重复地震及其在人工探测中的潜在应用
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摘要
本文研究了地球物理学家在重复地震(Doublet)研究方面取得的主要进展。针对天然重复地震数量少,区域分布有限,观测被动等问题,本文通过野外实验研究了人工震源信号的可重复性。由于人工震源位置已知,可随时主动激发,提出以此构建精确的人工重复地震,对于提高重复地震方法的可靠性与可行性具有重要意义,为进一步利用人工重复地震进行大尺度的地震探测奠定了基础。
The development of doublet study is obtained. Doublets arise when two events display nearly identical seismograms at a common station,implying that events have similar focal mechanism and locations. Previous authors have identified and studied the signals from natural earthquake doublets. In allusion to the drawbacks of the low incidence rate and regional distribution of natural doublets and passive observation etc.,the repeatability of artificial source is studied through field experiment. Further more, based on the known location and free excitation of the artificial source, accurate active doublet is put forward to construct. Its possible potential applications are also discussed. It makes great sense to improving the reliability and feasibility of doublet method and also lays a foundation for further large scale seismic exploration through active doublet method.
The development of doublet study is obtained. Doublets arise when two events display nearly identical seismograms at a common station,implying that events have similar focal mechanism and locations. Previous authors have identified and studied the signals from natural earthquake doublets. In allusion to the drawbacks of the low incidence rate and regional distribution of natural doublets and passive observation etc.,the repeatability of artificial source is studied through field experiment. Further more, based on the known location and free excitation of the artificial source, accurate active doublet is put forward to construct. Its possible potential applications are also discussed. It makes great sense to improving the reliability and feasibility of doublet method and also lays a foundation for further large scale seismic exploration through active doublet method.
引文
白超英、秦保燕,1990,深部剪切形变对浅源地震的控制—立交模式有限元的模拟计算,西北地震学报,12(1),1～11。
陈、朱日祥,2005,设立“地下明灯研究计划”的建议,地球科学进展,20(5),485～489。
郝春月、郑重、周公威,2003,兰州台阵勘址测点相关值曲线的计算分析与初选台阵评估,地震学报,25(6),608～614。
蒋长胜、吴忠良,2005,由“重复地震”给出的中国地震台网的定位精度估计,中国地震,21(2),147～154。
李丽、彭文涛、李纲等,2004,可作为新震源的列车振动及实验研究,地球物理学报,47(4),118～122。
丘学林、赵明辉、叶春明等,2003,南海东北部海陆联测与海底地震仪探测,大地构造与成矿学,11,295～300。
赵明辉、丘学林、夏戡原等,2004,南海东北部海陆联测地震数据处理及初步结果,热带海洋学报,23(1),58～63。
Adams,R.D.,1963,SourcecharacteristicsofsomedeepNewZealandearthquakes,NewZealandJournalofGeologyandGeophysics,6(2),209～220.
Aki,K.,1979,Charaterizationofbarriersonanearthquakefault,J.Geophys.Res.,84,6140～6148.
Aki,K.,1984,Asperities,barriers,characteristicearthquake,andstrongmotionprediction.J.Geophys.Res.,89(B7),5867～5872.
Bormann,P.,2002,IASPEInewManualofSeismologicalObservatoryPractice,Potsdam,GeoForschungsZentrumPotsdam.
Davis,P.M.,Jackson,D.andKagan,Y.,1989,Thelongerithasbeensincetheearthquake,thelongertheexpectedtimetillthenext?Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,79(5),1439～1456.
Ellsworth,W.L.,1975,BearValley,California,earthquakefaultsequenceofFebruaryMarch1972,Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,65,483～506.
Fuis,G.S.,Clayton,R.W.,Davis,P.M.,etal.,2003,Faultsystemsofthe1971SanFernandoand1994Northridgeearthquakes,southernCalifornia:RelocatedaftershocksandseismicimagesfromLARSEII,Geology,31,171～174.
Gutenberg,B.andRichter,C.F.,1954,Seismicityoftheearthandassociatedphenomena,PrincetonN.J.,PrincetonUniversityPress.
Geller,R.J.andMueller,C.S.,1980.FourSimilarEarthquakesinCentralCalifornia,Geophys.Res.Lett.,7,821～824.
Igarashi,T.,Matsuzawa,T.andHasegawa,A.,2003,RepeatingearthquakesandinterpolateaseismicslipinthenortheasternJapansubductionzone,J.Geophys.Res.,108(B5),2249,doi:10.10292002JB001920.
Isacks,B.L.,Sykes,L.R.andOliver,J.,1967,SpatialandtemporalclusteringofdeepandshallowearthquakesintheFijiTongaKermadecregion,Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,57,935～958.
Israel,M.andNur,A.M.,1979,Acompletesolutionofaonedimensionalpropagationfaultwithnonuniformstressandstrength,J.Geophys.Res.,84,2223～2234.
