晚新生代以来天山南、北麓冲断作用的定量分析
摘要
利用地表地质、二维地震和钻、测井资料建立了两条横穿天山南、北麓库车河地区和金钩河—安集海河地区的构造剖面,从几何学和运动学的角度探讨新生代以来不同序次台阶状逆断层及其相关褶皱的叠加过程、以及叠加过程中断层形态、褶皱形态与位移量之间的定量关系。生长地层和生长不整合分析表明,上新世早期(4.2～5Ma)可能是天山南、北麓新生代冲断褶皱的主要形成期,发育自天山内部的台阶状逆断层在向两侧沉积盆地扩展过程中形成多个滑脱面和断坡,断层位移在断坡位置引发褶皱变形,从而形成南北方向背斜带成排分布的构造格局。在天山南麓库车河剖面中,控制库车地区构造变形的三条台阶状逆断层位移量分别为5.7km、6.3km和18km,它们的活动时代由老到新,而位移量却逐渐增大,反映新生代以来天山南麓的冲断作用可能存在一个加速的过程。按上述数值计算,渐新世(23Ma)以来的缩短速率为1.3mm/a,上新世(5.2±0.2Ma)以来的缩短速率为3.6mm/a。在天山北麓金钩河—安集海河剖面中,山前深部楔形体内的断层位移量为16.9km,但只有6km的位移量沿中上侏罗统西山窑组煤层内的滑脱面向北传递至第二排背斜带,而至第三排背斜带,位移量已递减为0.22～0.29km。以上新世早期(4.2～5Ma)作为构造活动时间,计算出该剖面上、下构造层上新世以来的缩短速率为2.6～3.1mm/a和3.8～4.5mm/a,其中下构造层内的山前深部楔形体、霍尔果斯深层背斜和安集海背斜的缩短速率分别为3.9～4.6mm/a、1.2～1.4mm/a和0.04～0.38mm/a,这说明由于断层位移量在向北传递过程中不断被褶皱作用吸收或沿反冲断层向南消减,各排背斜带的变形强度由南向北依次减弱。
The Tianshan Mountain range related to the India-Eurasia collision has been considered as an ideal laboratory to understand the dynamic processes responsible for intracontinental mountain building. The active fold-and-thrust beltsin its both flanks offer an exceptional opportunity to study the processes of growth folding above imbricate thrust systems and their interaction with sedimentation and displacement, which are emphasized more and more by the worldwide neotectonic community. In order to present a detailed and quantitative analysis of the timing, rates and process of deformationon these active fold-and-thrust belts, depth-converted seismic reflection profiles, wells, together with detailed surface structural measurements, have been usedto construct balanced cross-sections in the Kuqa river and Jingou-Anjihai river areas, located in the southern and northern piedmonts of Tianshan respectively. Growth strata and growth unconformitiesanalysis correlated to the available magnetostratigraphyindicates actively deforming structuresin both areasmay have mainly developedsince the early Pliocene (4.2~5 Ma). In Kuqa river cross-section, the displacements on three thrust faults, estimatedby geometric analysis,vary from 5.7 km to 6.3 km, and to 18 km, which reveals an acceleration of deformation since the Oligocene.Based on these measurements, we infer a long-term (23Ma) shortening rate of the Kuqa thrust-and-fold belt of about 1.3 mm/a, and the short-term (4.2~5 Ma)shortening rate of about 3.6 mm/a.In the Jingou-Anjihai river cross-section, the total displacementon thrust faults in deep wedges near the mountain front is estimated to be about 16.9 km, in which only 6 km is transferredto the Huo'erguoshi anticline, and has decreased to 0.22~0.28 km near the Anjihai anticline. Based on these measurements, we infer the shortening rate of the upper and lower structural layers of about 2.6~3.1 mm/aand 3.8~4.5 mm/a, respectively, and the deep structural wedges near the mountain front, Huo'erguoshi deep anticline and Anjihai anticline in the lower structural layer of about 3.9~4.6 mm/a, 1.2~1.4 mm/aand 0.04~0.38 mm/a, respectively.
