地球的历史:核-幔磨理论
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摘要
论述了一个旨在统一板块构造学说和地幔柱学说的地球动力学理论。尽管这个理论基于两个不寻常的假设 ,它也许揭示了一个系统的地球演化动力学模型。该理论认为 :地球的内核是一磁铁 ,内核的铁磁性已被观察到的地震波速度各向异性所证实。因为由地球和类木行星之间的磁相互作用所引起的扭力矩始终作用于地球的内核 ,内核象一个旋转发动机 ,每时每刻趋于改变地球的自转速度和自转轴位置 ,而地幔的惯性试图阻止地球自转的变化。这两者之间的相互作用导致了流体外核的形成、玄武岩浆的产生、洋壳的形成、以及内核和地幔之间的差异旋转运动。由于核 -幔差异旋转运动 ,位于核 -幔边界的岩石被逐步研磨成玄武岩岩浆。洋中脊系统被解释成巨大的岩墙系统 ,生根于核 -幔边界层中某些主岩浆房。该理论认为 :全球构造运动的驱动力来自外部空间 ,无论是洋壳或陆壳中的构造运动均是地球表面的扩散现象 ,它受地球的背景辐射和地壳中的物质分布两方面因素影响。其中地球两极方向的差异背景辐射决定了洋中脊系统在地球表面的分布样式和全球构造运动模式。目前 ,地球遭受着较强的向南极之上的背景辐射和相对较弱的向北极之上的背景辐射。由这种极向的差异背景辐射所引起的吹力驱动着大陆朝北漂移 ,并导致了地球的梨状形态?
In this paper, the author advocates a new dynamical theory of the Earth, attempting to unify plate tectonics and plume theories. Although the new dynamical theory may be judged as based on two unusual hypotheses to be verified by further observations, it is still possible that a consistent model of how the planet works may have been unveiled. The new theory admits the Earth's inner core to be a ferromagnet. The ferromagnetism of inner core is supported by observed anisotropic property of inner core in transmitting seismic waves. Since the torque caused by the magnetic interaction between the Earth and (Jovian) planets only acts on the iron core, the core behaves as a rotating engine, tending to change both the rate and axis of Earth's rotation, while the mantle is the resistant to any change of Earth's rotation due to its inertia. The interplay between the two leads to the formations of fluid outer core, basalt magmas, (oceanic) crust, and differential rotation between the inner core and mantle. Rock materials at the core-mantle boundary are ground into basalt magmas due to the differential rotation between the inner core and mantle. Mid-ocean ridge systems are interpreted as the huge dike systems rooted in some principal magma chambers in the core-mantle boundary layer. The new theory assumes that the driving force of global tectonic movement comes from the external space. Tectonic movements in both continental crust and oceanic crust are the phenomena of surface diffusion, which are influenced by the Earth's background radiation and by the matter distribution in the Earth's crust. The anisotropy of background radiation in the polar directions determines the geometric patterns of mid-ocean ridge systems on the Earth's surface and global tectonic movement of the Earth's crust. The Earth currently suffers stronger radiation on to the South Pole than on to the North Pole. The blowing force caused by the anisotropic radiation in the polar directions drives the continents drifting toward the North Pole. The current anisotropy of background radiation in the polar directions moreover results in the pear-shaped Earth with the tensile deformation of Earth developed in the southern hemisphere and the compressive deformation of Earth developed in the northern hemisphere. The asymmetrical Earth deformation produces the present geometric patterns of mid-ocean ridge systems (as the dikes always take the orientation perpendicular to the minimum compressive stress) and determines the modes of sea-floor spreading. History of the Earth is featured by three stages: that without the oceanic crust (before 2.7 Ga), creation of the oceanic crust (2.7～2.25 Ga) and growth of the continental crust (after 2.25 Ga).
In this paper, the author advocates a new dynamical theory of the Earth, attempting to unify plate tectonics and plume theories. Although the new dynamical theory may be judged as based on two unusual hypotheses to be verified by further observations, it is still possible that a consistent model of how the planet works may have been unveiled. The new theory admits the Earth's inner core to be a ferromagnet. The ferromagnetism of inner core is supported by observed anisotropic property of inner core in transmitting seismic waves. Since the torque caused by the magnetic interaction between the Earth and (Jovian) planets only acts on the iron core, the core behaves as a rotating engine, tending to change both the rate and axis of Earth's rotation, while the mantle is the resistant to any change of Earth's rotation due to its inertia. The interplay between the two leads to the formations of fluid outer core, basalt magmas, (oceanic) crust, and differential rotation between the inner core and mantle. Rock materials at the core-mantle boundary are ground into basalt magmas due to the differential rotation between the inner core and mantle. Mid-ocean ridge systems are interpreted as the huge dike systems rooted in some principal magma chambers in the core-mantle boundary layer. The new theory assumes that the driving force of global tectonic movement comes from the external space. Tectonic movements in both continental crust and oceanic crust are the phenomena of surface diffusion, which are influenced by the Earth's background radiation and by the matter distribution in the Earth's crust. The anisotropy of background radiation in the polar directions determines the geometric patterns of mid-ocean ridge systems on the Earth's surface and global tectonic movement of the Earth's crust. The Earth currently suffers stronger radiation on to the South Pole than on to the North Pole. The blowing force caused by the anisotropic radiation in the polar directions drives the continents drifting toward the North Pole. The current anisotropy of background radiation in the polar directions moreover results in the pear-shaped Earth with the tensile deformation of Earth developed in the southern hemisphere and the compressive deformation of Earth developed in the northern hemisphere. The asymmetrical Earth deformation produces the present geometric patterns of mid-ocean ridge systems (as the dikes always take the orientation perpendicular to the minimum compressive stress) and determines the modes of sea-floor spreading. History of the Earth is featured by three stages: that without the oceanic crust (before 2.7 Ga), creation of the oceanic crust (2.7～2.25 Ga) and growth of the continental crust (after 2.25 Ga).
