地震波速层析成像方法研究进展
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摘要
本文回顾了利用天然地震观测获取地下速度结构的方法。尽管有不同的新方法涌现,天然地震波速层析成像方法,尤其是多震相联合反演的格点层析成像方法,是当今使用广泛使用的层析成像方法之一,是对地球内部成像的最有效方式。波速层析成像方法的未来发展首先是提高第一手的观测资料,即增加接收地震波信息的地震台站分布密度;同时,通过多种地球物理方法联合反演相互约束可以给出较为严格的地球物理模型,并来降低了地球物理反演和解译的多解性,这是地球物理探测研究的趋势,也是天然地震波速层析成像方法的研究趋势。
This paper mainly reviews the methods of seismic waves used to acquire subsurface velocity structures. Despite appearance of new approaches, seismic tomography, especially multi-phases grid tomography has been widely used and has been regarded as one of the effective methods to understand the interior structure imaging of the earth. Future requirement for the seismic tomography is to improve the quality of primary observation data, i.e. to increase the seismic stations used to receive the seismic waves. Meanwhile, multiple geophysical approaches along with restriction from inversion can establish a much strict geophysical model, which can decrease the geophysical inversion and interpretation ambiguity. This is not only the general trend of geophysical exploration and research but the direction of seismic tomography imaging.
This paper mainly reviews the methods of seismic waves used to acquire subsurface velocity structures. Despite appearance of new approaches, seismic tomography, especially multi-phases grid tomography has been widely used and has been regarded as one of the effective methods to understand the interior structure imaging of the earth. Future requirement for the seismic tomography is to improve the quality of primary observation data, i.e. to increase the seismic stations used to receive the seismic waves. Meanwhile, multiple geophysical approaches along with restriction from inversion can establish a much strict geophysical model, which can decrease the geophysical inversion and interpretation ambiguity. This is not only the general trend of geophysical exploration and research but the direction of seismic tomography imaging.
引文
贺日政,赵大鹏,高锐,王宝善,齐诚.2006。西昆仑造山带下岩石圈地幔速度结构.地球物理学报,49(3):778～787.
黄建平,倪四道,傅容珊,钮凤林,邵志刚,郑勇.2009,综合近震及远震波形反演2006文安地震(Mw5.1)的震源机制解.地球物理学报,52(1):120～130.
刘启元,Kind R,李顺成.1997.中国数字地震台网的接受函数及其非线性反演.地球物理学报,40(3):356～368.
刘启元,陈九辉,李顺成,郭彪.2000.新疆伽师强震群区三维地壳上地幔S波速度结构及其地震成因的探讨.地球物理学报,43(3):356～365.
刘福田,李强,吴华,胡戈,刘建华.1989.用于速度图像重建的层析成像法.地球物理学报,32(1):46～61.
吴庆举,曾融生,赵文津.2004.喜马拉雅-青藏高原的上地幔倾斜构造与陆-陆碰撞过程.中国科学(D辑),34(10):919～925.
胥颐,刘福田,刘建华,孙若昧,何建坤.2000.中国大陆西北造山带及其毗邻盆地的地震层析成像.中国科学(D辑),30(2):113～122.
Aki K and Lee W H K.1976.Determination of three-di mensionalvelocity anomalies under a seismic array using first P-arrivalti mes fromlocal earthquakes,1,a homogeneous initial model.Journal of Geophysical Research,81:4381～4399.
Aki K,Christofferson Aand Husebye E S.1977.Determination ofthe three-di mensional seismic structure of the lithosphere.Journal of Geophysical Research,82:277～296.
Aki K and Richards P G.1980.Quantitative Seismology:Theoryand Methods.San Francisco:W HFreeman.
Ammon C J,Zucca J and Kasameyer P.1989.An S-to-P Convertedphase recorded near Long Valley/Mono Craters Region,California,J.Geophys.Res.,94:17721～17727.
Ammon C J,Randall G E,Zandt G.1990.On the non-uniquenessof receiver functioninversions,J.Geophys.Res.,95:15303～15318.
