模拟引潮力作用下岩石破坏前兆的实验研究——加卸载响应比(LURR)理论和能量加速释放(AER)
摘要
大地震前加卸载响应比升高和能量加速释放这2种现象可以用来对地震进行中期预报。同时,加卸载响应比升高和能量加速释放有相同的物理机制。实验对于揭示地壳岩石的变形和破坏规律是非常重要的。在三轴应力条件下进行了岩石破坏声发射实验,声发射技术是研究岩石变形破坏微观机理的重要手段。为了模拟日月引潮力对地球的加载和卸载作用,在一常数加载率的轴向压力作用下,叠加上微小的正弦扰动,力求能够模拟地下岩石复杂的受力状态。实验过程中记录到大量的声发射信息,声发射记录包括声发射发生的时间、空间坐标和振幅,它能够反映岩石试件内部每一个损伤(微裂纹)发生的时间、地点和强度。利用声发射记录系统地分析了岩石试件破坏前能量释放及加卸载响应比的演化情况,结果显示,岩石试件宏观破坏前出现了能量加速释放及加卸载响应比剧增这2种前兆现象,从而对地震临界点理论给予了实验支持,同时也为地震预测提供了实验依据。
High LURR values and observations of Accelerating Moment/Energy Release(AMR/AER) prior to large earthquakes have suggested that intermediate-term earthquake prediction is possible.The LURR and AMR/AER have a similar physical origin.Experiments are very important in exploring the deformation and fracture of earth rock.Acoustic emission experiments of rock failure under triaxial stress have been conducted.The technique of acoustic emission is an important approach to reveal the micro-mechanism of deformation and failure of rocks.In order to simulate the rock in the earth crust the specimens were loaded by the combined action of a constant stress,intended to simulate tectonic loading,and a small sinusoidal disturbance stress,analogous to the Earth tide induced by the sun and the moon.Lots of acoustic emission during the entire loading was recorded.Each acoustic emission signal is characterized by the time,the three coordinates of the hypocenter and the amplitude,which is able to indicate the occurrence timel,ocation and magnitude of every damage(micro-crack) in the specimen.In this paper LURR and AER are carried out in detail using the AE records.The results show that high LURR and AER occur before the macro fracture of the specimens.The experimental results confirm that LURR and AER are two macroscopic failure precursors of rock,which could be served as the experimental support of critical point hypothesis and foundation of earthquake prediction.
High LURR values and observations of Accelerating Moment/Energy Release(AMR/AER) prior to large earthquakes have suggested that intermediate-term earthquake prediction is possible.The LURR and AMR/AER have a similar physical origin.Experiments are very important in exploring the deformation and fracture of earth rock.Acoustic emission experiments of rock failure under triaxial stress have been conducted.The technique of acoustic emission is an important approach to reveal the micro-mechanism of deformation and failure of rocks.In order to simulate the rock in the earth crust the specimens were loaded by the combined action of a constant stress,intended to simulate tectonic loading,and a small sinusoidal disturbance stress,analogous to the Earth tide induced by the sun and the moon.Lots of acoustic emission during the entire loading was recorded.Each acoustic emission signal is characterized by the time,the three coordinates of the hypocenter and the amplitude,which is able to indicate the occurrence timel,ocation and magnitude of every damage(micro-crack) in the specimen.In this paper LURR and AER are carried out in detail using the AE records.The results show that high LURR and AER occur before the macro fracture of the specimens.The experimental results confirm that LURR and AER are two macroscopic failure precursors of rock,which could be served as the experimental support of critical point hypothesis and foundation of earthquake prediction.
引文
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[8]周小平,张永兴.大厂铜坑矿细脉带岩石结构面直剪实验中声发射特性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(5):724–727.(Zhou Xiaoping,Zhang Yongxing.Study on the property of acoustic emission straight shearing test of rock joint in Dachang Tongkeng mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2002,21(5):724–727.(in Chinese))
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[11]Bufe C G,Varnes D J.Predictive modeling of the seismic cycle of the greater San Francisco Bay region[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1993,98(B6):9 871–9 883.
