基于高温高压岩石破裂实验结果对中强地震前震中附近区域部分地震学现象的初步解释
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摘要
依据高温高压岩石破裂实验结果并结合理论分析 ,对震中附近区域不同深度温压条件下岩石变形破坏性质及破坏失稳的力学行为进行了研究 ,在一次应力加载循环中 ,发生破坏的部位随时间具有向深部下迁的趋势 .考虑到深度温压条件下岩石的渐进式破坏行为及突发失稳 ,对主震前震中附近区域小地震活动的增强、平静、活化等现象 ,以及b值等时间序列参数变化的可能机理进行初步探讨 ,并简单讨论了两类平静和两类b值变化的可能原因
Based on the model from HT-HP rock experimental result and theoretical analysis,for epicenter area of strong and moderate earthquake,the properties and mechanical behaviors of rock deformation and failure under the condition of different temperature and pressure are studied.According to the model, during a loading circle, the small earthquakes move to the deeper crust gradually with the tectonic stress increases. The relocation results of some earthquake sequences support this concept model.Considering the mechanical behaviors of rock incremental failure and abrupt instability, the enhancement and quiescence phenomena of seismic activity before middle and strong earthquake, as well as the changing characteristics of b value are studied primarily. The potential mechanism of two kinds of quiescence and change of b value are discussed.
Based on the model from HT-HP rock experimental result and theoretical analysis,for epicenter area of strong and moderate earthquake,the properties and mechanical behaviors of rock deformation and failure under the condition of different temperature and pressure are studied.According to the model, during a loading circle, the small earthquakes move to the deeper crust gradually with the tectonic stress increases. The relocation results of some earthquake sequences support this concept model.Considering the mechanical behaviors of rock incremental failure and abrupt instability, the enhancement and quiescence phenomena of seismic activity before middle and strong earthquake, as well as the changing characteristics of b value are studied primarily. The potential mechanism of two kinds of quiescence and change of b value are discussed.
引文
[1] 王绳祖,张流.地壳温压条件下周口店花岗闪长岩的变形破坏[J].地震地质,1982,4(4):68.
[2] 张流.高温高压条件下周口店花岗闪长岩岩石力学性质的实验研究[A].见:地震地质论文集[C].天津:天津科学技术出版社,1986.159—174.
[3] Carter,MichaelCTsenn.Flowpropertiesofcontinentallithosphere[J].Tectonophysics,1987,136:27-63.
[4] ScholzCH .Thebrittle plastictransitionanddepthofseismicfaulting[J].Geol.Rund.,1988,77:319-328.
[5] LocknerD .Theroleofacousticemissioninthestudyofrockfracture[J\〗.Int.,RockMech.Min.Sci.,1998,30:883-900.
[6] 蒋海昆,张流,周永胜.室温及不同围压条件下声发射序列特征及其地震学意义[J].地球物理学报,2000,43(6):812—826.
[7] 蒋海昆,张流,周永胜.温度环境对花岗岩变形破坏过程中声发射序列特征的影响[J\〗.地震,2000,20(3):87—94
[8] 蒋海昆,张流,周永胜.不同深度温压条件下花岗岩变形破坏过程中的AE序列特征[J \〗.地震学报,2000,22(4):395—403.
[9] KohlstedtDL ,EvansB ,MackwellSJ.Strengthofthelithosphere:Constraintsimposedbylaboratoryexperiments[J].JGR ,1995.100:17587—17602.
[10] KanamoriH .Thenatureofseismicitypatternsbeforelargeearthquakes,Earthquakeprediction———aninternationalreview[M].Mau riceEwingSeries,1981.1—19.
[11] RummelF ,FairhurstC .Determinationofthepost failurebehaviourofbrittlerockusingaservo controlledtestingmachine[J].RockMech.,1970,(2):189-204.
[12] SalamonMDG .Stability,instabilityanddesignofpillarworking[J].Int.J.Rock.Mech.Min.Sci.,1970,7(6):613-631.
