青海玉树M_S7.1地震发震过程的数值模拟
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摘要
根据玉树地区的地应力场、速度场和断层展布,对青海玉树2010年4月14日MS7.1级地震发震机理进行了数值模拟。将围岩看成弹性体,断层看成具有应变软化的弹塑性体,断层和围岩组成统一的地质介质系统。在地应力、孔隙压力及边界位移的作用下,应力逐渐积累,当达到断层摩擦破坏强度时,断层产生应变软化,断层突然滑动,能量突然释放,应力突然下降,形成地震。模拟结果表明:玉树7.1级地震是在印度板块向北推挤,青藏高原向东南侧向挤压,在玉树地区形成主压应力为北东80°方向的水平应力场,使甘孜-玉树断裂带产生左旋走滑错动形成的。计算结果给出了应力降、能量释放量、断层走滑错动量、地震复发周期、应力积累速度等重要参数,模拟结果与野外调查资料具有较好的一致性。
In this paper,strain softening model is used to establish the modeling for Yushu MS7.1 earthquake.The results shows that Yushu MS7.1 earthquake occurred as a combination of northward compressing of the Indian Plate and southeastward compressing of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The stress drop,energy release amount,the magnitude of dislocation of fault,and earthquake recurrence intervals are given by the modeling.The modeling results show a good match with the geologic survey in the field.
In this paper,strain softening model is used to establish the modeling for Yushu MS7.1 earthquake.The results shows that Yushu MS7.1 earthquake occurred as a combination of northward compressing of the Indian Plate and southeastward compressing of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The stress drop,energy release amount,the magnitude of dislocation of fault,and earthquake recurrence intervals are given by the modeling.The modeling results show a good match with the geologic survey in the field.
引文
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[2]姚鑫,张永双.基于差分干涉雷达的汶川地震同震形变特点[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):151～161.YAO Xin,ZHANG Yong-shuang.Co-seismic deformation of 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake based on D-INSAR[J].Journalof Geomechanics,2009,15(2):151～161.
[3]张永双,石菊松,孙萍,等.汶川地震内外动力耦合及灾害实测[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):131～141.ZHANG Yong-shuang,SHI Ju-song,SUN Ping,et al.Coupling between endogenic and exogenic geological processes in theWenchuan earthquake and example analysis of geo-hazards[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):131～141.
[4]张永双,雷伟志,石菊松,等.四川5.12地震次生地质灾害的基本特征初析[J].地质力学学报,2008,14(2):109～116.ZHANG Yong-shuang,LEI Wei-zhi,SHI Ju-song,et al.General characteristics of 5.12 earthquake-induced geo-hazards inSichuan[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2008,14(2):109～116.
[5]王连捷,崔军文,周春景,等.汶川5.12地震发震机理的数值模拟[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):105～113.WANG Lian-jie,CUI Jun-wen,ZHOU Chun-jing,et al.Numerical modeling for Wenchuan earthquake mechanism[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):105～113.
[6]王连捷,周春景,孙东升,等.汶川5.12地震引起的库仑变化及其对周边地震活动的影响[J].地质力学学报,2008,14(3):193～200.WANG Lian-jie,ZHOU Chun-jing,SUN Dong-sheng,et al.Coulomb stress changes caused by Wenchuan earthquake andits influence on seismic activity in the adjacent area[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2008,14(3):193～200.
[7]彭华,马秀敏,姜景捷,等.龙门山北端青川断裂附近应力测量与断层稳定性[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):114～130.PENG Hua,MA Xiu-min,JIANG Jing-jie.Stability and stress measurement near the Qingchuan fault in the northernLongmen Mountains[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):114～130.
[8]彭华,马秀敏,姜景捷,等.山丹地应力监测站应变仪的地震效应[J].地质力学学报,2008,14(2):97～108.PENG Hua,MA Xiu-min,JIANG Jing-jie.Analysis of the volume strain data from the Shandan in-situ stress MonitoringStation[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2008,14(2):97～108.
