铊资源的分布及利用中的环境问题
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摘要
论述了铊在自然界水体、岩石、土壤、沉积物、矿石矿物中的资源分布状况以及开发利用中的环境问 题.我国有着丰富的铊资源,是目前世界上惟一发现铊独立成矿的国家,铊资源的开发和利用有着许多得天独 厚的优势.阻碍铊大量生产和应用的主要因素是铊剧毒所引起的环境问题.开发利用铊资源还有许多问题要 解决.进一步查明我国的铊资源在岩石、水体、土壤中的分布情况,建立铊的分布图,对铊污染进行科学的评 价,为防止铊中毒事件的发生,实现土地的安全利用等,对发挥我国的铊资源优势,实现区域经济社会可持续发 展等战略目标有着重要的意义.
The status about source distribution of thallium in natural waters, rocks, soils, sediments, ores and minerals were introduced. Meanwhile, the incidents of thallium pollution during exploitation were also provided. China, the only country by far that found the existence of independent thallium mine body in the world, has an abundant source of thallium. There are many advantages in thallium resource development and utilization. The limited industrial use of thallium is principally due to the environmental problems caused by its highly toxic. For the exploitation of thallium resource, there are still many problems to be solved. So a thorough geoscientific study and polluted-evaluation about T1 should be conducted, that the distribution pattern of T1 can be established. The base-level data from bedrocks, waters, and soils will provide guidelines for the safe use of lands, and serve to prevent cases of T1 poisoning . These studies are also important for taking the advantage of thallium resource and meeting the goal of sustainable development of area economy and society.
The status about source distribution of thallium in natural waters, rocks, soils, sediments, ores and minerals were introduced. Meanwhile, the incidents of thallium pollution during exploitation were also provided. China, the only country by far that found the existence of independent thallium mine body in the world, has an abundant source of thallium. There are many advantages in thallium resource development and utilization. The limited industrial use of thallium is principally due to the environmental problems caused by its highly toxic. For the exploitation of thallium resource, there are still many problems to be solved. So a thorough geoscientific study and polluted-evaluation about T1 should be conducted, that the distribution pattern of T1 can be established. The base-level data from bedrocks, waters, and soils will provide guidelines for the safe use of lands, and serve to prevent cases of T1 poisoning . These studies are also important for taking the advantage of thallium resource and meeting the goal of sustainable development of area economy and society.
引文
[1]Briese C, Nessler F. Historical data on the discovery of thallium and its first applications[J]. Was Z Humboldt-Univ ( Berlin) Math-Naturwiss Reihe, 1985, 34: 750-751.
[2]Smith IC - Carson BL. Trace metals in the environment: Volume 1-Thallium[M]. Michigan: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc. 1977.
[3]Mulkey JP, Oehme FW. A review of thallium toxicity [J] . Vet Hum Toxicol, 1993, 35(6) :511.
[4]Bromberg MB. Peripheral neurotoxic disorders[J]. Neural Clin, 2000, 18(3): 681 - 694.
[5]Briese C, Messier F, Liebscher R. Production of thallium and its significance in the different political economies[J]. Wiss Z Hum- boldt-Univ (Berlin) Math-Naturwiss Reihe, 1985, 34: 756-760.
[6]Marcus RL. Investigation of a working population exposed to thallium[J]. J Soc Occup Med, 1985, 35:4-9.
[7]Kazantzis G. Thallium[A]. Handbook on the toxicology of metals[C]. (2nd ed). New York: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1986. 549-567.
[8]National Library of Medicine. National Toxicology Information Program[A], Hazardous Substances Data Bank[C]. Bethesda, MD. 1989.
[9]Douglas KT, Bunni MA, Baindur SR. Thallium in biochemistry[J] . Int J Biochem, 1990, 22:429-438.
[10]周令治,邹家炎.稀有金属近况[J].有色金属(冶炼部分),1994(1):42-46. ZHOU Ling-zhi, ZOU Jia-yan. Recent research development on rare metals[J]. Nonferrous Metals( Smelting Part), 1994(1 ):42 -46.