[13] 陈,郝晋升,严维玲,等.单轴压缩时压机刚度对岩石样品声学性质的影响[A].见:大陆地震和地震预报国际学术讨论会文集[C].北京:地震出版社,1982.409—415.
[14] 马瑾,马文涛,马胜利,等.5°拐折构造变形物理场的实验研究与数值模拟[J].地震地质,1995,17(4):318—326.
[15] 马瑾,马胜利,刘力强,等.交叉断层的交替活动与块体运动的实验研究[J].地震地质,2000,22(1):65—73.
[16] 马胜利,邓志辉,马文涛,等.雁列式断层变形过程中物理场演化的实验研究(一)[J].地震地质,1995,17(4):327—335.
[17] 马胜利,刘力强,邓志辉.雁列式断层变形过程中物理场演化的实验研究(二)[J].地震地质,1995,17(4):336—341.
[18] 刘力强,马瑾,吴秀芳.雁列式断层变形与失稳过程的实验研究[J].地震学报,1986,8(4):393—403.
[19] 马文涛,马瑾,刘力强,等.雁列断层变形过程中的声发射特征[J].地震地质,1995,17(4):342—348.
[20] 许昭永,王彬,赵晋明,等.含硬包体试样微破裂图象演变过程的实验研究[J].地震学报,1997,19(3):317—322.
[21] 许昭永、王彬、赵晋明,等.含硬包体试样破裂特征的实验研究[J].地震学报,1997,19(1):79—85.
[22] 李世愚,滕春凯,卢振业,等.典型构造微破裂集结的实验研究[J].地震学报,2000,22(3):278—287.
[23] DodgeDA ,BerozaGC .Foreshocksequenceofthe1992,Landers,California,earthquakeanditsimplicationforearthquakenucle ation[J].JGR ,1995,100:9865-9880
[24] HurukawaN .The1995offEtorofuearthquake:jointrelocationofforeshocks,themain shock,andaftershocksandimplicationsfortheearthquakenucleationprocess[J].BSSA ,1998,88(5):1112-1126.
[25] RastogiBK ,PrantikMandal.Foreshocksandnucleationofsmall-tomoderate sizedKoynaearthquake(India)[J].BSSA ,1999,89(3):829-836
[26] 曲延军,王海涛,李莹甄,等.天山地区地震学中短期预报方法研究及效能评价[J].内陆地震,2000,14(4):312—322.
[27] 梅世蓉,冯德益,张国民,等.中国地震预报概论[M].北京:地震出版社,1993.
[28] 焦明若,张国民.地震中短期前兆某些特征的研究[J].地震,2000.20(3):29—36.
[29] 林邦慧,胡小幸,周冉.1966年邢台地区强震前小震的“密集-平静”特征及其初步解释[J].地震学报,1990,12(4):348—356.
[30] 张流,许昭永,陆阳泉,等.地震前兆场物理机制实验研究的新进展[J].地震,1995,(增刊):23—35.
[31] OhnakaM ,MogiK .Frequencycharacteristicsofacousticemissioninrocksunderuniaxialcompressionanditsrelationtothefracturingprocesstofailure[J].JGR ,1982,87(B5):3873-3884.
[32] ScholzCH .TheMechanicsofEarthquakesandFaulting[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniv.Press,1990.
[33] 郭增建,秦保燕.地震成因与地震预报[M].北京:地震出版社,1991.220—223.
[34] 梅世蓉,宋治平,薛艳.我国巨大地震前地震活动环形分布图象与规律[J].地震学报,1996,18(3):1—9.
[35] MogiK .Magnitude frequencyrelationforelasticshocksaccompanyingfracturesofvariousmaterialsandsomerelatedproblemsinearthquakes.2[J].Bull.Earthq.Res.Inst.,1962,40:831-853.
[36] ScholzCH .Thefrequency magituderelationofmicrofracturinginrockanditsrelationtoearthquakes[J].BSSA ,1968,58:399-415.
