生土坯建筑抗震加固研究综述
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摘要
土坯块是最古老、应用最为广泛的建筑材料之一,用生土坯建造的生土建筑以其独特的优势在世界上许多国家广泛使用.本文详细介绍了国外若干国家生土建筑的规范化、程序化、制度化建设的沿革,同时就国外生土建筑的抗震加固技术措施研究进行了分析和总结,并介绍了我国目前生土建筑的研究现状及水平.结合作者从事生土坯建筑研究的经验,针对新疆地区的特点,提出了新疆地区生土坯建筑的研究方向及可能存在的问题.
Adobe is one of the oldest and widely used construction materials,therefore,adobe buildings are widely constructed in many parts of the world due to its unique advantages.The paper introduced the history of standardizing,programming and institutionalizing for the adobe buildings in details.At the same time,researches on technical measures of seismic resistance and consolidation for adobe buildings in several foreign countries are analyzed and summarized,as well as the situation and level of the research presently in our country.Based on the characteristics of local communities in Xinjiang and the author's research experiences in adobe buildings,the paper put forward direction of the research and probably exsiting problems.
Adobe is one of the oldest and widely used construction materials,therefore,adobe buildings are widely constructed in many parts of the world due to its unique advantages.The paper introduced the history of standardizing,programming and institutionalizing for the adobe buildings in details.At the same time,researches on technical measures of seismic resistance and consolidation for adobe buildings in several foreign countries are analyzed and summarized,as well as the situation and level of the research presently in our country.Based on the characteristics of local communities in Xinjiang and the author's research experiences in adobe buildings,the paper put forward direction of the research and probably exsiting problems.
引文
[1]New Mexico Adobe and Rammed Earth Building-Code[S].1991.
[2]Standard for rammed earth construction,NMAC[S].1991,1-7.
[3]Van Stephan Burroughs.Quantitative eriteria for the selection and stabilisation of soils for rammed earth wall consturction[D].Building and Environment University of New South Wales,2001
[4]Thomas Kleespies.The history of rammed earth building in Switzerland[S].terra2000,137-138.
[5]NZS4297:1998.Engineering design of earth buildings,Standards New Zealand[S].1998.
[6]Maria Isabel Kanan.An analytical study of earth-based building materials in southern Brazil.material and craftsmanship[C].terra2000.
[7]Clarke,R.Release on Thermal Resistance in Rammed Earth Walls.CSIRO Built EnvironmentResearch,hermal&Fluids Engineering Department[C].West Australia2000.
[8]CSIRO.Thermal mass and R-value[J].Environment Building New.1998,7(4).
[9]TrevorJ.Holmes.Architecture in China.The work of earth and wood.material and craftsmanship[C].terra2000,132-136.
[10]PeterWalker.Characteristics of pressed earth blocks in compression[C].11th international brick/block masonry conference,Tongji University,Shanghai,China,14-16october1997(I):1-10.
[11]Peter Walker.Flexural bond strength of cement earth block masonry[C].11th international brick/block masonry conference,Tongji University,Shanghai,china,14-16.October1997,(I):11-20.
[12]Cindy Harris and Pat Borer.Structural rammed earth at the Centre for Alternative Technology.New earth building[C].terra2000,322-326.
[13]Middleton G.F.Earth-wall Construction CSIRO Australia[M].Fourth Edition1987Revised by Schneider L.M.
[14]Ngowi,A.B.Improving the traditional earth construction[J].Construction and building materials.1997,11(1):1-7.
[15]Dad Monayem MD.The use of cement stabilised soil for iow cost housing in developing countries[D].University of Newcastle Upon Tyne,1985.
[16]Jagadish K.S.and Reddy,VB.V.The Technology of Pressed Soil Blocks for Housing:Problems and Tasks.International Colloquium on Earth Construction for Developing Countries[C].Brussels,Belgium,1982.