[11]谢文彪,陈穗玲,陈永亨.云浮黄铁矿利用过程中微量毒害元素的环境化学活动性[J].地球化学,2001,30(5):465- 469. XIE Wen-biao, CHEN Sui-ling, CHEN Yong-heng. Chemical mobility of toxic trace elements in Yunfu pyrite and its slag at surface conditions[J]. Geochimica, 2001,30(5) :465 - 469.
[12]吴颖娟,陈永亨,刘汝锋,等.云浮黄铁矿废渣中铊的模拟淋滤试验[J].环境化学,2000,19(5):14-18. WU Ying-juan, CHEN Yong-heng, LIU Ru-feng, et al. Thallium in slag of sulphuric acid is leached under acid rain[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2000,19(5) : 14 - 18.
[13]吴颖娟,陈永亨,张汝国,等.淋滤条件对矿物废渣中铊释放的影响[J].环境化学,2002,21(1):78-82. WU Ying-juan, CHEN Yong-heng, ZHANG Ru-guo, et al. The effect of thallium release in mineral slag under leaching condition [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2002,21(1) :78 - 82.
[14]Kemper FH, Bertram HP. Thallium[A]. Metals in the environment[C]. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie, 1984. 571 - 583.
[15]Wachs B. Relevance for bodies of water of the most toxic heavy metals [A] . Bavarian Land Institute for Water Research ed. Hazardous substances in waste water and surface water[C]. Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag, 1988. 176-243.
[16]MWTP. EPA mine waste treatment program, MWTP-143[A]. Issues identification and technology prioritization report: Thallium, Activity Ⅰ, Volume Ⅷ[C]. USA, MSE-TA, Butte, MT, 1999. 76.
[17]Mario DALL'AGLIO, Mauro BRONDI, Mario FORNASERI. New data on Thallium in rocks and natural waters from central and southern Italy [J]. Miner Petrogr Ada, 1995, 1 118: 103-112.
[18]Tangfu Xiao, Jayanta Guha, Dan Boyle, et al. Naturally occurring thallium: a hidden geoenvironmental health hazard[J]. Environment International, 2004, 30:501 - 507.
[19]陈永亨,谢文彪,吴颖娟,等.铊的环境生态迁移与扩散[J].广州大学学报(自然科学版),2002,1(3):62-66. CHEN Yong-heng, XIE Wen-biao, WU Ying-juan, et al. Thallium migration and diffusion in the ecological environment[J]. Journal of Guangzhou University ( Natural Science Edition), 2002,1 (3): 62 - 66.
[20]陈永亨,谢文彪,吴颖娟,等.铊资源开发与铊环境污染[J].深圳大学学报(理工版),2001.18(1):57-63. CHEN Yong-heng, XIE Wen-biao, WU Ying-juan, et al. Utilization of mineral resources containing thallium and thallium pollution in China[J]. J Shenzhen Univ( Science & Engineering), 2001,18(1) :57 - 63.
[21]Schoer J. Thallium[A]. The handbook of environmental chemistry. Volume 3: Anthropogenic compounds, Part C[C]. Berlin: Springer Verlag. 1984. 143-214.
[22]Arnold W. Excretion and distribution of thallium in human poisoning[A]. 5th symposium of trace elements, Jena[C]. Jena: University of Jena Press, 1986. 1 241 - 1 253 (in German).
[23]Kemper FH. Bertram HP Thallium[A]. In: Merian E ed. Metals and their compounds in the environment[C]. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie, 1991. 1 227 - 1 241.
[24]J M Dengler, J Kruger, H J Wiemer. Die anreicherung von thallium in den verarbeitungsprozessen der NE-Metallindustrie[J]. METALL, 1984, 38(10) :955 - 960.
[25]谢文彪,陈永亨,陈穗玲,等.云浮硫铁矿及其焙烧灰渣中元素铊的组成特征[J].矿产综合利用,2001,108(2):23-25. XIE Wen-biao, CHEN Yong-heng, CHEN Sui-ling, et al. Distribution of thallium in pyrite ores and its cinders of Yunfu pyrite mine,Guangdong[J]. Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources , 2001, 108(2):23 - 25.
