基于有限单元法的岩土边坡动力稳定分析及评价方法研究进展
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摘要
该文给出了基于有限元法的岩土边坡动力稳定分析的主要方法,对这些分析方法进行了较为详细的表述和分析,在此基础上提出了平均地震系数计算的新方法,即对潜在滑动区域分块按有限元法计算地震系数,进而再按拟静力法计算安全系数。为了考虑滑动体变形对地震稳定系数和永久变形的影响,应建立地震响应与地震永久变形相耦合的计算方法。指出边坡在地震荷载作用下产生的永久位移或累积变形作为边坡稳定性评价指标是科学合理的。最后提出了基于性态的边坡抗震设计方法,包括边坡抗震性态水准的划分、性能指标的建立和抗震设计方法。
The seismic stability analysis of rock-soil slopes based on finite element method (FEM) are given in this paper. A new average seismic coefficient method is proposed, where the seismic coefficient of the potential sliding block is determined using the FEM, and then the safety factor is calculated according to the pseudo-static method. In order to consider the influence of slip deformation on seismic stability and permanent deformation, the coupled computational method of seismic response and permanent deformation should be established. It is a scientific and rational method where permanent displacement or accumulated deformation is used as slope stability evaluation index. Finally, the performance-based seismic design method is proposed, including the classification of performance level of slopes, the definition of performance index and the seismic design method.
The seismic stability analysis of rock-soil slopes based on finite element method (FEM) are given in this paper. A new average seismic coefficient method is proposed, where the seismic coefficient of the potential sliding block is determined using the FEM, and then the safety factor is calculated according to the pseudo-static method. In order to consider the influence of slip deformation on seismic stability and permanent deformation, the coupled computational method of seismic response and permanent deformation should be established. It is a scientific and rational method where permanent displacement or accumulated deformation is used as slope stability evaluation index. Finally, the performance-based seismic design method is proposed, including the classification of performance level of slopes, the definition of performance index and the seismic design method.
引文
[1]罗红明,唐辉明.考虑地震力的刚体极限平衡法及其工程应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(S1):3590―3595.Luo Hongming,Tang Huiming.Rigid limit equilibrium method considering seismic for CE and its application[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(S1):3590―3595.(in Chinese)
[2]崔京浩.简明土木工程系列专辑-伟大的土木工程[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006.Cui Jinghao.Simplified series of civil engineering[M].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2006.(in Chinese)
[3]杨全忠.西藏滑坡地质灾害及防治对策[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2002,13(1):94―97.Yang Quanzhong.Landslide and its prevention and control in Tibet[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2002,13(1):94―97.(in Chinese)
[4]赵剑明,汪闻韶.关于水利工程震害及抗震研究的几点思考[J].清华大学学报,2000,40(S1):91―95.Zhao Jianming,Wang Wenshao.Some reflections on earthquake disaster and earthquake resistance study of hydraulic projects[J].Journal of Tsinghua University of Technology,2000,40(S1):91―95.(in Chinese)
[5]黄建梁,王威中,薛宏交.坡体地震稳定性的动态分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,1997,17(4):114―121.Huang Jianliang,Wang Weizhong,Xue Hongjiao.Dynamic analysis of seismic stability of slopes[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,1997,17(4):114―121.(in Chinese)
[6]DL5073-2000,水工建筑物抗震设计规范[S].北京:中国电力出版社,2000.DL5073-2000,Specifications for seismic design of hydraulic structures[S].Beijing:China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,2000.(in Chinese)
[7]GB50330-2002,建筑边坡工程技术规范[S].重庆:重庆市建设委员会,2002.GB50330-2002,Technical code for building slope engineering[S].Chongqing:Chongqing Municipal Construction Commission,2002.(in Chinese)
