青藏高原隆升的地质灾害效应
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摘要
根据青藏高原隆升具有持续性和阶段性加速的特征 ,将其整个隆升过程分为 4个隆升阶段15个隆升幕 ,即喜马拉雅运动 (6个加速隆升幕 )———递进式压缩隆升阶段 ;青藏运动 (3个加速隆升幕 )———构造变形、断裂运动性质调整阶段 ;昆黄运动 (3个加速隆升幕 )———高原造貌主阶段 ;共和运动阶段 (3个加速隆升幕 )———地质灾害高发期。由于青藏高原的强烈隆升 ,最终使其成为我国地质灾害最为严重的地区之一。尤其是青藏高原周缘西北部的黄河上游流域、东南部的长江上游流域、西藏南部的雅鲁藏布江下游区及其东南部的“三江地区” ,成为地质灾害事件集中发生的区域 ,其中的地震、崩滑流、断裂活动等地质灾害效应最为强烈 ,成为影响现代人类工程活动和生存环境的主要灾害。
Based onthe feature of continuity and stage accelerationof Qinghai-Tibet Plateau uplift, overall uplift process is divided into four stagesand fifteenuplift-episodes, namely Himalayan tectonic movement(six accelerate-uplift episodes)-progressive compressing-uplifting stage, “Qinghai-Tibet” tectonic movement(three accelerate-uplift episodes)-the adjustment on tectonic deformation and fault-kinematics, “Kunlun-Yellow river” tectonic movement(three accelerate-uplift episodes)-the geomorphologic-shaping period, “Gonghe” tectonic movement(three accelerate-uplift episodes) -high development period of geological hazards. Owing to the strong uplift of Qinghai-Tibet plateau, the plateau eventually turn into one of region that the geological hazards are most severe in China. Especially the drainage area of upper reaches of Yellow River in northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau , the drainage area of upper reaches of Yangtse river, lower reaches of Brahmaputra in southern Tibet and the upper reaches of Nujiang river, Lancangjiang river and Jinshajiang river in southeastern Tibet, are centralized areas that geological hazards occur, in which the earthquakes, rockfalls, landslides and mudflows are most typical, severe, and mostly hazards in human modern engineering activity and living environment.
Based onthe feature of continuity and stage accelerationof Qinghai-Tibet Plateau uplift, overall uplift process is divided into four stagesand fifteenuplift-episodes, namely Himalayan tectonic movement(six accelerate-uplift episodes)-progressive compressing-uplifting stage, “Qinghai-Tibet” tectonic movement(three accelerate-uplift episodes)-the adjustment on tectonic deformation and fault-kinematics, “Kunlun-Yellow river” tectonic movement(three accelerate-uplift episodes)-the geomorphologic-shaping period, “Gonghe” tectonic movement(three accelerate-uplift episodes) -high development period of geological hazards. Owing to the strong uplift of Qinghai-Tibet plateau, the plateau eventually turn into one of region that the geological hazards are most severe in China. Especially the drainage area of upper reaches of Yellow River in northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau , the drainage area of upper reaches of Yangtse river, lower reaches of Brahmaputra in southern Tibet and the upper reaches of Nujiang river, Lancangjiang river and Jinshajiang river in southeastern Tibet, are centralized areas that geological hazards occur, in which the earthquakes, rockfalls, landslides and mudflows are most typical, severe, and mostly hazards in human modern engineering activity and living environment.
引文
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[3] ShiYafeng(施雅风),LiJijun(李吉均),LiBingyuan(李炳元),etal.UpliftoftheQinghaiXizang(Tibetan)PlateauandeastAsiaenvi ronmentalchangeduringLateCenozoic[J].ActaGeographicaSinica(地理学报),1999,54(1):1020(inChinese).
[4] MaZongjin(马宗晋),ZhangJiasheng(张家声),WangYipeng(汪一鹏).The3 dDeformationalMovementEpisodesandNeotectonicDo mainsintheQinghaiTibetPlateau[J].ActaGeologicaSinica(地质学报),1998,72(3):211227(inChinese).
[5] PanYusheng(潘裕生),KongXiangru(孔祥儒).LithosphericStruc ture,EvolutionandDynamicsofQinghaiXizang(Tibetan)Plateau[M].Guangzhou:GuangdongScience&TechnologyPress,1998(inChinese).