[17]Blondet,M.,Villa Garcia.and Brzev,s.,2003.Earthquake-Resistant construction of Adobe Buildings:A Tutorial.Earthquake Engineering Research institute[C].Oakland,California,and IAEE,Tokyo,Japan.(EERI adobe tutorial)
[18]Blondet,M.,Torrelva,D.,and Villa Garcia,G.,2002.Adobe in Peru:Tradition research and future,Modern Earth Building[C].2002International Conference and Fair,Berlin.
[19]COEN,Comite de Emergencia Nacional,Government of EI Salvador[C].2001.sismica del ano2001,Ministerio de Economia,EI Salvador.
[20]Dowling.D.Adobe housing reconstruction after the2001EI S alvador earthquakes[R].Earthquakes Series,Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,Oakland,California.
[21]Dowling,D.Adobe housing in EI Salvador:Earthquake performance and seismic improvement in W.I.Rose[R].Geological Society of America,2004,281-300.
[22]Houben,H.and Guillaud,H.,1994.Earth Construction:A Comprehensive Guide[S].ITDG Puublishing,London,UK.
[23]Tolles,E.l.,Kimbro,E.E.,and Ginell,W.S.Planning and Engineering Guidelines for the Seismic Retrofitting of historic Adobe Structures[R].Getty Conservation Institute.
[24]UNDP,2001.The Report of Human Development,EI Salvador IDHES[R].2001,UNDP.
[25]DIGESTYC,Direccion General de Estadicas y Censos[S].2001.Cneso de viviendas afetadas por la actividad
[26]琳恩·伊丽莎白,卡萨得勒·亚当斯著,吴舂苑译.新乡土建筑—当代天然建造方法[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005.
[27]米千祥.生土房屋建筑设计与施工[M].福州:福建教育出版社,1988.
[28]葛学礼,王亚勇,朱立新.建筑抗震设防是减轻地震灾害的根本途径[J].工程抗震,2003(2):45-49.
[29]葛学礼,王亚勇,申世元,等.村镇建筑地震震害与抗震减灾措施,建筑抗震加固改造技术与工程实践[M],昆明:云南大学出版社,2004,11.22:80-85.
[30]吴慧娟,曲琦,葛学礼,等.地震高发地区农村抗震能力建设与震后重建[J].工程抗震与加固改造,2004,10(5):456-501.
[31]陶忠,谭冠平,曹净,等.云南农村民居土筑墙体土工试验研究[J].工程抗震与加固改造,2008,(1):90-93.
[32]黄金胜,陶忠,陆琨,等.云南农村居民生土建筑土坯砌体的力学性能试验研究[J].工程抗震与加固改造,2008,(1):94-98.
[33]陶忠,潘兴庆,潘文,等.云南农村民居土坯墙体单块土坯力学性能试验研究[J].工程抗震与加固改造,2008,(1):99-104.
[34]土坯与夯土建筑研究组.土坯与夯土建筑的研究(一)～(三)[J].西安冶金建筑学院学报,1958,46-112.
[35]荀勇.含工业废料的水泥系固化剂加固软土试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2000,210-213.
[36]南京工学院编.砖石结构[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1981.
[37]GB50003-2001,砌体结构设计规范[S].
[38]荆其敏.生土建筑[J].建筑学报,1994,43-47.
[39]王军.走向生土建筑的未来[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,2001,33(2):147-149.
[40]周伟.建筑空间解析及传统民居的再生研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学2004.
[41]尚建丽.传统夯土民居生态建筑材料体系的优化研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2005.
[42]高翔.新疆生土建筑体系街区保护和改造探索—以喀什为例[D].重庆:重庆大学,2002.
[43]GB50011-2001,建筑抗震设计规范[S].
[44]施楚贤.砌体结构理论与设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[45]施维林.传统民居与未来居住建筑取向[J].新建筑,2002(2):5-6.