[8]刘红帅,薄景山,刘德东.岩土边坡地震稳定性评价方法研究进展[J].防灾科技学院学报,2007,9(3):20―27.Liu Hongshuai,Bo Jingshan,Liu Dedong.Development on study of seismic stability evaluation methods of rock-soil slopes[J].Journal of Institute of Disaster-Prevention Science and Technology,2007,9(3):20―27.(in Chinese)
[9]沈珠江,陆培炎.评当前岩土工程实践中的保守倾向[J].岩土工程学报,1997,19(4):115―118.Shen Zhujiang,Lu Peiyan.Comments on the conservative tendency of rock and soil engineering practice in the current[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1997,19(4):115―118.(in Chinese)
[10]栾茂田,李湛,范庆林.土石坝拟静力稳定性分析与坝坡地震滑移量估算[J].岩土力学,2007,28(2):224―230.Luan Maotian,Li Zhan,Fan Qinglin.Analysis and evaluation of pseudo-static seismic stability and seism-induced sliding movement of earth-rock dams[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2007,28(2):224―230.(in Chinese)
[11]薄景山,徐国栋,景立平.土边坡地震反应及其动力稳定性分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2001,21(2):116―120.Bo Jingshan,Xu Guodong,Jing Liping.Seismic response and dynamic stability analysis of soil slopes[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2001,21(2):116―120.(in Chinese)
[12]张克绪,谢君斐.土动力学[M].北京:地震出版社,1989.Zhang Kexu,Xie Junfei.Soil dynamic[M].Beijing:China Seismic Press,1989.(in Chinese)
[13]Seed H B,Martin G R.The seismic coefficient in earth dam design[J].Journal of Soil Mechanics and Found,Division,ASCE,1966,92(3):25―58.
[14]Newmark N M.Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments[J].Geotechnique,1965,15(2):139―160.
[15]李湛,栾茂田.土工建筑物地震永久滑移变形计算方法研究进展评述[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2005,25(2):227―233.Li Zhan,Luan Maotian.State of the art review on simplified procedures for evaluation of seismically-induced sliding deformation of earth structures[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2005,25(2):227―233.(in Chinese)
[16]Seed H K.Consideration in the earthquake resistant design of earth dam and rock filldams[J].Geotechnique,1979,29(3):215―263.
[17]Lin J S,Whiteman R V.Decoupling approximation to the evaluation of earthquake-induced plastic slip in earth dams[J].Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,1983,11(5):667―678.
[18]Gazetas G,Uddin N.Permanent deformation on preexisting sliding surfaces in dams[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,ASCE,1994,120(11):2041―2061.
[19]Wartman J,Bray J D,Seed R B.Shaking table experimental of a model slope subjected to a pair of repeated ground motions[C].Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Recent Advance in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics,California:San Diego,2001:5―14.
[20]李红军,迟世春,钟红,林皋.考虑时程竖向加速度的Newmark滑块位移法[J].岩土力学,2007,28(11):2386―2390.Li Hongjun,Chi Shichun,Zhong Hong,Lin Gao.Effects of vertical acceleration time-histories on Newmark sliding block analyses[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2007,28(11):2386―2390.(in Chinese)
[21]李红军,迟世春,林皋.基于黏着滑动耦合动力分析的Newmark滑块位移法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(9):1787―1793.Li Hongjun,Chi Shichun,Lin Gao.An improved Newmark sliding block method based on stick-slip coupled dynamic response[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(9):1787―1793.(in Chinese)
[22]Gazetas G,Uddin N.Permanent deformation on preex-isting sliding surfaces in dams[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,ASCE,1994,120(11):2041―2061.
[23]李俊杰,邵龙潭,邵宇.面板堆石坝地震永久变形计算方法研究[J].大连理工大学学报,1998,38(5):580―585.Li Junjie,Shao Longtan,Shao Yu.Study of calculation method of permanent deformation due to earthquake of concrete faced rock fill dam[J].Journal of Dalian University of Technology,1998,38(5):580―585.(in Chinese)
[24]Kramer S L,Smith M W.Modified newmark modelfor seismic displacements of compliant slopes[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE,1997,123(7):635―644.