[6] ZhongDalai,DingLin.RisingprocessoftheQinghaiXizang(Tibet)Plateauanditsmechanism[J].ScienceinChina(D),1996,39(4):369379.
[7] DeweyJ,ShackletonRM ,ChangC ,etal.TectonicevolutionoftheTibetanP1ateau[J].PhilosophicalTransactionsofRoyalSocietyofLondon,1988,A327:379413.
[8] LiuJiaqi(刘嘉麒).Tectogenesisandthehistoricaldevelopmentofenvironment[A].In:LuYanchou(卢演俦)etal,eds.Neo tecton icsandEnvironment[C].Beijing:SeismologicalPress2001.1113(inChinese).
[9] HarrisonTM ,CopelandP ,KiddWSF ,etal.RaisingTibet[J].Science,1992,255:16631670.
[10] DengWanming(邓万明).CenozoicmagneticactivesandlithosphereevolutionoftheQinghaiXizang[A].In:InformationandEvolutionoftheTibetanPlateau,EnvironmentalChangesandEcologicalSystem(1994)[C].Beijing:SciencePress,1995.288296(inChinese).
[11] WuZhenhan(吴珍汉),YePeisheng(叶培盛),HuDaogong(胡道功),etal.CrustDeformationandTectonicGeomorphicEvolutionoftheCentralTibetanPlateau[M].Beijing:GeologicalPress,2003.120182(inChinese).
[12] LiJijun,etal.UpliftofQinghaiXizang(Tibet)Plateauandglobalchange[M].Lanzhou:LanzhouUniversityPress,1995.
[13] LiBinyuan(李炳元),WangFubao(王富葆),ZhangQingsong(张青松),etal.QuaternaryGeologyinXizang[M ].Beijing:SciencePress,1983.110129(inChinese).
[14] LeloupPH ,HarrisonTM ,RyersonF ,etal.Structural,PetrologicalandthermalevolutionofaTeniaryductilestrike slipshearzone,Dian cangShan,Yunnan[J].JournalofGeophysicalResearch,1993,98(B5):67156743.
[15] LeloupPH ,LacassinR ,TapponnierP ,etal.TheAilaoShanRedRivershearzone(Yunnan,China),TertiarytransformboundaryofIn do china[J].Tectonophysics,1995,251:384.
[16] CuiZhijiu,GaoQuanzhou,LiuGengnian,etal.Planationsurfaces,PaleokarstandupliftofQinghaiTibetplateau[J].ScienceinChina(D),1996,39(4):391400.
[17] PanGuitang(潘桂棠),WangPeisheng(王培生),XuYaorong(徐耀荣),etal.CenozoicTectonicEvolutionofQinghaiXizangPlateau[M ].Beijing:GeologicalPublishingHouse,1990.3270(inChinese).
[18] TangMaocang(汤懋苍),DongWenjie(董文杰).Influencesofsev enTibetanplateauraisingprocessesonclimateandenvironment[J].PlateauMeteorology(高原气象),1997,16(1):2329(inChi nese).
[19] BurbankDW ,etal.ReducedHimalayansedimentproduction8Myragodespiteanintensifiedmonsoon[J].Nature,1993,364:4850.
[20] ChenZhengle(陈正乐),WanJinglin(万景林),WangXiaofeng(王小凤),etal.RapidStrike slipofthealtynTaghfaultat8Maanditsgeologicalimplications[J].ActaGeoscienceSinica(地球学报),2002,23(4):295300(inChinese).
[21] ShenXuhui(申旭辉),TianQinjian(田勤俭),DingGuoyu(丁国瑜),etal.TheLateCenozoicStratigraphicSequenceandItsImplica tiontoTectonicEvolution,HejiakouziArea,NingxiaHuiAutonomousRegion[J].EarthquakeResearchinChina(中国地震),2001,17(2):156166(inChinese).
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[23] PanBaotian(潘保田),LiJijun(李吉均),ZhuJunjie(朱俊杰).QinghaiTibetanPlateau:ADriverandAmplifieroftheGlobalCli maicChange—Ⅱ:UpliftprocessesoftheQinghaiXizang(Tibetan)Plateau[J].JournalofLanzhouUniversity(NaturalSciences)(兰州大学学报,自然科学版),1995,31(4):160167(inChinese
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