiao,LamoldaMA,SiJL,LiGB.2005.ForaminiferalstratigraphyofLateCretaceousredbedsinsouthernTibet.Cre-taceousResearch26:43~48.
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