[12]Gross S,Rundle J.A systematic test of time-to-failure analysis[J].Geophys.J.Int.,1998,133:57–64.
[13]Brehm D J,Braile LW.Intermediate-term earthquake prediction using the modified time-to-failure method in Southern California[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1999,89:275–293.
[14]Yin X C,Mora P,Peng K Y,et al.Load-unload response ratio and accelerating moment/energy release critical region scaling and earthquake prediction[J].Pageoph.,2002,159(10):2 511–2 524.
[15]彭克银,尹祥础.加卸载响应比与应变能加速释放的临界现象讨论[J].地震,2004,24(3):8–14.(Peng Keyin,Yin Xiangchu.Critical point hypothesis study on load-unload response ratio and accelerating release of strain energy[J].Earthquake,2004,24(3):8–14.(in Chinese))
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[17]尹祥础,尹灿.非线性系统的失稳前兆与地震预测[J].中国科学(B辑),1991,5:512–518.(Yin Xiangchu,Yin Can.The precursor of instability for nonlinear systems and its application to earthquake prediction[J].Science in China(Series B),1991,5:512–518.(in Chinese))
[18]Yin X C,Chen X Z,Song Z P.The load/unload response ratio(LURR)theory and its application to earthquake prediction[J].Journal of Earthquake Prediction Research,1994,3(3):325–333.
[19]Yin X C,Chen X Z,Song Z P,et al.A new approach to earthquake prediction—the load/unload response ratio(LURR)theory[J].Pageoph.,1995,145(3/4):701–715.
[20]Yin X C,Yu H Z,Kukshenko V,et al.Load-unload response ratio(LURR),accelerating energy release(AER)and state vector evolution as precursors to failure of rock specimens[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2004,161(11/12):2 405–2 416.
[21]Wang Y C,Mora P,Yin C.David place,statistical tests of load-unload response ratio signals by lattice solid model:implication to tidal triggering and earthquake prediction[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2004,161(9/10):1 829–1 839.
[22]Sornette D,Sammis C G.Complex critical exponents from renormalization group theory of earthquakes:implications for earthquake predictions[J].J.Phys.I France,1995,5:607–619.
[23]Bowman D D,Ouillon G,Sammis C G,et al.An observational test of the critical earthquake concept[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103:24 359–24 372.
[24]Sornette D.Mean-field solution of a block-spring model of earthquake[J].J.Phys.I France,1992,2:2 089–2 096.
[25]Ben-Zion Y,Lyakhovsky V.Accelerated seismic release and related aspects of seismicity patterns on earthquake faults[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2002,159(10):2 385–2 412.
[26]Turcotte D L,Newman W I,Shcherbakov R.Micro-and macro-scopic models of rock fracture[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2002,152:718–728.
[27]Rundle J B,Klein W,Tiampo K,et al.Precursory seismic activation and critical-point phenomena[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2000,157(11/12):2 165–2 182.
[28]Sornette D.Critical Phenomena in Natural Sciences:Chaos,Fractals,Self-organization,Disorder-Concepts and Tools(Springer Series in Synergetics S.)[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag,Heidelberg GmbH and Co.K,2000.
[29]Bai Y L,Xia M F,Ke F J,et al.Analysis and simulation of evolution induced catastrophe[J].Chinese Phys.Lett.,1993,10(3):155–158.
[30]Bai Y L,Lu C S,Ke F J,et al.Evolution induced catastrophe[J].Phys.Lett.,1994,185(2):196–200.
[31]Bai Y,Jia Z,Zhang X,et al.Long-range stress redistribution resulting from damage in heterogeneous media[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2004,161(9/10):1 841–1 852.
[32]Zhang X,Xu X,Wang H,et al.Critical sensitivity in driven nonlinear threshold systems[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2004,161(9/10):1 931–1 944.