[25]Rathje E M,Bray J D.Nonlinear coupled seismic analysis of earth structures[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE,2000,126(11):1002―1015.
[26]黄雨,八嶋厚,沢田和秀,张锋.堤防地基地震液化的数值模拟[J].工程力学,2007,24(12):82―87.Huang Yu,YaShima Atsushi,Sawada Kazuhide,Zhang Feng.Numerical modeling of earthquake liquefaction in earth embankment foundation[J].Engineering Mechanics,2007,24(12):82―87.(in Chinese)
[27]刘红帅,薄景山.岩土边坡地震稳定性分析研究评述[J].地震工程与工程振动,2005,25(1):164―171.Liu Hongshuai,Bo Jingshan.Review on study of seismic stability analysis of rock-soil slopes[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2005,25(1):164―171.(in Chinese)
[28]李宁,张鹏.岩质边坡稳定分析与设计中的几个基本问题[C]//中国岩石力学与工程学会.中国岩石力学与工程学会第七次学术大会论文集.武汉:《岩石力学与工程学报》编辑部,2002:395―398.Li Ning,Zhang Peng.Discusses on the fundamental problems in rock slope engineering[C]//China rock mechanics and the project academic society.Collection of the seventh academic congress of China rock mechanics and the project academic society.Wuhan:《Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering》Editorial Department,2002:395―398.(in Chinese)
[29]刘汉龙,费康,高玉峰.边坡地震稳定性时程分析方法[J].岩土力学,2003,24(4):553―560.Liu Hanlong,Fei Kang,Gao Yufeng.Time history analysis method of slope seismic stability[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2003,24(4):553―560.(in Chinese)
[30]吴兆营,薄景山,刘红帅.岩体边坡地震稳定性动安全系数分析方法[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2004,24(3):237―241.Wu Zhaoying,Bo Jingshan,Liu Hongshuai.A method for evaluating dynamic safety factor rock slope seismic stability analysis[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2004,24(3):237―241.(in Chinese)
[31]Ling H I,Leshchinsky D,Yoshiyuki M.Soil slopes under combined horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations[J].Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,1997,26(12):1231―1241.
[32]罗红明,唐辉明.考虑地震力的刚体极限平衡法及其工程应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(S1):3590―3595.Luo Hongming,Tang Huiming.Rigid limit equilibrium method considering seismic for CE and its application[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(S1):3590―3595.(in Chinese)
[33]赵剑明,汪闻韶.关于水利工程震害及抗震研究的几点思考[J].清华大学学报,2000,40(S1):91―95.Zhao Jianming,Wang Wenshao.Some reflections on earthquake disaster and earthquake resistance study of hydraulic projects[J].Journal of Qinghua University of Technology,2000,40(S1):91―95.(in Chinese)
[34]周云,安宇,梁兴文.基于性态的抗震设计理论与方法的研究与发展[J].世界地震工程,2001,17(2):1―7.Zhou Yun,An Yu,Liang Xingwen.Research and development of performance-based seismic design theory and method[J].World Information on Earthquake Engineering,2001,17(2):1―7.(in Chinese)
[2]崔京浩.简明土木工程系列专辑-伟大的土木工程[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006.Cui Jinghao.Simplified series of civil engineering[M].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2006.(in Chinese)
[3]杨全忠.西藏滑坡地质灾害及防治对策[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2002,13(1):94―97.Yang Quanzhong.Landslide and its prevention and control in Tibet[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2002,13(1):94―97.(in Chinese)
[4]赵剑明,汪闻韶.关于水利工程震害及抗震研究的几点思考[J].清华大学学报,2000,40(S1):91―95.Zhao Jianming,Wang Wenshao.Some reflections on earthquake disaster and earthquake resistance study of hydraulic projects[J].Journal of Tsinghua University of Technology,2000,40(S1):91―95.(in Chinese)
[5]黄建梁,王威中,薛宏交.坡体地震稳定性的动态分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,1997,17(4):114―121.Huang Jianliang,Wang Weizhong,Xue Hongjiao.Dynamic analysis of seismic stability of slopes[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,1997,17(4):114―121.(in Chinese)