[46]顾祥林,高连玉主编.砌体结构与墙体材料-基本理论和工程应用[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2005,33-37.
[47]刘挺.生土结构房屋的墙体受力性能试验研究[D].西安:长安大学,2005.
[48]丁世文,陈惠民.易倒塌房屋简易抗倒塌措施研究[J].世界地震工程,2000,16(3):77-83.
[49]王毅红,王春英.生土结构的土料受压及受剪性能试验研究[J].西安科技大学学报,2006,26(4):470-484.
[50]XJJ04-2004,新疆民居抗震鉴定实施细则[S].新疆维吾尔自治区建设厅发布.
[51]亓国庆.木柱、梁—土坯组合墙体有线元数值分析[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2007.
[52]阿肯江·托呼提,亓国庆,陈汉清.新疆南疆地区传统土坯房屋震害及抗震技术措施[J].工程抗震与加固改造,2008(1):82-86.
[2]Standard for rammed earth construction,NMAC[S].1991,1-7.
[3]Van Stephan Burroughs.Quantitative eriteria for the selection and stabilisation of soils for rammed earth wall consturction[D].Building and Environment University of New South Wales,2001
[4]Thomas Kleespies.The history of rammed earth building in Switzerland[S].terra2000,137-138.
[5]NZS4297:1998.Engineering design of earth buildings,Standards New Zealand[S].1998.
[6]Maria Isabel Kanan.An analytical study of earth-based building materials in southern Brazil.material and craftsmanship[C].terra2000.
[7]Clarke,R.Release on Thermal Resistance in Rammed Earth Walls.CSIRO Built EnvironmentResearch,hermal&Fluids Engineering Department[C].West Australia2000.
[8]CSIRO.Thermal mass and R-value[J].Environment Building New.1998,7(4).
[9]TrevorJ.Holmes.Architecture in China.The work of earth and wood.material and craftsmanship[C].terra2000,132-136.
[10]PeterWalker.Characteristics of pressed earth blocks in compression[C].11th international brick/block masonry conference,Tongji University,Shanghai,China,14-16october1997(I):1-10.
[11]Peter Walker.Flexural bond strength of cement earth block masonry[C].11th international brick/block masonry conference,Tongji University,Shanghai,china,14-16.October1997,(I):11-20.
[12]Cindy Harris and Pat Borer.Structural rammed earth at the Centre for Alternative Technology.New earth building[C].terra2000,322-326.
[13]Middleton G.F.Earth-wall Construction CSIRO Australia[M].Fourth Edition1987Revised by Schneider L.M.
[14]Ngowi,A.B.Improving the traditional earth construction[J].Construction and building materials.1997,11(1):1-7.
[15]Dad Monayem MD.The use of cement stabilised soil for iow cost housing in developing countries[D].University of Newcastle Upon Tyne,1985.
[16]Jagadish K.S.and Reddy,VB.V.The Technology of Pressed Soil Blocks for Housing:Problems and Tasks.International Colloquium on Earth Construction for Developing Countries[C].Brussels,Belgium,1982.
[17]Blondet,M.,Villa Garcia.and Brzev,s.,2003.Earthquake-Resistant construction of Adobe Buildings:A Tutorial.Earthquake Engineering Research institute[C].Oakland,California,and IAEE,Tokyo,Japan.(EERI adobe tutorial)
[18]Blondet,M.,Torrelva,D.,and Villa Garcia,G.,2002.Adobe in Peru:Tradition research and future,Modern Earth Building[C].2002International Conference and Fair,Berlin.
[19]COEN,Comite de Emergencia Nacional,Government of EI Salvador[C].2001.sismica del ano2001,Ministerio de Economia,EI Salvador.
[20]Dowling.D.Adobe housing reconstruction after the2001EI S alvador earthquakes[R].Earthquakes Series,Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,Oakland,California.
[21]Dowling,D.Adobe housing in EI Salvador:Earthquake performance and seismic improvement in W.I.Rose[R].Geological Society of America,2004,281-300.