[26]Swaine, D J. Trace Elements in Coal[M]. London: Butterworths, 1990. 278.
[27]冯新斌,倪建字,洪业汤,等.贵州省煤中挥发性和半挥发性微量元素分布规律的初步研究[J].环境化学,1998,17 (2): 148-153. FENG Xin-bin, NI Jian-yu, HONG Ye-tang, et al. A preliminary study on the distribution laws of some volatile trace elements in coal of Guizhou Provice[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 1998,17(2): 148 - 153.
[28]V Zitko. Toxicity and pollution of thallium[J]. Sci Total Em, 1975,4: 185 - 92.
[29]Staszyc J, Krolikowska-Prasal I, Matysiak W, et al. Morphological evaluation of the lungs of rats affected by soil dust[J]. Med Pr, 1986, 37: 65-72 (in Polish).
[30]McLaren JW, Beauchemin D, Bennan SS. Application of isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to the analysis of marine sediments[J]. Anal Chem, 1987, 59: 610-613.
[31]LIS. Environmental burden by thallium. Investigations in the neighbourhood of the Dyckerhoff cement plant in Lengerich and other thallium-emitting plants in the country NW[Z]. Bonn: Bonn University Press, 1980.
[32]Mathys W. Thallium in river sediments of North-West Germany: its sources of input and its relation to other heavy metals[A]. Proceedings of the international conference on heavy metals in the environment[C]. Luxembourg: Commission of the European communities WHO, 1981, 347 - 350.
[33]Bedoglio P N, Gibson M, Gorman, et al. X-ray absorption sepectroscopy investigation of surface redox transformation of thallium and chromium on colloidal mineral oxides[J]. Geochem Cosmochim Acta, 1993, 57: 2 389 - 2 394.
[34]G Schaub. Environmental Health Criteria 182: Thallium[Z]. Geneva: WHO, 1996 ,5 - 3 - 1.
[35]龙江平,张忠,张宝贵,等.中国科学院矿床地球化学开放研究实验室年报[M].北京:地震出版社,1992.116-121. LONG Jiang-ping, ZHANG Zhong, ZHANG Bao-gui, et al. Annual report for Chinese academy of sciences open laboratory of OK deposit geochemistry[M] . Beijing:Seismological Press, 1992. 116-121.
[36]张忠,龙江平.金汞砷锑矿床中的铊[J].地质找矿论丛,1994,9(2):67-74. ZHANG Z hong, LONG Jiang-ping. Thallium in gold mercury arsenic and antimony ore deposits in China [J]. Dizhizhaokuangluncong, 1994, 9( 2) : 67 - 74.
[37]T Percival, A Radtke. Tl in disseminated replacement gold deposits of the carlin-type[ A]. Neues jahrbuch fur mineralogie, thallium, proc. thallium chemistry, geochemistry, mineralogy, ores and environment[C]. Germany, Stuttgart, Schweizerbart' sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1993, 166( 1): 67 - 75.
[38]J Wilson. Gillulyite, T12( As,Sb)8S13, a new thallium arsenic sulfosalt from the mercur gold deposit, Utah[j]. Am Mineralogist, 1991, 76: 653-56.
[39]张宝贵,张忠.铊矿床--环境地球化学研究综述[J].贵州地质,1996,13(1):38-44. ZHANG Bao-gui, ZHANG Zhong. A review of environmentary geochemistry from thallium ore deposils[J]. Guizhou Geology, 1996, 13(1):38-44.
[40]张忠,张兴茂,张宝贵,等.南华砷铊矿床元素地球化学和成矿模式[J].地球化学,1998,27(4):269-275. ZHANG Zhong, ZHANG Xing-mao, Zhang Bao-gui, et al. Elemental geochemistry and mentallogenic model of Nanhua As-Tl deposit in Yunnan Province, China[J]. Geochimica, 1998,27(4):269-275.
[41]陈代演.红铊矿在我国的发现和研究[J].矿物学报,1989,9(2):141-147. CHEN Dai-yan. Lorandite's discovery and research in China[J]. Acta Mineralogica Siruca, 1989, 9(2):141 - 147.