[6]DL5073-2000,水工建筑物抗震设计规范[S].北京:中国电力出版社,2000.DL5073-2000,Specifications for seismic design of hydraulic structures[S].Beijing:China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,2000.(in Chinese)
[7]GB50330-2002,建筑边坡工程技术规范[S].重庆:重庆市建设委员会,2002.GB50330-2002,Technical code for building slope engineering[S].Chongqing:Chongqing Municipal Construction Commission,2002.(in Chinese)
[8]刘红帅,薄景山,刘德东.岩土边坡地震稳定性评价方法研究进展[J].防灾科技学院学报,2007,9(3):20―27.Liu Hongshuai,Bo Jingshan,Liu Dedong.Development on study of seismic stability evaluation methods of rock-soil slopes[J].Journal of Institute of Disaster-Prevention Science and Technology,2007,9(3):20―27.(in Chinese)
[9]沈珠江,陆培炎.评当前岩土工程实践中的保守倾向[J].岩土工程学报,1997,19(4):115―118.Shen Zhujiang,Lu Peiyan.Comments on the conservative tendency of rock and soil engineering practice in the current[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1997,19(4):115―118.(in Chinese)
[10]栾茂田,李湛,范庆林.土石坝拟静力稳定性分析与坝坡地震滑移量估算[J].岩土力学,2007,28(2):224―230.Luan Maotian,Li Zhan,Fan Qinglin.Analysis and evaluation of pseudo-static seismic stability and seism-induced sliding movement of earth-rock dams[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2007,28(2):224―230.(in Chinese)
[11]薄景山,徐国栋,景立平.土边坡地震反应及其动力稳定性分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2001,21(2):116―120.Bo Jingshan,Xu Guodong,Jing Liping.Seismic response and dynamic stability analysis of soil slopes[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2001,21(2):116―120.(in Chinese)
[12]张克绪,谢君斐.土动力学[M].北京:地震出版社,1989.Zhang Kexu,Xie Junfei.Soil dynamic[M].Beijing:China Seismic Press,1989.(in Chinese)
[13]Seed H B,Martin G R.The seismic coefficient in earth dam design[J].Journal of Soil Mechanics and Found,Division,ASCE,1966,92(3):25―58.
[14]Newmark N M.Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments[J].Geotechnique,1965,15(2):139―160.
[15]李湛,栾茂田.土工建筑物地震永久滑移变形计算方法研究进展评述[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2005,25(2):227―233.Li Zhan,Luan Maotian.State of the art review on simplified procedures for evaluation of seismically-induced sliding deformation of earth structures[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2005,25(2):227―233.(in Chinese)
[16]Seed H K.Consideration in the earthquake resistant design of earth dam and rock filldams[J].Geotechnique,1979,29(3):215―263.
[17]Lin J S,Whiteman R V.Decoupling approximation to the evaluation of earthquake-induced plastic slip in earth dams[J].Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,1983,11(5):667―678.
[18]Gazetas G,Uddin N.Permanent deformation on preexisting sliding surfaces in dams[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,ASCE,1994,120(11):2041―2061.
[19]Wartman J,Bray J D,Seed R B.Shaking table experimental of a model slope subjected to a pair of repeated ground motions[C].Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Recent Advance in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics,California:San Diego,2001:5―14.
[20]李红军,迟世春,钟红,林皋.考虑时程竖向加速度的Newmark滑块位移法[J].岩土力学,2007,28(11):2386―2390.Li Hongjun,Chi Shichun,Zhong Hong,Lin Gao.Effects of vertical acceleration time-histories on Newmark sliding block analyses[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2007,28(11):2386―2390.(in Chinese)
[21]李红军,迟世春,林皋.基于黏着滑动耦合动力分析的Newmark滑块位移法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(9):1787―1793.Li Hongjun,Chi Shichun,Lin Gao.An improved Newmark sliding block method based on stick-slip coupled dynamic response[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(9):1787―1793.(in Chinese)
[22]Gazetas G,Uddin N.Permanent deformation on preex-isting sliding surfaces in dams[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,ASCE,1994,120(11):2041―2061.
