养护管理措施对地震后退化草坪恢复的影响
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摘要
2008年6~7月对地震后搭建帐篷的不同退化程度草坪,采用4种恢复方式进行定位试验,开展草坪特征(草坪草绿色盖度、高度、密度、裸斑盖度、杂草盖度和高度等参数)和维管植物多样性调查。采用一般线性模型中的单变量多因素方差分析研究了处理方式,恢复时间以及二者的交互作用对草坪恢复的影响。研究结果表明:(1)随着搭建帐篷时间的延长,草坪的退化程度加剧。重度退化草坪较轻度退化草坪恢复需要更长的时间。(2)施肥加浇水较其他方式能显著提高轻度退化草坪草绿色盖度,降低枯落物盖度,增加杂草盖度。4种恢复方式对重度退化草坪恢复特征没有差异。(3)恢复1个月后,重度退化草坪草的盖度从1.80%±0.39%恢复到8.90%±2.51%,轻度退化草坪草的盖度从7.78%±1.79%恢复到10.98%±2.75%,恢复效果较差。恢复后草坪植物组成和丰富度发生了明显的变化。杂草从5种增加到19种。草坪草无芒雀麦的优势地位被生长速度快的莎草科植物单穗水蜈蚣和阔叶类植物积雪草代替。综合分析表明:以无芒雀麦为优势种的草坪受避灾干扰的影响较大,养护管理措施并不能促进轻度和重度退化草坪草的快速恢复,应采取重建方式进行恢复。
The effect of 4 restoration treatments,including fertilization,watering,fertilization and watering,natural restoration,on degraded turf caused by setting tents was studied from June to July in 2008 through measuring the coverage,height and density of turfgrass and weed.Univariate analysis was used to detect differences of turf characteristics among 4 treatments,restoration time and their interaction.Results showed that:(1) the degraded degree of turf was accelerated along with time after putting up tents.The heavy-degraded turf need more time to restore than the slight-degraded.(2) Compared with other 3 treatments,fertilization and watering could increase the coverage of turfgrass and weed in the slight-degraded turf but decreased the coverage of litter.The characteristics of turf had no significant difference among treatments in heavy-degraded turf.(3) After restoration,the coverage of turfgrass in heavy-degraded turf increased from 1.80%±0.39% to 8.90%±2.51% and in slight-degraded turf increased from 7.78%±1.79% to 10.98%±2.75%.Plant composition was changed significantly.Dominant position of dominant turfgrass(Bromus inermis) was decreased,while the position of Kyllinga cororata and Centella asiatica were increased.The richness and number of weed increased from 5 to 19 after restoration.So the turf dominated by Bromus inermis was heavyly damaged.The management methods could not promote the restoration of degraded turf and it was better to reconstruct.
The effect of 4 restoration treatments,including fertilization,watering,fertilization and watering,natural restoration,on degraded turf caused by setting tents was studied from June to July in 2008 through measuring the coverage,height and density of turfgrass and weed.Univariate analysis was used to detect differences of turf characteristics among 4 treatments,restoration time and their interaction.Results showed that:(1) the degraded degree of turf was accelerated along with time after putting up tents.The heavy-degraded turf need more time to restore than the slight-degraded.(2) Compared with other 3 treatments,fertilization and watering could increase the coverage of turfgrass and weed in the slight-degraded turf but decreased the coverage of litter.The characteristics of turf had no significant difference among treatments in heavy-degraded turf.(3) After restoration,the coverage of turfgrass in heavy-degraded turf increased from 1.80%±0.39% to 8.90%±2.51% and in slight-degraded turf increased from 7.78%±1.79% to 10.98%±2.75%.Plant composition was changed significantly.Dominant position of dominant turfgrass(Bromus inermis) was decreased,while the position of Kyllinga cororata and Centella asiatica were increased.The richness and number of weed increased from 5 to 19 after restoration.So the turf dominated by Bromus inermis was heavyly damaged.The management methods could not promote the restoration of degraded turf and it was better to reconstruct.
引文
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[2]Cole D N,Fichtler R K.Campsite i mpact in three westernwilderness areas[J].Environmental Management,1983(7):275-288.
[3]Ji m C Y.Camping i mpacts on vegetation and soil in aHong Kong country park[J].Applied Geography,1987,7(4):317-332.
[4]周艺,熊炜,聂炎,等.退化草坪绿地恢复与重建的研究[J].牧草与饲料,2007,1(2):49-50.
[5]罗富成,李仲伯.草坪退化原因及其复壮更新技术的探讨[J].中国草地,2000(1):77-79.
[6]王小君.城市草坪退化原因分析及其防治对策[J].北京园林,2007,23:43-46.
[7]曹义国,韦兆信.草坪退化与恢复[J].中国林副特产,1999(1):51.
[8]胡毅,朱克云,李跃春,等.成都平原中西部近40年气候特征及其变化研究[J].成都信息工程学院学报,2004,19(2):223-231.
[9]王沙生,高容孚,吴贯明.植物生理学[M].北京:中国农林业出版社,1981.
[10]Carrow R N.Influence of soil compaction onthree grass-landgrass species[J].Agronomy Journal,1980,72:1038-1042.
[11]James B B.Turfgrass science and culture[M].Engle-wood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,1973.
[12]Colel D N,Spildie D R.Restoration of plant cover in sub-alpine forests disturbed by camping:success of transplan-ting[J].Natural Areas Journal,2006,26(2):168-178.
[13]Yorks T J,West N E,Mueller R J,et al.Toleration oftraffic by vegetation:life form conclusions and summaryextracts from a comprehensive data base[J].Environ-mental Management,1997,21:121-131.
[14]孙强,李卫强,赵国珊,等.水分对3种冷季型草坪草地上生物量的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2007,44(5):637-641.
[15]边秀举,胡林,李晓林,等.不同氮钾用量对多年生黑麦草草坪的影响[J].草业学报,2000,9(1):55-59.
[16]彭燕,周寿荣.亨特草地早熟禾草坪施氮效应[J].四川农业大学学报,2001,19(1):40-43.
[17]王宝山,尕玛加,张玉.青藏高原“黑土滩”退化高寒草甸草原形成机制和治理方法的研究进展[J].2007(2):72-77
[18]O’Connor T G,Haines L M,Snyman H A.Influence ofprecipitation and species composition on phytomass of asemi-arid African grassland[J].Journal of Ecology,2001,89:50-860.
[19]刘伟,王启基,王溪,等.高寒草甸“黑土型”退化草地的成因和生态过程[J].草地学报,1999,7(4):300-307.
[20]Bryson C T,R Carter,McCarty L B,et al.Kyllinga,a ge-nus of neglected weeds in the continental United States[J].Weed Tech,1997,11(8):838-842.
[21]Kawabata O,Nishi moto R K,Tang C.Interference oftwo kyllinga species(Kyllinga nemoralisandKyllingabrevifolia)on Bermuda grass(Cynodon dactylon)growth[J].Weed Tech,1994,8(1):83-86.
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