[33]夏蒙棼,韩闻生,柯孚久,等.统计细观损伤力学和损伤演化诱致突变(I)[J].力学进展,1995,25(1):1–40.(Xia Mengfen,Han Wensheng,Ke Fujiu,et al.Statistical meso-scopic damage mechanics and damage evolution induced catastrophe(I)[J].Advances in Mechanics,1995,25(1):1–40.(in Chinese))
[34]夏蒙棼,韩闻生,柯孚久,等.统计细观损伤力学和损伤演化诱致突变(Ⅱ)[J].力学进展,1995,25(2):145–171.(Xia Mengfen,Han Wensheng,Ke Fujiu,et al.Statistical meso-scopic damage mechanics and damage evolution induced catastrophe(Ⅱ)[J].Advances in Mechanics,1995,25(2):145–171.(in Chinese))
[2]Scholz C H.Experimental study of the fracturing process in brittle rock[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1968,73:1 447–1 454.
[3]Hirata T.Fractal dimension of fault systems in Japan:fractal structure in rock fracture geometry at various scales[J].Pageoph.,1989,131:157–170.
[4]Lockner D A,Byerlee J D,Kuksenko V,et al.Observations of Quasistatic Fault Growth from Acoustic Emissions,Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rocks[M].London:Academic Press,1992.1–29.
[5]Lei X L,Masuda K,Nishizawa O,et al.Detailed analysis of acoustic emission activity during catastrophic fracture of faults in rocks[J].Jou.Struct.Geol.,2004,26:247–258.
[6]蒋海昆,张流,周永胜,等.基于高温高压岩石破坏实验结果对中强度地震前震中附近区域部分地震学现象的初步解释[J].西北地震学报,2002,24(2):113–122.(Jiang Haikun,Zhang Liu,Zhou Yongsheng,et al.Primary explanation on some seismic phenomena around the epicenter area before strong and moderate earthquake based on the HT-HP rock failure experimental results[J].Northwestern seismological Journal,2002,24(2):113–122.(in Chinese))
[7]许迎年,徐文胜,王元汉,等.岩爆模拟试验及岩爆机理研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(10):1 462–1 466.(Xu Yingnian,Xu Wensheng,Wang Yuanhan,et al.,Simulation testing and mechanism studies on rock burst[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2002,21(10):1 462–1 466.(in Chinese))
[8]周小平,张永兴.大厂铜坑矿细脉带岩石结构面直剪实验中声发射特性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(5):724–727.(Zhou Xiaoping,Zhang Yongxing.Study on the property of acoustic emission straight shearing test of rock joint in Dachang Tongkeng mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2002,21(5):724–727.(in Chinese))
[9]蒋宇,葛修润,任建喜.岩石疲劳破坏过程中的变形规律及声发射特性[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(11):1 810–1 814.(Jiang Yu,Ge Xiurun,Ren Jianxi.Deformation results and acoustic emission characteristics of rocks in process of fatigue failure[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(11):1 810–1 814.(in Chinese))
[10]Vere-Jones D.Statistical theory of crack propagation[J].Math.Geol.,1977,9:455–481.
[11]Bufe C G,Varnes D J.Predictive modeling of the seismic cycle of the greater San Francisco Bay region[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1993,98(B6):9 871–9 883.
[12]Gross S,Rundle J.A systematic test of time-to-failure analysis[J].Geophys.J.Int.,1998,133:57–64.
[13]Brehm D J,Braile LW.Intermediate-term earthquake prediction using the modified time-to-failure method in Southern California[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1999,89:275–293.
[14]Yin X C,Mora P,Peng K Y,et al.Load-unload response ratio and accelerating moment/energy release critical region scaling and earthquake prediction[J].Pageoph.,2002,159(10):2 511–2 524.