Chen L,Ai Y S.2009.Discontinuity Structure of the MantleTransition Zone beneath the North China Craton from ReceiverFunction Migration.Journal of Geophysical Research,114:B06307;doi:10.1029/2008JB006221.
Chen X F.1993.A systematic and efficient met hod of computingnormal modes for multilayered half-space.Geophys J.Int.,115:391～409.
Dahlen F A,Hung S H,Nolet G.2000.Fre′chet kernels for finite-frequency travel ti mes-I.Theory.Geophysical JournalInternational,141:157～174.
Dziewonski A M,Hager B H,O'Connell R J.1977.Large scaleheterogeneities in the lower mantle.Journal of GeophysicalResearch,82:239～255.
Engdahl E R,Rob van der Hilst,Raymond Buland.1998.Globalteleseismic earthquake relocation withi mprovedtravel ti mes andprocedures for depth determination.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,88(3):722～743.
Fukao Y,To A,Obayashi M.2003.Whole mantle P wavetomography using P and PP-P data,J.Geophys.Res.,108(B1),2021;doi:10.1029/2001JB000989.
Gung Y C,Hsu Y T,Chiao L Y,Obayashi M.2009.Multiscalewaveform tomography with two-step model parameterization,J.Geophys.Res.,2008JB006275.
He R,Zhao D,Gao R,Zheng H.2010.Tracing the Indianlithospheric mantle beneath the central Tibetan plateau usingteleseismic tomography.Tectonophysics,Tecto648.
Huang J,Zhao D.2006.High-resolution mantle tomography ofChina and surrounding regions,J.Geophys.Res.,111,B09305;doi:10.1029/2005JB004066.
Husen S and Kissling E.2001.Local earthquake tomographybetween rays and waves:Fat ray tomography.Physics of theEarth and Planetary Interiors,123:127～147.
Julia J,Owens TJ.2009.Deep crustal structure of the Indian shieldfromjoint inverstion of P-wave receiver functions and rayleigh-wave group velocities:i mplications fro Precambrian crustalevolution.J.Geophys.Res.,doi:10.1029(2008JB006261).
Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R,Buland R.1995.Constraints onseismic velocities in the Earth from travelti mes.Geophys J.Int.,122:108～124.
Li C,van der Hilst R D,Toksoz M N.2006.Constraining P wavevelocity variations in the upper mantle beneath Southeast Asia.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,154,180～195;doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2005.09.008.
Liang C,Song X,Huang J.2004.Tomographic inversion of Pn travel ti mes in China.J.Geophys.Res.,109,B11304;doi:10.1029/2003JB002789.
Lin C H,Roecker S W.1997.Three-di mensional P-wave velocitystructure of the Bear Valley region of Central California.Pureand Applied Geophysics,149:667～688.
Montelli R,Nolet G,Masters G,et al.2004.Global P and PPtravelti me tomography:Rays versus waves.GeophysicalJournal International,158:637～654.
Minkoff S E,Symes W W.1997.Full waveforminversion of marinereflection data in the plane-wave domain:Geophysics,62:540～553.
Nolet G,Allen R,Zhao D.2007.Mantle plume tomography.Chem.Geol.,241:248～263.
Pratt R G.1999.Seismic waveforminversion in frequency domain,Part2:Fault delineation in sedi ments using crosshole data:Geophysics,64:902～914.
Pei S,Zhao J,Sun Y,et al.2007.Upper mantle seismic velocitiesand anisotropy in China determined through Pn and Sntomography.J.Geophys.Res.,112,B05312;doi:10.1029/2006JB004409.
Pollitz F Fand Fletcher J P.2005.Waveformtomography of crustalstructure in the south San Francisco bay region.Journal ofGeophysical Research,110,B08308;doi:10.1029/2004JB003509.
Rietbrock A.2001.P-wave attenuation structurein the fault area ofthe1995Kobe earthquake.Journal of Geophysical Research,106:4141～4154.
Roecker S W.1982.Velocity structure of the Pamir Hindu Kushregion;possible evidence of subducted crust.Journal ofGeophysical Research,87:945～959.