[9]马寅生,张永双,胡道功,等.玉树地震地表破裂与宏观震中[J].地质力学学报,2010,16(2):115～124.MA Yin-sheng,ZHANG Yong-shuang,HU Dao-gong.et al.The Surface Ruptures And The Macroscopical Epicenter OfYushu MS7.1 Earthquake[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2010,16(2):115～124.
[10]姚鑫,张永双,杨农,等.玉树地震地表变形观测及初步分析[J].地质力学学报,2010,16(2):129～136.YAO Xin,ZHANG Yong-shuang,YANG Nong,et al.D-InSAR Deformation Observation and Preliminary Analysis of theMS7.1 Yushu Earthquake[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2010,16(2):129～136.
[11]张永,许力生,陈运泰.2010年4月14日青海玉树MS7.1级地震[EB/OL].http://www.cea-igp.ac.cn/近期显著地震研究/标题.htm,2010-04-17.ZHANG Yong,XU Li-sheng,CHEN Yun-tai.MS 7.1 earthquake in Yushu of Qinghai Province on April 12th 2010[EB/OL].http://www.cea-igp.ac.cn/,2010-04-17
[12]马寅生,张永双,胡道功.地质力学研究所专家组青海玉树地震断裂调查[EB/OL].http://www.geomech.ac.cn/xinwen/2010/yushudizhen/yushu0417.htm,2010-04-17.MA Yin-sheng,ZHANG Yong-shuang,HU Dao-gong.Experts from Institute of Geomechanics investigated earthquake faultsin Yushu,Qinghai Province[EB/OL].http://www.geomech.ac.cn/xinwen/2010/yushudizhen/yushu0417.htm,2010-04-17.
[13]陈颙,地壳岩石的力学性能[M].北京:地震出版社,1988.CHEN Yong.Mechanical properties of Crustal rocks[M].Beijing:Seismological Publishing House,1988.
[14]J C耶格,N G W库克.岩石力学基础[M].中国科学院工程力学研究所(译),北京:地震出版,1981.Jaeger J C,Cook N G W.Basis of rock mechanics[M].Institute of engineering mechanics,Chinese Academy of Science,(Trans.).Beijing:Seismological Publishing House,1981.
[15]Rice J R.Theory of precursory processes in the inception of earthquake rupture[J].Gerlands Beitraege Fuer Geophysik,1979,88,91～127.
[16]谭成轩,马秀敏,杨农,等.地质力学研究所地应力监测台站获得青海玉树MS 7.1级地震信息[EB/OL].http://www.geomech.ac.cn/xinwen/2010/yushudizhen/yushujianbao.htm,2010-04-15TAN Cheng-xuan,MA Xiu-min,YANG Nong,et al.Information of MS 7.1 earthquake in Yushu of Qinghai Province wascaptured by the monitor station of crustal stress from the Institute of Geomechanics[EB/OL].http://www.geomech.ac.cn/xinwen/2010/yushudizhen/yushujianbao.htm,2010-04-15
[17]美国地调局.Magnitude 6.9-Southern Qinghai,China[EB/OL].http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010vacp.php,2010-04-13.U S Geological Survey.Magnitude 6.9-Southern Qinghai,China[EB/OL].http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010vacp.php,2010-04-13.
[18]彭华,马秀敏,李金锁,等.南水北调西线一期工程地壳稳定性研究[M].北京:地震出版社,2009.PENG Hua,MA Xiu-min,LI Jin-suo,et al.Study on crustal stability of West Route of South-to-North Water TransferProject[M].Beijing:Seismological Publishing House,2009.
[19]赖锡安,黄立文,徐菊生,等.中国大陆现今地壳运动[M].北京:地震出版社,2004.LAI Xi-an,HUANG Li-wen,XU Ju-sheng,et al.Present crustal movement in China[M].Beijing:SeismologicalPublishing House,2004.
[20]Goodman R E,Taylor R L,Brekke T L.A model for the mechanics of jointed rock[J].Journal of Soil Mech.Found.Div.,ASCE,1968,94(SM3):637～659.
[21]Zienkiewicz O C,Taylor R L.The finite element method(Fifth Edition),Volume 1:The basis,Volume 2:Solidmechanics,Volume 3:Fluid dynamics,Oxford:Butterworth-Heineman,2000.