[42]US BM. Mineral commodity summaries 1989[R]. Washington, DC, US Bureau of Mines/US Geological Survey, 1990.
[43]US BM. Mineral commodity summaries 1992[R]. Washington, DC, US Bureau of Mines/US Geological Survey, 1993.
[44]Thomas O, Llewellyn. Thallium[J] . Ceramic Bulletin, 1990, 69(5): 885-886.
[45]J O Nriagu. Thallium in the environment[M]. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998. 55-57.
[46]Ainsworth C. Spills and kills, wildlife is still feeling the deadly effects of a chemical disaster in Spain[J] . New Scientist, 2001, 26: 20.
[47]Z Zhang. Tl pollution associated with mining of Tl deposits[J]. Science in China, Series D, 1998,41 (1): 75 - 81.
[48]陈代演,任大银,王华,等.第二个滥木厂式铊矿床何在?--杨家湾铊矿点的发现及其找矿远景初析[J].贵州 工业大学学报,1998,27(5):18-22. CHEN Dai-yan, REN Da-yin, WANG Hua, et al. Where is the second thallium ore deposit of lanmuchang type?-The discovery of Yangjiawan thallium prospect and its prospecting potentiality [J]. Journal of Guizhou University of Technology, 1998, 27 (5):18-22.
[2]Smith IC - Carson BL. Trace metals in the environment: Volume 1-Thallium[M]. Michigan: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc. 1977.
[3]Mulkey JP, Oehme FW. A review of thallium toxicity [J] . Vet Hum Toxicol, 1993, 35(6) :511.
[4]Bromberg MB. Peripheral neurotoxic disorders[J]. Neural Clin, 2000, 18(3): 681 - 694.
[5]Briese C, Messier F, Liebscher R. Production of thallium and its significance in the different political economies[J]. Wiss Z Hum- boldt-Univ (Berlin) Math-Naturwiss Reihe, 1985, 34: 756-760.
[6]Marcus RL. Investigation of a working population exposed to thallium[J]. J Soc Occup Med, 1985, 35:4-9.
[7]Kazantzis G. Thallium[A]. Handbook on the toxicology of metals[C]. (2nd ed). New York: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1986. 549-567.
[8]National Library of Medicine. National Toxicology Information Program[A], Hazardous Substances Data Bank[C]. Bethesda, MD. 1989.
[9]Douglas KT, Bunni MA, Baindur SR. Thallium in biochemistry[J] . Int J Biochem, 1990, 22:429-438.
[10]周令治,邹家炎.稀有金属近况[J].有色金属(冶炼部分),1994(1):42-46. ZHOU Ling-zhi, ZOU Jia-yan. Recent research development on rare metals[J]. Nonferrous Metals( Smelting Part), 1994(1 ):42 -46.
[11]谢文彪,陈穗玲,陈永亨.云浮黄铁矿利用过程中微量毒害元素的环境化学活动性[J].地球化学,2001,30(5):465- 469. XIE Wen-biao, CHEN Sui-ling, CHEN Yong-heng. Chemical mobility of toxic trace elements in Yunfu pyrite and its slag at surface conditions[J]. Geochimica, 2001,30(5) :465 - 469.
[12]吴颖娟,陈永亨,刘汝锋,等.云浮黄铁矿废渣中铊的模拟淋滤试验[J].环境化学,2000,19(5):14-18. WU Ying-juan, CHEN Yong-heng, LIU Ru-feng, et al. Thallium in slag of sulphuric acid is leached under acid rain[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2000,19(5) : 14 - 18.
[13]吴颖娟,陈永亨,张汝国,等.淋滤条件对矿物废渣中铊释放的影响[J].环境化学,2002,21(1):78-82. WU Ying-juan, CHEN Yong-heng, ZHANG Ru-guo, et al. The effect of thallium release in mineral slag under leaching condition [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2002,21(1) :78 - 82.
[14]Kemper FH, Bertram HP. Thallium[A]. Metals in the environment[C]. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie, 1984. 571 - 583.