Sabra K G,Gerstoft P,Roux P,et al.2005.Surface wavetomography from microseisms in southern California.Geophysical Research Letters,32:L14311(doi:10.1029/2005GL023155).
Shapiro N M,Campillo M,Stehly L,et al.2005.High-resolutionsurface-wave tomography fromambient seismic noise.Science,307:1615～1618;
Shearer P M.1999.Introduction to Seismology.New York:Cambridge University press.
Shen X Z,Zhou H L,Kavakatsu H.2008.Mapping the uppermantle discontinuities beneath China with teleseismic receiverfunctions.Earth Planet Space,60(7):713～719.
Song X and Hel mberger D V.1992.Velocity structure near theinner core boundary from waveform modelling.J.Geophys.Res.,97:6573～6586.
Song Xand Hel mberger D V.1998.Seismic Evidence for an InnerCore Transition Zone,Science,282(5390):924-927;doi:10.1126/science.282.5390.924.
Stehly L,Campillo M,Shapiro N M.2006.Astudy of the seismicnoise fromits long-range correlation properties,J.Geophys.Res.,111,B10306;doi:10.1029/2005JB004237.
Sun Y,Toks z M N,Pei S,et al.2008.S wave tomography of the crust and uppermost mantle in China,J.Geophys.Res.,113,B11307;doi:10.1029/2008JB005836.
Thurber C H.1983.Earthquake locations and three-di mensionalcrustal structure in the Coyote Lake area,central California.Journal of Geophysical Research,88:8226～8236.
Thurber C,Ritsema J.2007.Theory and observations-seismictomography andinverse methods,Elsevier Publish House.
Tondi R,Achauer U,Landes M,Davi R,Besutiu L.2009.Unveiling seismic and density structure beneath the Vranceaseismogenic zone(Romania).J.Geophys.Res.,doi:10.1029(2008JB005992).
UmJ,and Thurber C H.1987.A fast algorithm for two-pointseismic,ray tracing,Bull.Seis.Soc.Am.,77:972～986
Van Decar J C and Crosson R S.1990.Determination of teleseismicrelative phase arrival ti mes using multi-channel cross-correlationand least squares.Bull.Seis.Soc.Am.,80(1):150～168.
Van der Hilst R Dand De Hoop M.2005.On sensitivity kernels forwave-equation’transmission tomography.Geophysical JournalInternational,160:621～633.
Van der Hilst R D,De Hoop M V,Wang P,Shi m S H,Tenorio,L,Ma P.2007.Seismo-stratigraphy and thermal structure ofEarth’s core mantle boundary region.Science,315:1813～1817.
Vinnik L P.1977.Detection of waves convertedfromPto SVinthemantle.Phys.Earth planet.Int.,15:39～45.
Wittlinger G,Tapponnier P,Poupine t G,Jiang M,Shi D,HerquelG,Masson F.1998.Tomographic evidence for localizedlithospheric shear along the Altyn Taghfault.Science,282:74～76.
Wittlinger G,Vergne J,Tapponnier P,Farra V,Poupinet G,JiangM,Su H,Herquel Gand Paul A.2004.Teleseismici maging ofsubducting lithosphere and Moho offsets beneath WesternTibet.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,6974:1～14.
Woodhouse J H and Dziewonski A M.1984.Mapping the uppermantle:Three-di mensional modeling of Earth structure byinversion of seismic waveforms.Journal of GeophysicalResearch,89:5953～5986.
Waldhauser F and Ellsworth W L.2000.A double-differenceearthquake location algorithm:Method and application to thenorthern Haywardfault.Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,90:1353～1368.
Wolfe C.2002.On the mathematics of using difference operators torelocate earthquakes.Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,92:2879～2892.
Xu P E,Zhao D P.2009.Upper-mantle velocity structure beneaththe North China Craton:i mplications for lithospheric thinning.Geophysical Journal International,177:1279～1283;doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04120.x.
Yang Y,Ritzwoller M H.2008.Characteristics of ambient seismicnoise as a source for surface wave tomography,Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst.,9,Q02008;doi:10.1029/2007GC001814.