[22]Houben,H.and Guillaud,H.,1994.Earth Construction:A Comprehensive Guide[S].ITDG Puublishing,London,UK.
[23]Tolles,E.l.,Kimbro,E.E.,and Ginell,W.S.Planning and Engineering Guidelines for the Seismic Retrofitting of historic Adobe Structures[R].Getty Conservation Institute.
[24]UNDP,2001.The Report of Human Development,EI Salvador IDHES[R].2001,UNDP.
[25]DIGESTYC,Direccion General de Estadicas y Censos[S].2001.Cneso de viviendas afetadas por la actividad
[26]琳恩·伊丽莎白,卡萨得勒·亚当斯著,吴舂苑译.新乡土建筑—当代天然建造方法[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005.
[27]米千祥.生土房屋建筑设计与施工[M].福州:福建教育出版社,1988.
[28]葛学礼,王亚勇,朱立新.建筑抗震设防是减轻地震灾害的根本途径[J].工程抗震,2003(2):45-49.
[29]葛学礼,王亚勇,申世元,等.村镇建筑地震震害与抗震减灾措施,建筑抗震加固改造技术与工程实践[M],昆明:云南大学出版社,2004,11.22:80-85.
[30]吴慧娟,曲琦,葛学礼,等.地震高发地区农村抗震能力建设与震后重建[J].工程抗震与加固改造,2004,10(5):456-501.
[31]陶忠,谭冠平,曹净,等.云南农村民居土筑墙体土工试验研究[J].工程抗震与加固改造,2008,(1):90-93.
[32]黄金胜,陶忠,陆琨,等.云南农村居民生土建筑土坯砌体的力学性能试验研究[J].工程抗震与加固改造,2008,(1):94-98.
[33]陶忠,潘兴庆,潘文,等.云南农村民居土坯墙体单块土坯力学性能试验研究[J].工程抗震与加固改造,2008,(1):99-104.
[34]土坯与夯土建筑研究组.土坯与夯土建筑的研究(一)～(三)[J].西安冶金建筑学院学报,1958,46-112.
[35]荀勇.含工业废料的水泥系固化剂加固软土试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2000,210-213.
[36]南京工学院编.砖石结构[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1981.
[37]GB50003-2001,砌体结构设计规范[S].
[38]荆其敏.生土建筑[J].建筑学报,1994,43-47.
[39]王军.走向生土建筑的未来[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,2001,33(2):147-149.
[40]周伟.建筑空间解析及传统民居的再生研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学2004.
[41]尚建丽.传统夯土民居生态建筑材料体系的优化研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2005.
[42]高翔.新疆生土建筑体系街区保护和改造探索—以喀什为例[D].重庆:重庆大学,2002.
[43]GB50011-2001,建筑抗震设计规范[S].
[44]施楚贤.砌体结构理论与设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[45]施维林.传统民居与未来居住建筑取向[J].新建筑,2002(2):5-6.
[46]顾祥林,高连玉主编.砌体结构与墙体材料-基本理论和工程应用[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2005,33-37.
[47]刘挺.生土结构房屋的墙体受力性能试验研究[D].西安:长安大学,2005.
[48]丁世文,陈惠民.易倒塌房屋简易抗倒塌措施研究[J].世界地震工程,2000,16(3):77-83.
[49]王毅红,王春英.生土结构的土料受压及受剪性能试验研究[J].西安科技大学学报,2006,26(4):470-484.
[50]XJJ04-2004,新疆民居抗震鉴定实施细则[S].新疆维吾尔自治区建设厅发布.
[51]亓国庆.木柱、梁—土坯组合墙体有线元数值分析[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2007.
[52]阿肯江·托呼提,亓国庆,陈汉清.新疆南疆地区传统土坯房屋震害及抗震技术措施[J].工程抗震与加固改造,2008(1):82-86.
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