Lin,C.H.,2004,RepeatedforeshocksequencesinthethrustfaultingenvironmentofeasternTaiwan,Geophys.Res.Lett.,31,L13601,doi:10.10292004GL019833.
Nadeau,R.M.andJohnson,L.R.,1998,SeismologicalstudiesatParkfieldVI:Momentreleaseratesandestimatesofsourceparametersforsmallrepeatingearthquakes,Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,88,790～814.
Nadeau,R.M.andMcEvilly,T.V.,1997,SeismologicalstudiesatParkfieldV:Characteristicmicroearthquakesequencesasfaultzonedrillingtargets,Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,87,1463～1472.
Nadeau,R.M.,Foxall,W.andMcEvilly,T.V.,1995,ClusteringandperiodicrecurrenceofmicroearthquakesontheSanAndreasfaultatParkfield,California,Science,267,503～507.
Nishenko,S.P.andBuland,R.,1987,Agenericrecurrenceintervaldistributionforearthquakeforecasting,Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,77(4),1382～1399.
Okaya,D.,Henrys,S.andStern,T.,2002,Doublesidedonshoreoffshoreseismicimagingofaplateboundary:“supergathers”acrossSouthIsland,NewZealand,Tectonophysics,255,247～263.
Poupinet,G.,Ellsworth,W.L.andFrechet,J.,1984,Monitoringvelocityvariationsinthecrustusingearthquakedoublets:anapplicationtotheCalaverasFault,California,J.Geophys.Res.,89(B7),5719～5731.
Roberts,P.M.,1991,Developmentoftheactivedoubletmethodformonitoringsmallchangesincrustalproperties,Seismol.Res.Lett.,62(1),36～37.
Roberts,P.M.,Phillips,W.S.andFehler,M.C.,1992,Developmentoftheactivedoubletmethodformeasuringsmallvelocityandattenuationchangesinsolids.J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,91(6),3291～3302.
Rubin,A.M.,2002,Usingrepeatingearthquakestocorrecthighprecisionearthquakecatalogsfortimedependentstationdelays.Bull.Seis.Soc.Amer.,92,1647～1659.
Schaff,D.P.,Beroza,G.C.andShaw,B.E.,1998,Postseismicresponseofrepeatingaftershocks,Geophys.Res.Lett.,25,4549～4552.
Schaff,D.P.andRichards,P.G.,2004,RepeatingseismiceventsinChina,Science,303,1176～1178.
Thatcher,W.,1984,Theearthquakedeformationcycle,recurrenceandthetimepredictablemodel,J.Geophys.Res,89(B7),5674～5680.
Vidale,J.E.,Ellsworth,W.L.,Cole,A.andMarone,C.,1994,Variationsinruptureprocesswithrecurrenceintervalinarepeatedsmallearthquake.Nature,368,624～626.
Waldhauser,F.andEllsworth,W.L.,2000,Adoubledifferenceearthquakelocationalgorithm:MethodandapplicationtothenorthernHaywardfault,California,Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,90(6),1353～1368.
Wiens,D.A.andSnider,N.O.,2001,Repeatingdeepearthquakes:Evidenceforfaultreactivationatgreatdepth,Science,293,1463～1466.
Zhang,J.,S,X.D.,Li,Y.C.,etal.,2005,Innercoredifferentialmotionconfirmedbyearthquakewaveformdoublets,Science,309,1357～1360.
陈、朱日祥,2005,设立“地下明灯研究计划”的建议,地球科学进展,20(5),485～489。
郝春月、郑重、周公威,2003,兰州台阵勘址测点相关值曲线的计算分析与初选台阵评估,地震学报,25(6),608～614。
蒋长胜、吴忠良,2005,由“重复地震”给出的中国地震台网的定位精度估计,中国地震,21(2),147～154。
李丽、彭文涛、李纲等,2004,可作为新震源的列车振动及实验研究,地球物理学报,47(4),118～122。
丘学林、赵明辉、叶春明等,2003,南海东北部海陆联测与海底地震仪探测,大地构造与成矿学,11,295～300。
赵明辉、丘学林、夏戡原等,2004,南海东北部海陆联测地震数据处理及初步结果,热带海洋学报,23(1),58～63。
Adams,R.D.,1963,SourcecharacteristicsofsomedeepNewZealandearthquakes,NewZealandJournalofGeologyandGeophysics,6(2),209～220.
Aki,K.,1979,Charaterizationofbarriersonanearthquakefault,J.Geophys.Res.,84,6140～6148.
Aki,K.,1984,Asperities,barriers,characteristicearthquake,andstrongmotionprediction.J.Geophys.Res.,89(B7),5867～5872.
Bormann,P.,2002,IASPEInewManualofSeismologicalObservatoryPractice,Potsdam,GeoForschungsZentrumPotsdam.