Zhang Hand Thurber C H.2003.Double-difference tomography:The method and its application to the Hayward fault,California.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,93:1875～1889.
Zhang Hand Thurber C.2005.Adaptive mesh seismic tomographybased on tetrahedral and Voronoi diagrams:Application toParkfield,California.Journal of Geophysical Research,110:B04303(doi:10.1029/2004JB003186).
Zhao D,Hasegawa A,Horiuchi S.1992.Tomographici maging of Pand S wave velocity structure beneath Northeastern Japan.J.Geophys.Res.,97(B13):19909～19928.
Zhao D,Hasegawa A,Kanamori H.1994.Deep structure of Japansubduction zone as derived fromlocal,regional,and teleseismicevents.J.Geophys.Res.,99(B11):22313～22329.
Zhao D.2008.Multiscale seismic tomography and mantle dynamics.Gondwana Research,doi:10.1016/j.gr.2008.07.003.
Zhou H W.1996.A high-resolution P wave model for the top1200kmof the mantle.J.Geophys.Res.,101(B11):27791～27810.
黄建平,倪四道,傅容珊,钮凤林,邵志刚,郑勇.2009,综合近震及远震波形反演2006文安地震(Mw5.1)的震源机制解.地球物理学报,52(1):120～130.
刘启元,Kind R,李顺成.1997.中国数字地震台网的接受函数及其非线性反演.地球物理学报,40(3):356～368.
刘启元,陈九辉,李顺成,郭彪.2000.新疆伽师强震群区三维地壳上地幔S波速度结构及其地震成因的探讨.地球物理学报,43(3):356～365.
刘福田,李强,吴华,胡戈,刘建华.1989.用于速度图像重建的层析成像法.地球物理学报,32(1):46～61.
吴庆举,曾融生,赵文津.2004.喜马拉雅-青藏高原的上地幔倾斜构造与陆-陆碰撞过程.中国科学(D辑),34(10):919～925.
胥颐,刘福田,刘建华,孙若昧,何建坤.2000.中国大陆西北造山带及其毗邻盆地的地震层析成像.中国科学(D辑),30(2):113～122.
Aki K and Lee W H K.1976.Determination of three-di mensionalvelocity anomalies under a seismic array using first P-arrivalti mes fromlocal earthquakes,1,a homogeneous initial model.Journal of Geophysical Research,81:4381～4399.
Aki K,Christofferson Aand Husebye E S.1977.Determination ofthe three-di mensional seismic structure of the lithosphere.Journal of Geophysical Research,82:277～296.
Aki K and Richards P G.1980.Quantitative Seismology:Theoryand Methods.San Francisco:W HFreeman.
Ammon C J,Zucca J and Kasameyer P.1989.An S-to-P Convertedphase recorded near Long Valley/Mono Craters Region,California,J.Geophys.Res.,94:17721～17727.
Ammon C J,Randall G E,Zandt G.1990.On the non-uniquenessof receiver functioninversions,J.Geophys.Res.,95:15303～15318.
Chen L,Ai Y S.2009.Discontinuity Structure of the MantleTransition Zone beneath the North China Craton from ReceiverFunction Migration.Journal of Geophysical Research,114:B06307;doi:10.1029/2008JB006221.
Chen X F.1993.A systematic and efficient met hod of computingnormal modes for multilayered half-space.Geophys J.Int.,115:391～409.
Dahlen F A,Hung S H,Nolet G.2000.Fre′chet kernels for finite-frequency travel ti mes-I.Theory.Geophysical JournalInternational,141:157～174.
Dziewonski A M,Hager B H,O'Connell R J.1977.Large scaleheterogeneities in the lower mantle.Journal of GeophysicalResearch,82:239～255.
Engdahl E R,Rob van der Hilst,Raymond Buland.1998.Globalteleseismic earthquake relocation withi mprovedtravel ti mes andprocedures for depth determination.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,88(3):722～743.
Fukao Y,To A,Obayashi M.2003.Whole mantle P wavetomography using P and PP-P data,J.Geophys.Res.,108(B1),2021;doi:10.1029/2001JB000989.