引文
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熊绍柏,刘宏兵,于桂生.1998.青藏高原岩石圈结构与构造的人工地震探测研究.见:青藏高原岩石圈结构演化和动力学.广州:广东科技出版社,135.
潘裕生.1998.青藏高原的形成隆升及其机制.见:青藏高原岩石圈结构演化和动力学.广州:广东科技出版社,401428.
马宗晋,叶洪,陈树岩.1993.地球活动构造解说.北京:地震出版社.
任纪舜.1995.中国大陆构造的基本模型.地球学报,36(3),328330.
ZhangYikun.2003a.Elementsofradiationmechanics.BulletinofAmericanPhysicalSociety,AnnualMarch2003Meeting(abstract).Seetheauthor’sbookwiththesametitle,createdin2002.ZhangYikun.2003b.Core mantlemilltheory.BulletinofAmericanPhysicalSociety,NorthwestSection2003Meeting(abstract).
HamiltonW .2003.AnalternativeEarth.GSAToday,412,November,2003.DziewonskiAM .2003.Globalseismictomography:25yearslater.BulletinofAmericanPhysicalSociety,AnnualMarch2003Meeting(ab stract).
BuxtorfA .1916.PrognosenundBefundebeimHauensteinbasinundGrenchenbergtunnelunddieBedeutungderletzterenfurdieGeologiedesJuragebirges,Verhandl.Naturforsch.Gesellsch.Basel27,184254.
HsuKJ .1979.ThinskinnedplatetectonicsduringneoAlpineorogenesis.Am.J .Sci.,279,353366.
FowlerCMR .1990.TheSolidEarth:AnIntroductiontoGlobalGeophysics.Cambridge.KlepeisKA ,ClarkeGL ,RushmerT .2003.Magmatransportandcouplingbetweendeformationandmagmatisminthecontinentallitho sphere.
GSAToday,411,January,2003.MorelliA ,DziewonskiAM ,WoodhouseJH .1986.AnisotropyoftheinnercoreinferredfromPKIKPtraveltimes.Geophys.Res.Lett.,13,15451548.
WoodhouseJH ,GiardiniD ,LiXD .1986.Evidenceforinnercoreanisotropyfromfreeoscillations.Geophys.Res.Lett.,13,15491552.
SuWJ,DziewonskiAM ,JeanlozR .1996.Planetwithinaplanet:RotationoftheinnercoreofEarth.Science,274,18831887.
SongXD ,RichardsPG .1996.ObservationalevidencefordifferentialrotationoftheEarth’sinnercore.Nature,382,221224.
TrompJ.2001.Inner coreanisotropyandrotation.Ann.Rev.EarthPlanet.Sci.,29,4769.
HurleyPM ,RandJR .1969.Pre driftcontinentalnuclei.Science,164,122942.
TapponierP .1982.PropagatingextrusiontectonicsinAsia:Newinsightsfromsimpleexperimentswithplasticine.Geology,10,61116.
TengJWangSZh,YaoZX ,etal.1980.CharacteristicsofgeophysicalfieldsofQinghaiXizangPlateauanditssurroundingareasandthecontinentalplatetectonics.ActaGeophysicaSinica,23(3):254268(inChinese).
XiongSB ,LiuHB ,YuGS .1998.ExplosionseismologicalresearchoflithosphericstructureofQinghaiXizangPlateau.In:LithosphereStructure,EvolutionandDynamicsofQinghaiXizang(Tibetan)Plateau.Guangzhou:GuangdongScienceandTechnologyPress,135(inChinese).
PanYS .1998.Formation,upliftinganditsmechanismofQinghaiXizangPlateau.In:LithosphereStructure,EvolutionandDynamicsofQinghaiXizang(Tibetan)Plateau.Guangzhou:GuangdongScienceandTechnologyPress,401428(inChinese)
MaZJ ,YeH ,ChenSY .1993.AnEssayonActiveTectonicsoftheEarth.Beijing:SeismologicalPress(inChinese).
RenJS .1995.FundamentalmodelsofChinacontinentaltectonics.JournalofEarth,.36(3):328330(inChinesewithEnglishab stract).
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