[22]殷有泉,张宏.模拟地震的应变软化的数学模型[J].地球物理学报,1982,25(5):414～423.YIN You-quan,ZHANG Hong.A mathematical model of strain softening in simulating earthquake[J].Chinese Journal ofSinica,1982,25(5):414～423.
[23]殷有泉,张宏.断裂带内介质的软化特性和地震的非稳定模型[J].地震学报,1984,6(2):135～145.YIN You-quan,ZHANG Hong.The softening behavior of fault zone medium and an instability model of earthquakes[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1984,6(2):135～145.
[24]殷有泉.非线性有限元基础[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007.YIN You-quan.Nonlinear finite element basis[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2007.
[25]Stuart W D.Quasi-static earthquake mechanics[J].Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics,1979,(17):115～1120.
[2]姚鑫,张永双.基于差分干涉雷达的汶川地震同震形变特点[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):151～161.YAO Xin,ZHANG Yong-shuang.Co-seismic deformation of 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake based on D-INSAR[J].Journalof Geomechanics,2009,15(2):151～161.
[3]张永双,石菊松,孙萍,等.汶川地震内外动力耦合及灾害实测[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):131～141.ZHANG Yong-shuang,SHI Ju-song,SUN Ping,et al.Coupling between endogenic and exogenic geological processes in theWenchuan earthquake and example analysis of geo-hazards[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):131～141.
[4]张永双,雷伟志,石菊松,等.四川5.12地震次生地质灾害的基本特征初析[J].地质力学学报,2008,14(2):109～116.ZHANG Yong-shuang,LEI Wei-zhi,SHI Ju-song,et al.General characteristics of 5.12 earthquake-induced geo-hazards inSichuan[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2008,14(2):109～116.
[5]王连捷,崔军文,周春景,等.汶川5.12地震发震机理的数值模拟[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):105～113.WANG Lian-jie,CUI Jun-wen,ZHOU Chun-jing,et al.Numerical modeling for Wenchuan earthquake mechanism[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):105～113.
[6]王连捷,周春景,孙东升,等.汶川5.12地震引起的库仑变化及其对周边地震活动的影响[J].地质力学学报,2008,14(3):193～200.WANG Lian-jie,ZHOU Chun-jing,SUN Dong-sheng,et al.Coulomb stress changes caused by Wenchuan earthquake andits influence on seismic activity in the adjacent area[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2008,14(3):193～200.
[7]彭华,马秀敏,姜景捷,等.龙门山北端青川断裂附近应力测量与断层稳定性[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):114～130.PENG Hua,MA Xiu-min,JIANG Jing-jie.Stability and stress measurement near the Qingchuan fault in the northernLongmen Mountains[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):114～130.
[8]彭华,马秀敏,姜景捷,等.山丹地应力监测站应变仪的地震效应[J].地质力学学报,2008,14(2):97～108.PENG Hua,MA Xiu-min,JIANG Jing-jie.Analysis of the volume strain data from the Shandan in-situ stress MonitoringStation[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2008,14(2):97～108.
[9]马寅生,张永双,胡道功,等.玉树地震地表破裂与宏观震中[J].地质力学学报,2010,16(2):115～124.MA Yin-sheng,ZHANG Yong-shuang,HU Dao-gong.et al.The Surface Ruptures And The Macroscopical Epicenter OfYushu MS7.1 Earthquake[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2010,16(2):115～124.
[10]姚鑫,张永双,杨农,等.玉树地震地表变形观测及初步分析[J].地质力学学报,2010,16(2):129～136.YAO Xin,ZHANG Yong-shuang,YANG Nong,et al.D-InSAR Deformation Observation and Preliminary Analysis of theMS7.1 Yushu Earthquake[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2010,16(2):129～136.