[23]李俊杰,邵龙潭,邵宇.面板堆石坝地震永久变形计算方法研究[J].大连理工大学学报,1998,38(5):580―585.Li Junjie,Shao Longtan,Shao Yu.Study of calculation method of permanent deformation due to earthquake of concrete faced rock fill dam[J].Journal of Dalian University of Technology,1998,38(5):580―585.(in Chinese)
[24]Kramer S L,Smith M W.Modified newmark modelfor seismic displacements of compliant slopes[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE,1997,123(7):635―644.
[25]Rathje E M,Bray J D.Nonlinear coupled seismic analysis of earth structures[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE,2000,126(11):1002―1015.
[26]黄雨,八嶋厚,沢田和秀,张锋.堤防地基地震液化的数值模拟[J].工程力学,2007,24(12):82―87.Huang Yu,YaShima Atsushi,Sawada Kazuhide,Zhang Feng.Numerical modeling of earthquake liquefaction in earth embankment foundation[J].Engineering Mechanics,2007,24(12):82―87.(in Chinese)
[27]刘红帅,薄景山.岩土边坡地震稳定性分析研究评述[J].地震工程与工程振动,2005,25(1):164―171.Liu Hongshuai,Bo Jingshan.Review on study of seismic stability analysis of rock-soil slopes[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2005,25(1):164―171.(in Chinese)
[28]李宁,张鹏.岩质边坡稳定分析与设计中的几个基本问题[C]//中国岩石力学与工程学会.中国岩石力学与工程学会第七次学术大会论文集.武汉:《岩石力学与工程学报》编辑部,2002:395―398.Li Ning,Zhang Peng.Discusses on the fundamental problems in rock slope engineering[C]//China rock mechanics and the project academic society.Collection of the seventh academic congress of China rock mechanics and the project academic society.Wuhan:《Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering》Editorial Department,2002:395―398.(in Chinese)
[29]刘汉龙,费康,高玉峰.边坡地震稳定性时程分析方法[J].岩土力学,2003,24(4):553―560.Liu Hanlong,Fei Kang,Gao Yufeng.Time history analysis method of slope seismic stability[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2003,24(4):553―560.(in Chinese)
[30]吴兆营,薄景山,刘红帅.岩体边坡地震稳定性动安全系数分析方法[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2004,24(3):237―241.Wu Zhaoying,Bo Jingshan,Liu Hongshuai.A method for evaluating dynamic safety factor rock slope seismic stability analysis[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2004,24(3):237―241.(in Chinese)
[31]Ling H I,Leshchinsky D,Yoshiyuki M.Soil slopes under combined horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations[J].Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,1997,26(12):1231―1241.
[32]罗红明,唐辉明.考虑地震力的刚体极限平衡法及其工程应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(S1):3590―3595.Luo Hongming,Tang Huiming.Rigid limit equilibrium method considering seismic for CE and its application[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(S1):3590―3595.(in Chinese)
[33]赵剑明,汪闻韶.关于水利工程震害及抗震研究的几点思考[J].清华大学学报,2000,40(S1):91―95.Zhao Jianming,Wang Wenshao.Some reflections on earthquake disaster and earthquake resistance study of hydraulic projects[J].Journal of Qinghua University of Technology,2000,40(S1):91―95.(in Chinese)
[34]周云,安宇,梁兴文.基于性态的抗震设计理论与方法的研究与发展[J].世界地震工程,2001,17(2):1―7.Zhou Yun,An Yu,Liang Xingwen.Research and development of performance-based seismic design theory and method[J].World Information on Earthquake Engineering,2001,17(2):1―7.(in Chinese)
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