[15]Wachs B. Relevance for bodies of water of the most toxic heavy metals [A] . Bavarian Land Institute for Water Research ed. Hazardous substances in waste water and surface water[C]. Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag, 1988. 176-243.
[16]MWTP. EPA mine waste treatment program, MWTP-143[A]. Issues identification and technology prioritization report: Thallium, Activity Ⅰ, Volume Ⅷ[C]. USA, MSE-TA, Butte, MT, 1999. 76.
[17]Mario DALL'AGLIO, Mauro BRONDI, Mario FORNASERI. New data on Thallium in rocks and natural waters from central and southern Italy [J]. Miner Petrogr Ada, 1995, 1 118: 103-112.
[18]Tangfu Xiao, Jayanta Guha, Dan Boyle, et al. Naturally occurring thallium: a hidden geoenvironmental health hazard[J]. Environment International, 2004, 30:501 - 507.
[19]陈永亨,谢文彪,吴颖娟,等.铊的环境生态迁移与扩散[J].广州大学学报(自然科学版),2002,1(3):62-66. CHEN Yong-heng, XIE Wen-biao, WU Ying-juan, et al. Thallium migration and diffusion in the ecological environment[J]. Journal of Guangzhou University ( Natural Science Edition), 2002,1 (3): 62 - 66.
[20]陈永亨,谢文彪,吴颖娟,等.铊资源开发与铊环境污染[J].深圳大学学报(理工版),2001.18(1):57-63. CHEN Yong-heng, XIE Wen-biao, WU Ying-juan, et al. Utilization of mineral resources containing thallium and thallium pollution in China[J]. J Shenzhen Univ( Science & Engineering), 2001,18(1) :57 - 63.
[21]Schoer J. Thallium[A]. The handbook of environmental chemistry. Volume 3: Anthropogenic compounds, Part C[C]. Berlin: Springer Verlag. 1984. 143-214.
[22]Arnold W. Excretion and distribution of thallium in human poisoning[A]. 5th symposium of trace elements, Jena[C]. Jena: University of Jena Press, 1986. 1 241 - 1 253 (in German).
[23]Kemper FH. Bertram HP Thallium[A]. In: Merian E ed. Metals and their compounds in the environment[C]. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie, 1991. 1 227 - 1 241.
[24]J M Dengler, J Kruger, H J Wiemer. Die anreicherung von thallium in den verarbeitungsprozessen der NE-Metallindustrie[J]. METALL, 1984, 38(10) :955 - 960.
[25]谢文彪,陈永亨,陈穗玲,等.云浮硫铁矿及其焙烧灰渣中元素铊的组成特征[J].矿产综合利用,2001,108(2):23-25. XIE Wen-biao, CHEN Yong-heng, CHEN Sui-ling, et al. Distribution of thallium in pyrite ores and its cinders of Yunfu pyrite mine,Guangdong[J]. Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources , 2001, 108(2):23 - 25.
[26]Swaine, D J. Trace Elements in Coal[M]. London: Butterworths, 1990. 278.
[27]冯新斌,倪建字,洪业汤,等.贵州省煤中挥发性和半挥发性微量元素分布规律的初步研究[J].环境化学,1998,17 (2): 148-153. FENG Xin-bin, NI Jian-yu, HONG Ye-tang, et al. A preliminary study on the distribution laws of some volatile trace elements in coal of Guizhou Provice[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 1998,17(2): 148 - 153.
[28]V Zitko. Toxicity and pollution of thallium[J]. Sci Total Em, 1975,4: 185 - 92.
[29]Staszyc J, Krolikowska-Prasal I, Matysiak W, et al. Morphological evaluation of the lungs of rats affected by soil dust[J]. Med Pr, 1986, 37: 65-72 (in Polish).
[30]McLaren JW, Beauchemin D, Bennan SS. Application of isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to the analysis of marine sediments[J]. Anal Chem, 1987, 59: 610-613.
[31]LIS. Environmental burden by thallium. Investigations in the neighbourhood of the Dyckerhoff cement plant in Lengerich and other thallium-emitting plants in the country NW[Z]. Bonn: Bonn University Press, 1980.