[37] 耿乃光.模拟实验的进展和我国b值模拟实验的开端[J].地震学报,1986,8(3):330—333.
[38] 朱令人,周仕永.地震多重分形标度指数谱f(α)的研究[J].西北地震学报,1992,14(2):30—35.
[39] 朱令人.对强震前地震分形谱异常的研究[J].地震学报,1997,19(3):331—333.
[40] 汪素云,JamesNi,马宗晋,等.华北强震断层面解和震源深度特征[J].地球物理学报,1991,34(1):42—54.
[41] 李全林,于渌,郝柏林,等.地震频度-震级关系的时空扫描[M].北京:地震出版社,1979.
[42] MolchanGM ,KronrodTL ,NekrasovaAK .Immediateforeshocks:timevariationoftheb value[J].Phys.EarthPlanetInter1999,111:229-240.
[43] 蒋海昆.典型断层组合及不同温压条件下岩石变形过程中的声发射活动特征[D].中国地震局地质研究所博士学位论文,2000
[2] 张流.高温高压条件下周口店花岗闪长岩岩石力学性质的实验研究[A].见:地震地质论文集[C].天津:天津科学技术出版社,1986.159—174.
[3] Carter,MichaelCTsenn.Flowpropertiesofcontinentallithosphere[J].Tectonophysics,1987,136:27-63.
[4] ScholzCH .Thebrittle plastictransitionanddepthofseismicfaulting[J].Geol.Rund.,1988,77:319-328.
[5] LocknerD .Theroleofacousticemissioninthestudyofrockfracture[J\〗.Int.,RockMech.Min.Sci.,1998,30:883-900.
[6] 蒋海昆,张流,周永胜.室温及不同围压条件下声发射序列特征及其地震学意义[J].地球物理学报,2000,43(6):812—826.
[7] 蒋海昆,张流,周永胜.温度环境对花岗岩变形破坏过程中声发射序列特征的影响[J\〗.地震,2000,20(3):87—94
[8] 蒋海昆,张流,周永胜.不同深度温压条件下花岗岩变形破坏过程中的AE序列特征[J \〗.地震学报,2000,22(4):395—403.
[9] KohlstedtDL ,EvansB ,MackwellSJ.Strengthofthelithosphere:Constraintsimposedbylaboratoryexperiments[J].JGR ,1995.100:17587—17602.
[10] KanamoriH .Thenatureofseismicitypatternsbeforelargeearthquakes,Earthquakeprediction———aninternationalreview[M].Mau riceEwingSeries,1981.1—19.
[11] RummelF ,FairhurstC .Determinationofthepost failurebehaviourofbrittlerockusingaservo controlledtestingmachine[J].RockMech.,1970,(2):189-204.
[12] SalamonMDG .Stability,instabilityanddesignofpillarworking[J].Int.J.Rock.Mech.Min.Sci.,1970,7(6):613-631.
[13] 陈,郝晋升,严维玲,等.单轴压缩时压机刚度对岩石样品声学性质的影响[A].见:大陆地震和地震预报国际学术讨论会文集[C].北京:地震出版社,1982.409—415.
[14] 马瑾,马文涛,马胜利,等.5°拐折构造变形物理场的实验研究与数值模拟[J].地震地质,1995,17(4):318—326.
[15] 马瑾,马胜利,刘力强,等.交叉断层的交替活动与块体运动的实验研究[J].地震地质,2000,22(1):65—73.
[16] 马胜利,邓志辉,马文涛,等.雁列式断层变形过程中物理场演化的实验研究(一)[J].地震地质,1995,17(4):327—335.
[17] 马胜利,刘力强,邓志辉.雁列式断层变形过程中物理场演化的实验研究(二)[J].地震地质,1995,17(4):336—341.
[18] 刘力强,马瑾,吴秀芳.雁列式断层变形与失稳过程的实验研究[J].地震学报,1986,8(4):393—403.