Davis,P.M.,Jackson,D.andKagan,Y.,1989,Thelongerithasbeensincetheearthquake,thelongertheexpectedtimetillthenext?Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,79(5),1439～1456.
Ellsworth,W.L.,1975,BearValley,California,earthquakefaultsequenceofFebruaryMarch1972,Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,65,483～506.
Fuis,G.S.,Clayton,R.W.,Davis,P.M.,etal.,2003,Faultsystemsofthe1971SanFernandoand1994Northridgeearthquakes,southernCalifornia:RelocatedaftershocksandseismicimagesfromLARSEII,Geology,31,171～174.
Gutenberg,B.andRichter,C.F.,1954,Seismicityoftheearthandassociatedphenomena,PrincetonN.J.,PrincetonUniversityPress.
Geller,R.J.andMueller,C.S.,1980.FourSimilarEarthquakesinCentralCalifornia,Geophys.Res.Lett.,7,821～824.
Igarashi,T.,Matsuzawa,T.andHasegawa,A.,2003,RepeatingearthquakesandinterpolateaseismicslipinthenortheasternJapansubductionzone,J.Geophys.Res.,108(B5),2249,doi:10.10292002JB001920.
Isacks,B.L.,Sykes,L.R.andOliver,J.,1967,SpatialandtemporalclusteringofdeepandshallowearthquakesintheFijiTongaKermadecregion,Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,57,935～958.
Israel,M.andNur,A.M.,1979,Acompletesolutionofaonedimensionalpropagationfaultwithnonuniformstressandstrength,J.Geophys.Res.,84,2223～2234.
Lin,C.H.,2004,RepeatedforeshocksequencesinthethrustfaultingenvironmentofeasternTaiwan,Geophys.Res.Lett.,31,L13601,doi:10.10292004GL019833.
Nadeau,R.M.andJohnson,L.R.,1998,SeismologicalstudiesatParkfieldVI:Momentreleaseratesandestimatesofsourceparametersforsmallrepeatingearthquakes,Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,88,790～814.
Nadeau,R.M.andMcEvilly,T.V.,1997,SeismologicalstudiesatParkfieldV:Characteristicmicroearthquakesequencesasfaultzonedrillingtargets,Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,87,1463～1472.
Nadeau,R.M.,Foxall,W.andMcEvilly,T.V.,1995,ClusteringandperiodicrecurrenceofmicroearthquakesontheSanAndreasfaultatParkfield,California,Science,267,503～507.
Nishenko,S.P.andBuland,R.,1987,Agenericrecurrenceintervaldistributionforearthquakeforecasting,Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,77(4),1382～1399.
Okaya,D.,Henrys,S.andStern,T.,2002,Doublesidedonshoreoffshoreseismicimagingofaplateboundary:“supergathers”acrossSouthIsland,NewZealand,Tectonophysics,255,247～263.
Poupinet,G.,Ellsworth,W.L.andFrechet,J.,1984,Monitoringvelocityvariationsinthecrustusingearthquakedoublets:anapplicationtotheCalaverasFault,California,J.Geophys.Res.,89(B7),5719～5731.
Roberts,P.M.,1991,Developmentoftheactivedoubletmethodformonitoringsmallchangesincrustalproperties,Seismol.Res.Lett.,62(1),36～37.
Roberts,P.M.,Phillips,W.S.andFehler,M.C.,1992,Developmentoftheactivedoubletmethodformeasuringsmallvelocityandattenuationchangesinsolids.J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,91(6),3291～3302.
Rubin,A.M.,2002,Usingrepeatingearthquakestocorrecthighprecisionearthquakecatalogsfortimedependentstationdelays.Bull.Seis.Soc.Amer.,92,1647～1659.
Schaff,D.P.,Beroza,G.C.andShaw,B.E.,1998,Postseismicresponseofrepeatingaftershocks,Geophys.Res.Lett.,25,4549～4552.
Schaff,D.P.andRichards,P.G.,2004,RepeatingseismiceventsinChina,Science,303,1176～1178.
Thatcher,W.,1984,Theearthquakedeformationcycle,recurrenceandthetimepredictablemodel,J.Geophys.Res,89(B7),5674～5680.
Vidale,J.E.,Ellsworth,W.L.,Cole,A.andMarone,C.,1994,Variationsinruptureprocesswithrecurrenceintervalinarepeatedsmallearthquake.Nature,368,624～626.
Waldhauser,F.andEllsworth,W.L.,2000,Adoubledifferenceearthquakelocationalgorithm:MethodandapplicationtothenorthernHaywardfault,California,Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,90(6),1353～1368.
Wiens,D.A.andSnider,N.O.,2001,Repeatingdeepearthquakes:Evidenceforfaultreactivationatgreatdepth,Science,293,1463～1466.
Zhang,J.,S,X.D.,Li,Y.C.,etal.,2005,Innercoredifferentialmotionconfirmedbyearthquakewaveformdoublets,Science,309,1357～1360.
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