Gung Y C,Hsu Y T,Chiao L Y,Obayashi M.2009.Multiscalewaveform tomography with two-step model parameterization,J.Geophys.Res.,2008JB006275.
He R,Zhao D,Gao R,Zheng H.2010.Tracing the Indianlithospheric mantle beneath the central Tibetan plateau usingteleseismic tomography.Tectonophysics,Tecto648.
Huang J,Zhao D.2006.High-resolution mantle tomography ofChina and surrounding regions,J.Geophys.Res.,111,B09305;doi:10.1029/2005JB004066.
Husen S and Kissling E.2001.Local earthquake tomographybetween rays and waves:Fat ray tomography.Physics of theEarth and Planetary Interiors,123:127～147.
Julia J,Owens TJ.2009.Deep crustal structure of the Indian shieldfromjoint inverstion of P-wave receiver functions and rayleigh-wave group velocities:i mplications fro Precambrian crustalevolution.J.Geophys.Res.,doi:10.1029(2008JB006261).
Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R,Buland R.1995.Constraints onseismic velocities in the Earth from travelti mes.Geophys J.Int.,122:108～124.
Li C,van der Hilst R D,Toksoz M N.2006.Constraining P wavevelocity variations in the upper mantle beneath Southeast Asia.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,154,180～195;doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2005.09.008.
Liang C,Song X,Huang J.2004.Tomographic inversion of Pn travel ti mes in China.J.Geophys.Res.,109,B11304;doi:10.1029/2003JB002789.
Lin C H,Roecker S W.1997.Three-di mensional P-wave velocitystructure of the Bear Valley region of Central California.Pureand Applied Geophysics,149:667～688.
Montelli R,Nolet G,Masters G,et al.2004.Global P and PPtravelti me tomography:Rays versus waves.GeophysicalJournal International,158:637～654.
Minkoff S E,Symes W W.1997.Full waveforminversion of marinereflection data in the plane-wave domain:Geophysics,62:540～553.
Nolet G,Allen R,Zhao D.2007.Mantle plume tomography.Chem.Geol.,241:248～263.
Pratt R G.1999.Seismic waveforminversion in frequency domain,Part2:Fault delineation in sedi ments using crosshole data:Geophysics,64:902～914.
Pei S,Zhao J,Sun Y,et al.2007.Upper mantle seismic velocitiesand anisotropy in China determined through Pn and Sntomography.J.Geophys.Res.,112,B05312;doi:10.1029/2006JB004409.
Pollitz F Fand Fletcher J P.2005.Waveformtomography of crustalstructure in the south San Francisco bay region.Journal ofGeophysical Research,110,B08308;doi:10.1029/2004JB003509.
Rietbrock A.2001.P-wave attenuation structurein the fault area ofthe1995Kobe earthquake.Journal of Geophysical Research,106:4141～4154.
Roecker S W.1982.Velocity structure of the Pamir Hindu Kushregion;possible evidence of subducted crust.Journal ofGeophysical Research,87:945～959.
Sabra K G,Gerstoft P,Roux P,et al.2005.Surface wavetomography from microseisms in southern California.Geophysical Research Letters,32:L14311(doi:10.1029/2005GL023155).
Shapiro N M,Campillo M,Stehly L,et al.2005.High-resolutionsurface-wave tomography fromambient seismic noise.Science,307:1615～1618;
Shearer P M.1999.Introduction to Seismology.New York:Cambridge University press.
Shen X Z,Zhou H L,Kavakatsu H.2008.Mapping the uppermantle discontinuities beneath China with teleseismic receiverfunctions.Earth Planet Space,60(7):713～719.
Song X and Hel mberger D V.1992.Velocity structure near theinner core boundary from waveform modelling.J.Geophys.Res.,97:6573～6586.
Song Xand Hel mberger D V.1998.Seismic Evidence for an InnerCore Transition Zone,Science,282(5390):924-927;doi:10.1126/science.282.5390.924.
Stehly L,Campillo M,Shapiro N M.2006.Astudy of the seismicnoise fromits long-range correlation properties,J.Geophys.Res.,111,B10306;doi:10.1029/2005JB004237.
