1605年琼山强地震导致的同震海岸快速下沉、可能紧随的海啸及其证据
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摘要
根据琼州府志、琼山县志及一些家谱、族谱等的记载,再加上对海域中退潮后海底残留的房屋、坟墓等各种沉没于海的人类活动废墟和东寨港海域中地震地貌的发现与考察,结合本人和前人以往的研究成果,证实1605年7月13日海南岛琼山县发生的71/2级强地震导致琼州海峡东南侧与琼北陆地相连的海底及与海相连的琼北东部一些沿岸陆地大面积同震快速下沉,使得原先为陆地的东寨港、北创港和舖前港及其以北海域等地区大面积陆陷成海。这是一次生源地在与海相连的海岸带的同震海岸下沉。推断了这次地震海啸;比较了这次陆陷成海地震海啸与生源地在近海和大洋海底的地震海啸的异同;也与北美西海岸生源地在太平洋板块斜插在北美大陆板块之下形成消减带的海岸同震下沉及海啸比较了异同。最后还提出,琼州大地震陆陷成海灾害应从根本上区别通常所说的震陷灾害。
It is proved in this paper that the earthquake with magnitude 7.5 occurred in Qiongshan county of Hainan island on July 13,1605 made the sea floor in the southeast side of Qiongzhou strait which was linked with land of north Hainan and some coast land of the northeast of Hainan which was linked with the sea fast sink coseismically in a large scale and made a large-scale former land in Dongzhai bay,Puqian bay,Beichuang bay and their northern sea area sink into the sea,based on historical data,investigation and so on.It was a coseismic coast fast sinking event in which source land was in the coast linking to the sea.The seismic tsunami was also inferred.The similarities and the differences between this tsunami and the tsunami which source was in the floor of the offing and ocean,between this tsunami and the tsunami which source was in the Pacific plate are compared.It is finally indicated that the calamity of land sinking into the sea caused by Qiongzhou earthquake is thoroughly differed from that of the earthquake subsidence in general speaking.
It is proved in this paper that the earthquake with magnitude 7.5 occurred in Qiongshan county of Hainan island on July 13,1605 made the sea floor in the southeast side of Qiongzhou strait which was linked with land of north Hainan and some coast land of the northeast of Hainan which was linked with the sea fast sink coseismically in a large scale and made a large-scale former land in Dongzhai bay,Puqian bay,Beichuang bay and their northern sea area sink into the sea,based on historical data,investigation and so on.It was a coseismic coast fast sinking event in which source land was in the coast linking to the sea.The seismic tsunami was also inferred.The similarities and the differences between this tsunami and the tsunami which source was in the floor of the offing and ocean,between this tsunami and the tsunami which source was in the Pacific plate are compared.It is finally indicated that the calamity of land sinking into the sea caused by Qiongzhou earthquake is thoroughly differed from that of the earthquake subsidence in general speaking.
引文
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[21]徐起浩,冯炎基,施建生.导致古森林沉没于海的福建深沪湾古地震研究J[].地震地质,2001,23(3):367-380.
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[24]任镇寰,陈恩民,潘建雄,等.南海北缘地震构造带地震构造标志的研究[A].丁原章,李坪,时振梁,等.海南岛北部地震研究文集[C],北京:地震出版社,1988.
[25]马瑾,潘善德,袁淑荣,等.琼北地区构造变形特征与震级上限的分析[A].丁原章,李坪,时振梁,等.海南岛北部地震研究文集[C].北京地震出版社,1988.
[26]吴泽龙.东寨港地区构造活动性的探讨.见丁原章,李坪,时振梁[A].海南岛北部地震研究文集[C],北京:地震出版社,1988.
[27]Atwater,B.F.,Evidence for great Holocene earthquacks along the outer coast of Washington state[J].Science,1987,236,942-944.
[28]Atwater,B.F.,Coastal evidence for great earthquakes in western Washington[A].Reprinted from U.S.Geological Sur-vey Professional paper 1560[C].United States Government printing Office,Washington:1997.
[29]Plafker,George,Tectonics of the March 27,1964,Alaska earthquake[A].U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper[C].1969,543-I,74p.
[30]Plafker,George,Alaskan earthquake of 1964 and Chilean earthquake of 1960-Implications for arc tectonics J[].Jour-nal of Geophysical Research,1972,77,(5):901-925.
[31]Plafker,George,and Savage,J.C.,Mechanism of the Chillean earthquakes of May 21 and 22,1960 J[],Geological Societyof America Bulletin,1970,81(4):1001-1031.
[32]Kanamori,Hiroo,The energy release in great earthquakes J[].Journal of Geophysical Research,1977,82(20):50-57.
[33]刘若新,孙建中,樊棋诚,等.13新生代岩浆岩分布[A].马杏垣,丁国瑜,高文学,等.国家地震局《中国岩石圈动力学地图集》编委会.北京:中国地图出版社,1989.
[34]《工程地质手册》编写委员会(主编常士骠).工程地质手册(第三版)[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992.
[2]CHEN ENMIN HUANG YONGYIN.Discovery of the Drowned Submarine Ruins of the Qiongzhou Great Earthquake of1605 and the Features of the Earthquake Engineering Aspects of Earthquake Phenomiena.Edited by A.Koridze Secretaryof UNESKO International Network of Earthquake Engineering Centres,1986,205-216.
[3]许有樁.大面积沉陷可能是震源区相变的证据--琼州大震成因初探.华南地震,1982,1(1):1-5.