[32]Mathys W. Thallium in river sediments of North-West Germany: its sources of input and its relation to other heavy metals[A]. Proceedings of the international conference on heavy metals in the environment[C]. Luxembourg: Commission of the European communities WHO, 1981, 347 - 350.
[33]Bedoglio P N, Gibson M, Gorman, et al. X-ray absorption sepectroscopy investigation of surface redox transformation of thallium and chromium on colloidal mineral oxides[J]. Geochem Cosmochim Acta, 1993, 57: 2 389 - 2 394.
[34]G Schaub. Environmental Health Criteria 182: Thallium[Z]. Geneva: WHO, 1996 ,5 - 3 - 1.
[35]龙江平,张忠,张宝贵,等.中国科学院矿床地球化学开放研究实验室年报[M].北京:地震出版社,1992.116-121. LONG Jiang-ping, ZHANG Zhong, ZHANG Bao-gui, et al. Annual report for Chinese academy of sciences open laboratory of OK deposit geochemistry[M] . Beijing:Seismological Press, 1992. 116-121.
[36]张忠,龙江平.金汞砷锑矿床中的铊[J].地质找矿论丛,1994,9(2):67-74. ZHANG Z hong, LONG Jiang-ping. Thallium in gold mercury arsenic and antimony ore deposits in China [J]. Dizhizhaokuangluncong, 1994, 9( 2) : 67 - 74.
[37]T Percival, A Radtke. Tl in disseminated replacement gold deposits of the carlin-type[ A]. Neues jahrbuch fur mineralogie, thallium, proc. thallium chemistry, geochemistry, mineralogy, ores and environment[C]. Germany, Stuttgart, Schweizerbart' sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1993, 166( 1): 67 - 75.
[38]J Wilson. Gillulyite, T12( As,Sb)8S13, a new thallium arsenic sulfosalt from the mercur gold deposit, Utah[j]. Am Mineralogist, 1991, 76: 653-56.
[39]张宝贵,张忠.铊矿床--环境地球化学研究综述[J].贵州地质,1996,13(1):38-44. ZHANG Bao-gui, ZHANG Zhong. A review of environmentary geochemistry from thallium ore deposils[J]. Guizhou Geology, 1996, 13(1):38-44.
[40]张忠,张兴茂,张宝贵,等.南华砷铊矿床元素地球化学和成矿模式[J].地球化学,1998,27(4):269-275. ZHANG Zhong, ZHANG Xing-mao, Zhang Bao-gui, et al. Elemental geochemistry and mentallogenic model of Nanhua As-Tl deposit in Yunnan Province, China[J]. Geochimica, 1998,27(4):269-275.
[41]陈代演.红铊矿在我国的发现和研究[J].矿物学报,1989,9(2):141-147. CHEN Dai-yan. Lorandite's discovery and research in China[J]. Acta Mineralogica Siruca, 1989, 9(2):141 - 147.
[42]US BM. Mineral commodity summaries 1989[R]. Washington, DC, US Bureau of Mines/US Geological Survey, 1990.
[43]US BM. Mineral commodity summaries 1992[R]. Washington, DC, US Bureau of Mines/US Geological Survey, 1993.
[44]Thomas O, Llewellyn. Thallium[J] . Ceramic Bulletin, 1990, 69(5): 885-886.
[45]J O Nriagu. Thallium in the environment[M]. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998. 55-57.
[46]Ainsworth C. Spills and kills, wildlife is still feeling the deadly effects of a chemical disaster in Spain[J] . New Scientist, 2001, 26: 20.
[47]Z Zhang. Tl pollution associated with mining of Tl deposits[J]. Science in China, Series D, 1998,41 (1): 75 - 81.
[48]陈代演,任大银,王华,等.第二个滥木厂式铊矿床何在?--杨家湾铊矿点的发现及其找矿远景初析[J].贵州 工业大学学报,1998,27(5):18-22. CHEN Dai-yan, REN Da-yin, WANG Hua, et al. Where is the second thallium ore deposit of lanmuchang type?-The discovery of Yangjiawan thallium prospect and its prospecting potentiality [J]. Journal of Guizhou University of Technology, 1998, 27 (5):18-22.
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