[19] 马文涛,马瑾,刘力强,等.雁列断层变形过程中的声发射特征[J].地震地质,1995,17(4):342—348.
[20] 许昭永,王彬,赵晋明,等.含硬包体试样微破裂图象演变过程的实验研究[J].地震学报,1997,19(3):317—322.
[21] 许昭永、王彬、赵晋明,等.含硬包体试样破裂特征的实验研究[J].地震学报,1997,19(1):79—85.
[22] 李世愚,滕春凯,卢振业,等.典型构造微破裂集结的实验研究[J].地震学报,2000,22(3):278—287.
[23] DodgeDA ,BerozaGC .Foreshocksequenceofthe1992,Landers,California,earthquakeanditsimplicationforearthquakenucle ation[J].JGR ,1995,100:9865-9880
[24] HurukawaN .The1995offEtorofuearthquake:jointrelocationofforeshocks,themain shock,andaftershocksandimplicationsfortheearthquakenucleationprocess[J].BSSA ,1998,88(5):1112-1126.
[25] RastogiBK ,PrantikMandal.Foreshocksandnucleationofsmall-tomoderate sizedKoynaearthquake(India)[J].BSSA ,1999,89(3):829-836
[26] 曲延军,王海涛,李莹甄,等.天山地区地震学中短期预报方法研究及效能评价[J].内陆地震,2000,14(4):312—322.
[27] 梅世蓉,冯德益,张国民,等.中国地震预报概论[M].北京:地震出版社,1993.
[28] 焦明若,张国民.地震中短期前兆某些特征的研究[J].地震,2000.20(3):29—36.
[29] 林邦慧,胡小幸,周冉.1966年邢台地区强震前小震的“密集-平静”特征及其初步解释[J].地震学报,1990,12(4):348—356.
[30] 张流,许昭永,陆阳泉,等.地震前兆场物理机制实验研究的新进展[J].地震,1995,(增刊):23—35.
[31] OhnakaM ,MogiK .Frequencycharacteristicsofacousticemissioninrocksunderuniaxialcompressionanditsrelationtothefracturingprocesstofailure[J].JGR ,1982,87(B5):3873-3884.
[32] ScholzCH .TheMechanicsofEarthquakesandFaulting[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniv.Press,1990.
[33] 郭增建,秦保燕.地震成因与地震预报[M].北京:地震出版社,1991.220—223.
[34] 梅世蓉,宋治平,薛艳.我国巨大地震前地震活动环形分布图象与规律[J].地震学报,1996,18(3):1—9.
[35] MogiK .Magnitude frequencyrelationforelasticshocksaccompanyingfracturesofvariousmaterialsandsomerelatedproblemsinearthquakes.2[J].Bull.Earthq.Res.Inst.,1962,40:831-853.
[36] ScholzCH .Thefrequency magituderelationofmicrofracturinginrockanditsrelationtoearthquakes[J].BSSA ,1968,58:399-415.
[37] 耿乃光.模拟实验的进展和我国b值模拟实验的开端[J].地震学报,1986,8(3):330—333.
[38] 朱令人,周仕永.地震多重分形标度指数谱f(α)的研究[J].西北地震学报,1992,14(2):30—35.
[39] 朱令人.对强震前地震分形谱异常的研究[J].地震学报,1997,19(3):331—333.
[40] 汪素云,JamesNi,马宗晋,等.华北强震断层面解和震源深度特征[J].地球物理学报,1991,34(1):42—54.
[41] 李全林,于渌,郝柏林,等.地震频度-震级关系的时空扫描[M].北京:地震出版社,1979.
[42] MolchanGM ,KronrodTL ,NekrasovaAK .Immediateforeshocks:timevariationoftheb value[J].Phys.EarthPlanetInter1999,111:229-240.
[43] 蒋海昆.典型断层组合及不同温压条件下岩石变形过程中的声发射活动特征[D].中国地震局地质研究所博士学位论文,2000
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