[4]徐起浩.琼山大震沉陷机理讨论J[].华南地震,1985,5(4):30-37.
[5]徐起浩.对琼雷凹陷地震地质的认识J[].华南地震,1986,6(1):84-93.
[6]徐起浩.琼北东寨港地区的近期下沉J[].海洋科学,1986,10(1):24-28
[7]徐起浩.海南岛北部东寨港的形成、变迁与1605年琼州大地震J[].地震地质,1986,8｛3｝:92-96
[8]Xu Qihao.Subsidence Caused by the Qiongzhou Large Earthquake in 1605 and the Formation and Vicissitude of Dongzhaigang Bay on Hainan Island Hhereafter[J].Earthquake Research in China,1990,4,,1(71-82).
[9]徐起浩.海南岛东寨港成因新说J[].地球,1988,(4):10.
[10]彭承光.1605年7月13日琼州历史地震陆沉原因J[].地震地质,1983,5(3):9-15.
[11]丁原章,郭钦华.琼山地震的构造条件和发震机制[A].丁原章,李坪,时振梁,等.海南岛北部地震研究文集[C],北京:地震出版社,1988
[12]郭钦华,丁原章,李群.1605年琼山地震的烈度问题[A].丁原章,李坪,时振梁,,等.海南岛北部地震研究文集[C],北京:地震出版社,1988.
[13]Atwater.B.F.,Geologic evidence for earthquackes during the past 2000years along the Copalis River southern coastalWashington J[].Geophys.Res.,1992,97,1901-1919.
[14]Dawson,A.G.,I.D.L.Foster.S.Shi,D.E.Smith,and D.Long,The identification of tsunami deposits in coastal sedimentsequences J[].Sci.Tsunami Hazards,1991,9,73-82.
[15]Atwater,B.F.,and A.L.Moore,A tsunami about 1000 years ago in Puget Sound,Washington[J].Science,1992,258,1614-1617.
[16]Darienzo,M.E.,and C.D.Peterson,Episodic tectonic subsidence of late Holocen salt marshes,northern Oregon centralCascadia margin[J].Tectonics,1990,(9):1-22.
[17]Minoura,K.,and S.Nakaya,ky,and T.S.Hamilton,A sand sheet deposited by the 1964 Alaska tsunami at Port Al-berni,British Columbia J[].Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci.,1994,(38):413-421.
[18]Clague,J.J.,and P.T.Bobrowsky,Evidence for a large earthquake and tsunami 100-400 years ago on western Van-couver Island,British Columbia[J].Quat.Res.,1994a,(41):176-184.
[19]Clague,J.J.,P.T.,Bobrowsky,Tsunami deposits beneath tidal marshes on Vancouver Island,British Columbia J[],Geol.Soc.Am.Bull.,1994b,106,1293-1303.
[20]Alan R.Nelson,Ian Shennan and Antony J.Long.Identifying coseismic subsidence in tidal-wetland stratigraphic se-quences at the Cascadia subduction zone of western North America.[J].Geophysical Research,1996,101(B3):6115-6135.
[21]徐起浩,冯炎基,施建生.导致古森林沉没于海的福建深沪湾古地震研究J[].地震地质,2001,23(3):367-380.
[22]徐起浩,冯炎基,施建生.福建深沪湾海底古森林与全新世强古地震J[].国际地震动态,2002,1:6-8.
[23]李玶,杨美娥,刘行松,等.琼北地区活动性断裂的研究[A].丁原章,李坪,时振梁,等.海南岛北部地震研究文集[C].北京:地震出版社,1988.
[24]任镇寰,陈恩民,潘建雄,等.南海北缘地震构造带地震构造标志的研究[A].丁原章,李坪,时振梁,等.海南岛北部地震研究文集[C],北京:地震出版社,1988.
[25]马瑾,潘善德,袁淑荣,等.琼北地区构造变形特征与震级上限的分析[A].丁原章,李坪,时振梁,等.海南岛北部地震研究文集[C].北京地震出版社,1988.
[26]吴泽龙.东寨港地区构造活动性的探讨.见丁原章,李坪,时振梁[A].海南岛北部地震研究文集[C],北京:地震出版社,1988.
[27]Atwater,B.F.,Evidence for great Holocene earthquacks along the outer coast of Washington state[J].Science,1987,236,942-944.
[28]Atwater,B.F.,Coastal evidence for great earthquakes in western Washington[A].Reprinted from U.S.Geological Sur-vey Professional paper 1560[C].United States Government printing Office,Washington:1997.
[29]Plafker,George,Tectonics of the March 27,1964,Alaska earthquake[A].U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper[C].1969,543-I,74p.
[30]Plafker,George,Alaskan earthquake of 1964 and Chilean earthquake of 1960-Implications for arc tectonics J[].Jour-nal of Geophysical Research,1972,77,(5):901-925.
[31]Plafker,George,and Savage,J.C.,Mechanism of the Chillean earthquakes of May 21 and 22,1960 J[],Geological Societyof America Bulletin,1970,81(4):1001-1031.
[32]Kanamori,Hiroo,The energy release in great earthquakes J[].Journal of Geophysical Research,1977,82(20):50-57.
[33]刘若新,孙建中,樊棋诚,等.13新生代岩浆岩分布[A].马杏垣,丁国瑜,高文学,等.国家地震局《中国岩石圈动力学地图集》编委会.北京:中国地图出版社,1989.
[34]《工程地质手册》编写委员会(主编常士骠).工程地质手册(第三版)[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992.
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