避灾露营对城市公共绿地土壤呼吸的短期影响
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摘要
2008年5月12日四川汶川发生里氏8.0级大地震后,城市居民大规模在公共绿地上露宿避灾,而这些强人为干扰活动对绿地植被和土壤影响的科学研究却十分少。选择不同时间露营点和出入帐棚必经的践踏区域,测量土壤CO2通量的变化及相关环境因子(空气温湿度、土壤容重、孔隙度和微生物生物量等)。结果发现土壤CO2通量明显地受露营和人为践踏的影响,露营和人为践踏区土壤CO2通量明显地低于对照区。随着露营的增加,土壤CO2通量呈现先降低(大约10d后)后略有增加(大约20d后),后期又下降的趋势(大约25d后)。在露营区,土壤紧实和遮荫是土壤CO2通量减少的两个主要过程,在早期,严重遮荫后引起根系呼吸下降是主要过程,而在后期,随着人入睡帐棚次数的增加,土壤紧实是控制土壤CO2通量的主要过程;而在践踏区,踩踏引起土壤紧实是土壤呼吸下降的主要原因。因此地震露营避灾后退化草坪恢复的一个关键措施是松土改善土壤的物理状况。
On 12 May,2008,a great sized earthquake of magnitude Ms= 8.0 occurred in Wenchuan County,Sichuan Province,southwest China.Many residents established a great of tents on all urban public and residential greenbelt for searching safe sites.However,there are few reports about the effect of these activities on soil and vegetation.We determined soil CO_2 efflux and relative environmental factors(i.e.,bulk density,porosity,air temperature and humidity,and microbial biomass)in the field camping sites of different established time and trample area.Soil CO_2 efflux was significantly affected by field camping and trample.Soil CO_2 efflux was significantly lower in the different field camping sites and trample area than in CK treatment.Soil CO_2 efflux decreased firstly(after about 10 days),then increased little(after about 20 days)and again decreased(after 25 days)following field carmping time increasing.Soil compaction and shade was two main processes controlling soil CO_2 efflux in field camping sites.In early periods,shade that caused root respiration decline was main process.With the increase of extent of compaction,soil physical properties were main factors.In trample area,soil compaction was main process that affected soil CO_2 efflux.So,scarification that improved soil physical properties was the first work to restore degraded urban grassland after 5.12 Wenchuan great earthquake.
On 12 May,2008,a great sized earthquake of magnitude Ms= 8.0 occurred in Wenchuan County,Sichuan Province,southwest China.Many residents established a great of tents on all urban public and residential greenbelt for searching safe sites.However,there are few reports about the effect of these activities on soil and vegetation.We determined soil CO_2 efflux and relative environmental factors(i.e.,bulk density,porosity,air temperature and humidity,and microbial biomass)in the field camping sites of different established time and trample area.Soil CO_2 efflux was significantly affected by field camping and trample.Soil CO_2 efflux was significantly lower in the different field camping sites and trample area than in CK treatment.Soil CO_2 efflux decreased firstly(after about 10 days),then increased little(after about 20 days)and again decreased(after 25 days)following field carmping time increasing.Soil compaction and shade was two main processes controlling soil CO_2 efflux in field camping sites.In early periods,shade that caused root respiration decline was main process.With the increase of extent of compaction,soil physical properties were main factors.In trample area,soil compaction was main process that affected soil CO_2 efflux.So,scarification that improved soil physical properties was the first work to restore degraded urban grassland after 5.12 Wenchuan great earthquake.
引文
[1]Bao W K,Pang X Y.Ecological degradation in the Wenchuan earthquake seriously affected region in Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Applied&Environmental Biology,2008,14(4):441-444.
[2]Trumbull V L,Dubois P C,Brozka R J,Guyette R.Military camping impacts on vegetation and soils of the Ozark Plateau.Journal of Environmental Management,1994,40:329-339.
[3]Lockaby B G,Vidrine C G.Effect of logging equipment traffic on soil density and growth and survival of young loblolly pine.Southern Journal Applied Forestry,1984,8:109-112.
[4]Malmer A,Grip H.Soil displacement and loss of infiltrability caused by mechanized and manual extrction of tropical rainforest in Sabah,Malaysia.Forest Ecology and Management,1990,38,1-12.
[5]Tan X,Chang S X,Kabzems R.Soil compaction and forest floor removal reduced microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a boreal aspen forest soil.Bioloy&Fertility of Soils,2008,44:471-479.
[6]James TD W,Smith D W,Mackintosh E E,Hoffiman MK,Monti P.Effects of camping recreation on soil,Jack pine,and understrory vegetation in a northwestern Ontario park.Forest Science,1977,25:333-349.
