闪速加热导致以地震速率滑动的地壳岩石摩擦强度降低
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摘要
地震期间断层的抗滑阻力是地震物理学中的一个关键未知数。实验室中慢滑速率下岩石的摩擦系数为0.6～0.8,与地壳内高应力测量结果一致。我们的研究结果表明,在很高的、地震滑移速率下,地壳硅酸盐岩石摩擦系数的明显降低缘于微观粗糙接触体的强烈"闪速"加热以及由此引起的抗剪强度的衰减。由闪速加热产生的摩擦系数值可以解释沿某些活断层———如圣安德烈斯断层———实测热流异常的缺失。而由闪速加热导致的近乎纯粹的速度弱化摩擦则可以解释地震破裂是如何以自愈合滑动脉冲模式传播的。
引文
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[2]Lachenbruch A H,Sass J H.Heat flow and energetics of the San Andreas fault zone.J.Geophys.Res.,1980,85:6 185-6 222
[3]Brune J N,Henyey T L,Roy R F.Heat flow,stress,and rate of slip along the San Andreas fault,California.J.Geophys.Res.,1969,74(15):3 821-3 827
[4]Mount V S,Suppe J.State of stress near the San Andreas fault:Implications for wrench tectonics.Geology,1987,15:1 143-1 146
[5]Tsutsumi A,Shimamoto T.High-velocity frictional properties of gabbro.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1997,24(6):699-702
[6]Di Toro G,Hirose T,Nielsen S,et al.Natural and experimental evidence of melt lubrication of faultsduring earthquakes.Science,2006,311(5 761):647-649
[7]Goldsby D L,Tullis T E.Low frictional strength of quartz rocks at subseismic slip rates.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2002,29:1 844;doi:10.1029/2002GL015240
[8]Di Toro G,Goldsby D L,Tullis T E.Friction falls towards zero in quartz rock as slip velocityapproaches seismic rates.Nature,2004,427:436-439
[9]Reches Z,Lockner D A.Fault weakening and earthquake instability by powder lubrication.Nature,2010,467:452-455
[10]Tullis T E.In:Kanamori H(ed.),Treatise on Geophysics,Elsevier,Amsterdam,2007,4:131-152
[11]Di Toro G,Han R,Hirose T,et al.Fault lubrication during earthquakes.Nature,2011,471:494-498
[12]Dieterich J H.Time-dependent friction and the mechanics of stick-slip.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1978,116(4-5):790-806
[13]Dieterich J H.Modeling of rock friction 1.Experimental results and constitutive equations.J.Geophys.Res.,1979,84(B5):2 161-2 168
[14]Dieterich J H,Kilgore B D.Imaging surface contacts:Power law contact distributions and contactstresses in quartz,calcite,glass and acrylic plastic.Tectonophysics,1996,256:219-239
[15]Spray J G.Artificial generation of pseudotachylyte using friction welding apparatus:Simulation ofmelting on a fault plane.J.Struct.Geol.,1987,9(1):49-60
[16]Dieterich J H,Conrad G.Effect of humidity on time-and velocity-dependent friction in rocks.J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89(B6):4 196-4 202
[17]Beeler N M,Tullis T E.The roles of time and displacement in velocity-dependent volumetric strain offault zones.J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102(B10):22 595-22 609
[18]Byerlee J D.Friction of rocks.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1978,116(4-5):615-626
[19]Rice J R.Heating and weakening of faults during earthquake slip.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111,B05311
[20]Beeler N M,Tullis T E,Goldsby D L.Constitutive relationships and physical basis of fault strength dueto flash heating.J.Geophys.Res.,2008,113,B01401
[21]Yuan F,Prakash V.Use of a modified torsional Kolsky bar to study frictional slip resistance in rock-analog materials at coseismic slip rates.Int.J.Solids Struct.,2008,45(14-15):4 247-4 263
[22]Greenwood J A,Williamson J B P.Contact of nominally flat surfaces.Proc.R.Soc.Lond.A Math.Phys.Sci.,1966,295(1 442):300-319
[23]Blok H.Proceedings of the General Discussion on Lubrication and Lubricants.Institute of MechanicalEngineers,London,1937
[24]Jaeger J C.Moving sources of heat and the temperature of sliding contacts.J.Proc.R.Soc.N.S.W.,1942,76,203-224
[25]Sibson R H.Interactions between temperature and pore-fluid pressure during earthquake faulting and amechanism for partial or total stress.Nature Physical Science,1973,243:66-68
[26]Mase C W,Smith L.Pore-fluid pressures and frictional heating on a fault surface.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1985,122(2-4):583-607
[27]Sibson R H,Toy V G.The habitat of fault-generated pseudotachylyte:Presence vs.absence of frictionmelt.In:McGarr A,Abercrombie R,Di Toro G(eds.),Earthquakes:Radiated Energy and the Physicsof Faulting.Geophysical Monograph 170,2007,153-166
[28]Heaton T H.Evidence for and implications of self-healing pulses of slip in earthquake rupture.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1990,64(1):1-20
[29]Noda H,Dunham E M,Rice J R.Earthquake ruptures with thermal weakening and the operation ofmajor faults at low overall stress levels.J.Geophys.Res.,2009,114:B07302
[30]Zheng G,Rice J R.Conditions under which velocity-weakening friction allows a self-healing versus acracklike mode of rupture.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88(6):1 466-1 483
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