Sun Y,Toks z M N,Pei S,et al.2008.S wave tomography of the crust and uppermost mantle in China,J.Geophys.Res.,113,B11307;doi:10.1029/2008JB005836.
Thurber C H.1983.Earthquake locations and three-di mensionalcrustal structure in the Coyote Lake area,central California.Journal of Geophysical Research,88:8226～8236.
Thurber C,Ritsema J.2007.Theory and observations-seismictomography andinverse methods,Elsevier Publish House.
Tondi R,Achauer U,Landes M,Davi R,Besutiu L.2009.Unveiling seismic and density structure beneath the Vranceaseismogenic zone(Romania).J.Geophys.Res.,doi:10.1029(2008JB005992).
UmJ,and Thurber C H.1987.A fast algorithm for two-pointseismic,ray tracing,Bull.Seis.Soc.Am.,77:972～986
Van Decar J C and Crosson R S.1990.Determination of teleseismicrelative phase arrival ti mes using multi-channel cross-correlationand least squares.Bull.Seis.Soc.Am.,80(1):150～168.
Van der Hilst R Dand De Hoop M.2005.On sensitivity kernels forwave-equation’transmission tomography.Geophysical JournalInternational,160:621～633.
Van der Hilst R D,De Hoop M V,Wang P,Shi m S H,Tenorio,L,Ma P.2007.Seismo-stratigraphy and thermal structure ofEarth’s core mantle boundary region.Science,315:1813～1817.
Vinnik L P.1977.Detection of waves convertedfromPto SVinthemantle.Phys.Earth planet.Int.,15:39～45.
Wittlinger G,Tapponnier P,Poupine t G,Jiang M,Shi D,HerquelG,Masson F.1998.Tomographic evidence for localizedlithospheric shear along the Altyn Taghfault.Science,282:74～76.
Wittlinger G,Vergne J,Tapponnier P,Farra V,Poupinet G,JiangM,Su H,Herquel Gand Paul A.2004.Teleseismici maging ofsubducting lithosphere and Moho offsets beneath WesternTibet.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,6974:1～14.
Woodhouse J H and Dziewonski A M.1984.Mapping the uppermantle:Three-di mensional modeling of Earth structure byinversion of seismic waveforms.Journal of GeophysicalResearch,89:5953～5986.
Waldhauser F and Ellsworth W L.2000.A double-differenceearthquake location algorithm:Method and application to thenorthern Haywardfault.Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,90:1353～1368.
Wolfe C.2002.On the mathematics of using difference operators torelocate earthquakes.Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,92:2879～2892.
Xu P E,Zhao D P.2009.Upper-mantle velocity structure beneaththe North China Craton:i mplications for lithospheric thinning.Geophysical Journal International,177:1279～1283;doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04120.x.
Yang Y,Ritzwoller M H.2008.Characteristics of ambient seismicnoise as a source for surface wave tomography,Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst.,9,Q02008;doi:10.1029/2007GC001814.
Zhang Hand Thurber C H.2003.Double-difference tomography:The method and its application to the Hayward fault,California.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,93:1875～1889.
Zhang Hand Thurber C.2005.Adaptive mesh seismic tomographybased on tetrahedral and Voronoi diagrams:Application toParkfield,California.Journal of Geophysical Research,110:B04303(doi:10.1029/2004JB003186).
Zhao D,Hasegawa A,Horiuchi S.1992.Tomographici maging of Pand S wave velocity structure beneath Northeastern Japan.J.Geophys.Res.,97(B13):19909～19928.
Zhao D,Hasegawa A,Kanamori H.1994.Deep structure of Japansubduction zone as derived fromlocal,regional,and teleseismicevents.J.Geophys.Res.,99(B11):22313～22329.
Zhao D.2008.Multiscale seismic tomography and mantle dynamics.Gondwana Research,doi:10.1016/j.gr.2008.07.003.
Zhou H W.1996.A high-resolution P wave model for the top1200kmof the mantle.J.Geophys.Res.,101(B11):27791～27810.
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