[15]彭克银,尹祥础.加卸载响应比与应变能加速释放的临界现象讨论[J].地震,2004,24(3):8–14.(Peng Keyin,Yin Xiangchu.Critical point hypothesis study on load-unload response ratio and accelerating release of strain energy[J].Earthquake,2004,24(3):8–14.(in Chinese))
[16]尹祥础.地震预测新途径的探索[J].中国地震,1987,3(1):1–7.(Yin Xiangchu.Exploring the new approach to earthquake prediction[J].Earthquake Research in China,1987,3(1):1–7.(in Chinese))
[17]尹祥础,尹灿.非线性系统的失稳前兆与地震预测[J].中国科学(B辑),1991,5:512–518.(Yin Xiangchu,Yin Can.The precursor of instability for nonlinear systems and its application to earthquake prediction[J].Science in China(Series B),1991,5:512–518.(in Chinese))
[18]Yin X C,Chen X Z,Song Z P.The load/unload response ratio(LURR)theory and its application to earthquake prediction[J].Journal of Earthquake Prediction Research,1994,3(3):325–333.
[19]Yin X C,Chen X Z,Song Z P,et al.A new approach to earthquake prediction—the load/unload response ratio(LURR)theory[J].Pageoph.,1995,145(3/4):701–715.
[20]Yin X C,Yu H Z,Kukshenko V,et al.Load-unload response ratio(LURR),accelerating energy release(AER)and state vector evolution as precursors to failure of rock specimens[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2004,161(11/12):2 405–2 416.
[21]Wang Y C,Mora P,Yin C.David place,statistical tests of load-unload response ratio signals by lattice solid model:implication to tidal triggering and earthquake prediction[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2004,161(9/10):1 829–1 839.
[22]Sornette D,Sammis C G.Complex critical exponents from renormalization group theory of earthquakes:implications for earthquake predictions[J].J.Phys.I France,1995,5:607–619.
[23]Bowman D D,Ouillon G,Sammis C G,et al.An observational test of the critical earthquake concept[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103:24 359–24 372.
[24]Sornette D.Mean-field solution of a block-spring model of earthquake[J].J.Phys.I France,1992,2:2 089–2 096.
[25]Ben-Zion Y,Lyakhovsky V.Accelerated seismic release and related aspects of seismicity patterns on earthquake faults[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2002,159(10):2 385–2 412.
[26]Turcotte D L,Newman W I,Shcherbakov R.Micro-and macro-scopic models of rock fracture[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2002,152:718–728.
[27]Rundle J B,Klein W,Tiampo K,et al.Precursory seismic activation and critical-point phenomena[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2000,157(11/12):2 165–2 182.
[28]Sornette D.Critical Phenomena in Natural Sciences:Chaos,Fractals,Self-organization,Disorder-Concepts and Tools(Springer Series in Synergetics S.)[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag,Heidelberg GmbH and Co.K,2000.
[29]Bai Y L,Xia M F,Ke F J,et al.Analysis and simulation of evolution induced catastrophe[J].Chinese Phys.Lett.,1993,10(3):155–158.
[30]Bai Y L,Lu C S,Ke F J,et al.Evolution induced catastrophe[J].Phys.Lett.,1994,185(2):196–200.
[31]Bai Y,Jia Z,Zhang X,et al.Long-range stress redistribution resulting from damage in heterogeneous media[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2004,161(9/10):1 841–1 852.
[32]Zhang X,Xu X,Wang H,et al.Critical sensitivity in driven nonlinear threshold systems[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2004,161(9/10):1 931–1 944.
[33]夏蒙棼,韩闻生,柯孚久,等.统计细观损伤力学和损伤演化诱致突变(I)[J].力学进展,1995,25(1):1–40.(Xia Mengfen,Han Wensheng,Ke Fujiu,et al.Statistical meso-scopic damage mechanics and damage evolution induced catastrophe(I)[J].Advances in Mechanics,1995,25(1):1–40.(in Chinese))
[34]夏蒙棼,韩闻生,柯孚久,等.统计细观损伤力学和损伤演化诱致突变(Ⅱ)[J].力学进展,1995,25(2):145–171.(Xia Mengfen,Han Wensheng,Ke Fujiu,et al.Statistical meso-scopic damage mechanics and damage evolution induced catastrophe(Ⅱ)[J].Advances in Mechanics,1995,25(2):145–171.(in Chinese))
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