The Tianshan Mountain range related to the India-Eurasia collision has been considered as an ideal laboratory to understand the dynamic processes responsible for intracontinental mountain building. The active fold-and-thrust beltsin its both flanks offer an exceptional opportunity to study the processes of growth folding above imbricate thrust systems and their interaction with sedimentation and displacement, which are emphasized more and more by the worldwide neotectonic community. In order to present a detailed and quantitative analysis of the timing, rates and process of deformationon these active fold-and-thrust belts, depth-converted seismic reflection profiles, wells, together with detailed surface structural measurements, have been usedto construct balanced cross-sections in the Kuqa river and Jingou-Anjihai river areas, located in the southern and northern piedmonts of Tianshan respectively. Growth strata and growth unconformitiesanalysis correlated to the available magnetostratigraphyindicates actively deforming structuresin both areasmay have mainly developedsince the early Pliocene (4.2~5 Ma). In Kuqa river cross-section, the displacements on three thrust faults, estimatedby geometric analysis,vary from 5.7 km to 6.3 km, and to 18 km, which reveals an acceleration of deformation since the Oligocene.Based on these measurements, we infer a long-term (23Ma) shortening rate of the Kuqa thrust-and-fold belt of about 1.3 mm/a, and the short-term (4.2~5 Ma)shortening rate of about 3.6 mm/a.In the Jingou-Anjihai river cross-section, the total displacementon thrust faults in deep wedges near the mountain front is estimated to be about 16.9 km, in which only 6 km is transferredto the Huo'erguoshi anticline, and has decreased to 0.22~0.28 km near the Anjihai anticline. Based on these measurements, we infer the shortening rate of the upper and lower structural layers of about 2.6~3.1 mm/aand 3.8~4.5 mm/a, respectively, and the deep structural wedges near the mountain front, Huo'erguoshi deep anticline and Anjihai anticline in the lower structural layer of about 3.9~4.6 mm/a, 1.2~1.4 mm/aand 0.04~0.38 mm/a, respectively.
引文
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[2]管树巍,何登发.2006.准噶尔盆地南缘复杂解析与建模研究进展.中国石油勘探开发研究院研究报告.
[3]何登发,张义杰,等.2003.准噶尔盆地前陆冲断带构造分析及油气勘探方向.中国石油勘探开发研究院研究报告.
[4]与John Suppe之间的私人通讯,2006.
陈楚铭,卢华复,贾东,贾承造.1999.塔里木盆地北缘库车再生前陆褶皱逆冲带中秋丘里塔格前锋带的构造和油气.地质论评,45(4):423～433.
陈剑,卢华复,王胜利.2002.库车断层相关褶皱的切角检验.地质论评,48(1):74～79.
邓起东,冯先岳,张培震,徐锡伟,杨晓平,彭斯震,李军.2000.天山活动构造.北京:地震出版社,1～399.
刘和甫,梁慧社,蔡立国,夏义平,刘立群.1994.天山两侧前陆冲断系构造样式与前陆盆地演化.地球科学,19(6):727～741.
刘志宏,卢华复,李西建,贾承造,雷刚林,陈楚铭,王国强,范湘涛.2000.库车再生前陆盆地的构造演化.地质科学,35(4):482～492.
卢华复,贾东,陈楚铭,刘志宏,王国强,贾承造.1999.库车新生代构造性质和变形时间.地学前缘,6(4):215～221.
卢华复,贾承造,贾东,陈楚铭,刘志宏,王国强,王胜利.2001a.库车再生前陆盆地冲断构造楔特征.高校地质学报,7(3):257～271.
卢华复,John Suppe,Aurelia Hubert-Ferrari,贾东,王胜利,阉福礼,印栋豪,陈剑.2001b.新疆佳木地区的第四纪断层.科学通报,46(19):1650～1654.
卢华复,王胜利,John Suppe,Aurelia Hubert-Ferrari,印栋豪,阉福礼,陈剑.2002.天山中段南麓的第四纪褶皱作用.科学通报,47(21):1675～1679.
卢华复,贾承造.2003.库车-柯坪再生前陆冲断带构造.北京:科学出版社,1～171.
卢华复,王胜利,贾东,王良书,刘绍文.2005.塔里木盆地与天山山脉新生代盆山耦合机制.高校地质学报,11(4):493～503.
管树巍,陈宁华,徐峰,雷刚林.2003a.库车地区秋里塔格褶皱带几何学和运动学特征与油气圈闭.石油学报,24(6):30～34.
管树巍,汪新,杨树锋,赵卫东,徐峰,雷刚林.2003b.南天山库车秋里塔格褶皱带三维构造分析.地质论评,49(5):464～473.
管树巍,汪新,杨树锋,何登发,赵卫东.2004.位移转换的两种概念模型与实例.中国科学(D辑),34(9):807～817.
管树巍,张朝军,何登发,石昕,John Suppe,汪新,吴晓智.2006.前陆冲断带复杂构造解析与建模—以准噶尔盆地南缘第一排背斜带为例.地质学报,80(8):1131～1140.
郭令智,施央申,卢华复,等.1992.印藏碰撞的两种远距离效应.见:李清波,戴金星,刘如琦,李继亮主编,现代地质学研究文集(上).南京:南京大学出版社,1～8.
贾承造.1997.中国塔里木盆地构造特征与油气.北京:石油工业出版社,1～438.
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