[7]Ponder F Jr.Effect of soil compaction and biomass removal on soil CO2efflux in a missouri forest.Communications in Soil Science and PlantAnalysis,2005,36:9,1301-1311.
[8]Skinner MF,Bowen G D.The penetration of soil by mycelial strands of ectomycorrhizal fungi.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1974,6:57-61.
[9]Luo Y Q,Jackson R B,Field R B,Moony HA.Elevated CO2increases below-ground respiration in California grassland.Oecologia,1996,108,130-137.
[10]Edward N T.Below-ground respiration responses of sugar maple and red maple samplings to atmospheric CO2enrichment and elevated air temperature.Plant and Soil,1998,206,85-97.
[11]Smith J L,Paul E A,The significance of soil microbial biomass estimation.In:Lefroy R D B,Blair G J,Graswell E Teds.Soil Organic Matter Management for Sustainable Agriculture.Australian Center for International Agricultural Research,Canberra.1995.357-369.
[12]Singh J S,Gupta S R.Plant Decomposition and Soil Respiration in Terrestrial Ecosystems.Botany Reviews,1977,43:449-528.
[13]Luo Y,Zhou X.Soil respiration and the environment.NY:Academic Press,2006.
[14]Behera N,Joshi S K,Pati D P.Root Contribution to Total Soil Metabolism in a Tropical Forest Soil from Orissa,India.Forest Ecology and Management,1990,36:125-134.
[15]Hanson P J,Wullschleger S D,Bohlman S A,Todd D E.Seasonal and Topographic Patterns of Forest Floor CO2Efflux from an Upland Oak Forest.Tree Physiology,1993,13:1-15.
[16]Peterjohn W T,Melillo J M,Steudler P A,Newkirk K M,Bowles F P,Aber J D.Responses of Trace Gas Fluxes and N Availability to Experimentally Elevated Soil Temperatures.Ecological Applications,1994,4:617-625.
[17]Schlesinger W H.Carbon Balance in Terrestrial Detritus.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1977,8:51-81.
[18]Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,eds.Soil Physical and Chemical Analysis.Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,1978.
[19]Norman R J,Edberg J C,Stucki J W.Determination of nitrate in soil extract by dual2wavelength ultraviolet spectrophotometry.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1985,49:1182-1185.
[20]Song G,Sun B,Jiao J Y.Comparison between ultraviolet spectrophotometry and other methods in determination of soil nitrate-N.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(12):288-293
[21]Wu J S,Lin Q M,Huang Q Y,Xiao HA.Soil Microbial Biomass-Methods and Application.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2006.
[22]Jim C Y.Camping impacts on vegetation and soil in a Hong Kong country park.Applied Geography,1987,7,317-332
[23]Hanson P J,Edwards NT,Garten C T,Andrews J A.Separating root and soil microbial contributions to soil respiration:Areviewof methods and observations.Biogeochemistry,2000,48,115-146.
[24]Lambers H,Scheurwater I,Atkin O K.Respiratory patterns in roots in relation to their functioning.In:Waisel Y,Eshel A,Kafkafi Ueds.Plant roots:The hidden half.Marcel Dekker,New York,1996:323-362,
[25]Striegl R G,Wickland K P.Effects of a clear-cut harvest on soil respiration in a jack pine-lichen woodland.Can.J.Forest Res.,1998.28,534-539.
[26]Li Y,Xu M,Zou X,Xia Y.Soil CO2efflux and fungal and bacterial biomass in a plantation and a secondary forest in wet tropics in Puerto Rico.Plant and Soil,2005,268:151-160.
[1]包维楷,庞学勇.四川汶川大地震重灾区灾后生态退化及其基本特点.应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(4):441～444.
[18]中国科学院南京土壤研究所.土壤理化分析.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1978.
[20]宋歌,孙波,教剑英.测定土壤硝态氮的紫外分光光度法与其他方法的比较.土壤学报,2007,44(12):288～293.
[21]吴金水,林启美,黄巧云,肖和艾.土壤微生物生物量测定方法及其应用.北京:中国气象出版社,2006.
[2]Trumbull V L,Dubois P C,Brozka R J,Guyette R.Military camping impacts on vegetation and soils of the Ozark Plateau.Journal of Environmental Management,1994,40:329-339.
[3]Lockaby B G,Vidrine C G.Effect of logging equipment traffic on soil density and growth and survival of young loblolly pine.Southern Journal Applied Forestry,1984,8:109-112.