[11]张永,许力生,陈运泰.2010年4月14日青海玉树MS7.1级地震[EB/OL].http://www.cea-igp.ac.cn/近期显著地震研究/标题.htm,2010-04-17.ZHANG Yong,XU Li-sheng,CHEN Yun-tai.MS 7.1 earthquake in Yushu of Qinghai Province on April 12th 2010[EB/OL].http://www.cea-igp.ac.cn/,2010-04-17
[12]马寅生,张永双,胡道功.地质力学研究所专家组青海玉树地震断裂调查[EB/OL].http://www.geomech.ac.cn/xinwen/2010/yushudizhen/yushu0417.htm,2010-04-17.MA Yin-sheng,ZHANG Yong-shuang,HU Dao-gong.Experts from Institute of Geomechanics investigated earthquake faultsin Yushu,Qinghai Province[EB/OL].http://www.geomech.ac.cn/xinwen/2010/yushudizhen/yushu0417.htm,2010-04-17.
[13]陈颙,地壳岩石的力学性能[M].北京:地震出版社,1988.CHEN Yong.Mechanical properties of Crustal rocks[M].Beijing:Seismological Publishing House,1988.
[14]J C耶格,N G W库克.岩石力学基础[M].中国科学院工程力学研究所(译),北京:地震出版,1981.Jaeger J C,Cook N G W.Basis of rock mechanics[M].Institute of engineering mechanics,Chinese Academy of Science,(Trans.).Beijing:Seismological Publishing House,1981.
[15]Rice J R.Theory of precursory processes in the inception of earthquake rupture[J].Gerlands Beitraege Fuer Geophysik,1979,88,91～127.
[16]谭成轩,马秀敏,杨农,等.地质力学研究所地应力监测台站获得青海玉树MS 7.1级地震信息[EB/OL].http://www.geomech.ac.cn/xinwen/2010/yushudizhen/yushujianbao.htm,2010-04-15TAN Cheng-xuan,MA Xiu-min,YANG Nong,et al.Information of MS 7.1 earthquake in Yushu of Qinghai Province wascaptured by the monitor station of crustal stress from the Institute of Geomechanics[EB/OL].http://www.geomech.ac.cn/xinwen/2010/yushudizhen/yushujianbao.htm,2010-04-15
[17]美国地调局.Magnitude 6.9-Southern Qinghai,China[EB/OL].http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010vacp.php,2010-04-13.U S Geological Survey.Magnitude 6.9-Southern Qinghai,China[EB/OL].http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010vacp.php,2010-04-13.
[18]彭华,马秀敏,李金锁,等.南水北调西线一期工程地壳稳定性研究[M].北京:地震出版社,2009.PENG Hua,MA Xiu-min,LI Jin-suo,et al.Study on crustal stability of West Route of South-to-North Water TransferProject[M].Beijing:Seismological Publishing House,2009.
[19]赖锡安,黄立文,徐菊生,等.中国大陆现今地壳运动[M].北京:地震出版社,2004.LAI Xi-an,HUANG Li-wen,XU Ju-sheng,et al.Present crustal movement in China[M].Beijing:SeismologicalPublishing House,2004.
[20]Goodman R E,Taylor R L,Brekke T L.A model for the mechanics of jointed rock[J].Journal of Soil Mech.Found.Div.,ASCE,1968,94(SM3):637～659.
[21]Zienkiewicz O C,Taylor R L.The finite element method(Fifth Edition),Volume 1:The basis,Volume 2:Solidmechanics,Volume 3:Fluid dynamics,Oxford:Butterworth-Heineman,2000.
[22]殷有泉,张宏.模拟地震的应变软化的数学模型[J].地球物理学报,1982,25(5):414～423.YIN You-quan,ZHANG Hong.A mathematical model of strain softening in simulating earthquake[J].Chinese Journal ofSinica,1982,25(5):414～423.
[23]殷有泉,张宏.断裂带内介质的软化特性和地震的非稳定模型[J].地震学报,1984,6(2):135～145.YIN You-quan,ZHANG Hong.The softening behavior of fault zone medium and an instability model of earthquakes[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1984,6(2):135～145.
[24]殷有泉.非线性有限元基础[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007.YIN You-quan.Nonlinear finite element basis[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2007.
[25]Stuart W D.Quasi-static earthquake mechanics[J].Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics,1979,(17):115～1120.
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