[4]Malmer A,Grip H.Soil displacement and loss of infiltrability caused by mechanized and manual extrction of tropical rainforest in Sabah,Malaysia.Forest Ecology and Management,1990,38,1-12.
[5]Tan X,Chang S X,Kabzems R.Soil compaction and forest floor removal reduced microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a boreal aspen forest soil.Bioloy&Fertility of Soils,2008,44:471-479.
[6]James TD W,Smith D W,Mackintosh E E,Hoffiman MK,Monti P.Effects of camping recreation on soil,Jack pine,and understrory vegetation in a northwestern Ontario park.Forest Science,1977,25:333-349.
[7]Ponder F Jr.Effect of soil compaction and biomass removal on soil CO2efflux in a missouri forest.Communications in Soil Science and PlantAnalysis,2005,36:9,1301-1311.
[8]Skinner MF,Bowen G D.The penetration of soil by mycelial strands of ectomycorrhizal fungi.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1974,6:57-61.
[9]Luo Y Q,Jackson R B,Field R B,Moony HA.Elevated CO2increases below-ground respiration in California grassland.Oecologia,1996,108,130-137.
[10]Edward N T.Below-ground respiration responses of sugar maple and red maple samplings to atmospheric CO2enrichment and elevated air temperature.Plant and Soil,1998,206,85-97.
[11]Smith J L,Paul E A,The significance of soil microbial biomass estimation.In:Lefroy R D B,Blair G J,Graswell E Teds.Soil Organic Matter Management for Sustainable Agriculture.Australian Center for International Agricultural Research,Canberra.1995.357-369.
[12]Singh J S,Gupta S R.Plant Decomposition and Soil Respiration in Terrestrial Ecosystems.Botany Reviews,1977,43:449-528.
[13]Luo Y,Zhou X.Soil respiration and the environment.NY:Academic Press,2006.
[14]Behera N,Joshi S K,Pati D P.Root Contribution to Total Soil Metabolism in a Tropical Forest Soil from Orissa,India.Forest Ecology and Management,1990,36:125-134.
[15]Hanson P J,Wullschleger S D,Bohlman S A,Todd D E.Seasonal and Topographic Patterns of Forest Floor CO2Efflux from an Upland Oak Forest.Tree Physiology,1993,13:1-15.
[16]Peterjohn W T,Melillo J M,Steudler P A,Newkirk K M,Bowles F P,Aber J D.Responses of Trace Gas Fluxes and N Availability to Experimentally Elevated Soil Temperatures.Ecological Applications,1994,4:617-625.
[17]Schlesinger W H.Carbon Balance in Terrestrial Detritus.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1977,8:51-81.
[18]Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,eds.Soil Physical and Chemical Analysis.Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,1978.
[19]Norman R J,Edberg J C,Stucki J W.Determination of nitrate in soil extract by dual2wavelength ultraviolet spectrophotometry.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1985,49:1182-1185.
[20]Song G,Sun B,Jiao J Y.Comparison between ultraviolet spectrophotometry and other methods in determination of soil nitrate-N.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(12):288-293
[21]Wu J S,Lin Q M,Huang Q Y,Xiao HA.Soil Microbial Biomass-Methods and Application.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2006.
[22]Jim C Y.Camping impacts on vegetation and soil in a Hong Kong country park.Applied Geography,1987,7,317-332
[23]Hanson P J,Edwards NT,Garten C T,Andrews J A.Separating root and soil microbial contributions to soil respiration:Areviewof methods and observations.Biogeochemistry,2000,48,115-146.
[24]Lambers H,Scheurwater I,Atkin O K.Respiratory patterns in roots in relation to their functioning.In:Waisel Y,Eshel A,Kafkafi Ueds.Plant roots:The hidden half.Marcel Dekker,New York,1996:323-362,
[25]Striegl R G,Wickland K P.Effects of a clear-cut harvest on soil respiration in a jack pine-lichen woodland.Can.J.Forest Res.,1998.28,534-539.
[26]Li Y,Xu M,Zou X,Xia Y.Soil CO2efflux and fungal and bacterial biomass in a plantation and a secondary forest in wet tropics in Puerto Rico.Plant and Soil,2005,268:151-160.
[1]包维楷,庞学勇.四川汶川大地震重灾区灾后生态退化及其基本特点.应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(4):441～444.
[18]中国科学院南京土壤研究所.土壤理化分析.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1978.
[20]宋歌,孙波,教剑英.测定土壤硝态氮的紫外分光光度法与其他方法的比较.土壤学报,2007,44(12):288～293.
[21]吴金水,林启美,黄巧云,肖和艾.土壤微生物生物量测定方法及其应用.北京:中国气象出版社,2006.
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